Female urethral diverticulum: cases report and literature

Introduction

A female urethral diverticulum is an uncommon pathologic entity. It can manifest with a variety of symptoms involving the lower urinary tract. Our objective is to describe the various aspects of the diverticulum of the female urethra such as etiology, diagnosis and treatment.

Cases presentation

We report five female patients, without prior medical history. They had different symptoms: dysuria in four cases, recurrent urinary tract infection in three cases, stress incontinence in two cases and hematuria in two cases. All patients had dyspareunia. The physical exams found renitent mass located in the endovaginal side of urethra which drained pus in two cases. Urethrocystography found a diverticulum of urethra in all cases. Our five patients underwent diverticulotomy by endovaginal approach. The course after surgical treatment was favorable. The urinary catheter was withdrawn after ten days. Some recurrent symptoms were reported.

Conclusion

Evaluation of recurrent urinary complaints in young women can lead to the finding of a diverticulum of urethra. Urethrocystography can reveal this entity. Diverticulectomy by endovaginal approach is the best choice for treatment.     

Straining urethral reflex: description of a reflex and its clinical significance. Preliminary report

The present communication describes a reflex, which I call 'straining urethral reflex', and discusses its clinical significance. The study was performed on 17 healthy volunteers with a mean age of 39.6 years. The intrarectal pressure (representative of the intra-abdominal pressure) was measured by means of a balloon-tipped catheter introduced into the rectum and connected to a pressure transducer. A concentric needle electrode was introduced into the external urethral sphincter. The subject was asked to strain, and the urethral sphincter electromyographic activity and the intrarectal pressure were recorded. Two types of straining were investigated: sudden and slow. The procedure was repeated in 10 subjects after urethral sphincter infiltration with xylocaine or saline. On sudden straining, the external urethral sphincter contracted. The anesthetized sphincter did not respond, while the saline-infiltrated sphincter responded to sudden straining. Slow sustained straining did not evoke the reflex response. The latency of the reflex was calculated. The external urethral sphincter contraction on sudden straining guards against the involuntary opening of the vesical neck and urinary leak under stress conditions of a sudden increase in the intra-abdominal pressure. The reflex may prove significant in the diagnosis of micturition control disorders. It can thus be included as an investigative tool in urologic practice.     

肺结核合并糖尿病54例临床分析

目的:探讨肺结核合并糖尿病的临床表现及其糖尿病控制对结核病治疗的影响.方法:回顾性分析我院收治的54例肺结核合并糖尿病患者的临床资料.结果:肺结核合并糖尿病以2型糖尿病为主,肺结核X线表现以大片渗出、干酪病变为主,痰菌阳性率高,合并症多为临床特点,血糖大多数控制在7.8mmol/L以下.结论:对肺结核合并糖尿病患者应进行早期正规抗结核治疗,并适当延长疗程,同时有效控制血糖是治疗结核合并糖尿病的关键.     

Albumin-coated structural lyophilized bone allografts: a clinical report of 10 cases

Bone replacement and the use of bone supplementary biological substances have become widespread in clinical practice. Although autografts have excellent properties, their limited availability, difficulties with shaping and donor site morbidity have made allografts a viable and increasingly preferred alternative. The main drawback of allografts is that the preparation destroys osteogenic cells and results in denaturation of osteoinductive proteins. Serum albumin is a well-known constituent of stem cell culture media and we found that lyophilizing albumin onto bone allografts markedly improves stem-cell attachment and bone healing in animal models thus replacing some of the osteoinductive potential. As a first step in the clinical introduction of albumin coated grafts, we aimed to test surgical handling and early incorporation in aseptic revision arthroplasty in humans. We selected patients who needed large structural allografts and the current operation was the last attempt at preserving a moving joint. In a series of 10 cases of hip and knee revision surgery we did not experience any drawbacks of the albumin-coated grafts during handling and implantation. Twelve months radiographic and SPECT-CT follow-up showed that the graft was well received by the host and active remodelling was observed. The lack of graft-related complications and the good 1-year results indicate that controlled trials may be initiated in more common bone grafting indications where long-term effectiveness can be evaluated.     

Candida dubliniensis: an appraisal of its clinical significance as a bloodstream pathogen

A nine-year prospective study (2002-2010) on the prevalence of Candida dubliniensis among Candida bloodstream isolates is presented. The germ tube positive isolates were provisionally identified as C. dubliniensis by presence of fringed and rough colonies on sunflower seed agar. Subsequently, their identity was confirmed by Vitek2 Yeast identification system and/or by amplification and sequencing of the ITS region of rDNA. In all, 368 isolates were identified as C. dubliniensis; 67.1% came from respiratory specimens, 11.7% from oral swabs, 9.2% from urine, 3.8% from blood, 2.7% from vaginal swabs and 5.4% from other sources. All C. dubliniensis isolates tested by Etest were susceptible to voriconazole and amphotericin B. Resistance to fluconazole (≥8 μg/ml) was observed in 2.5% of C. dubliniensis isolates, 7 of which occurred between 2008-2010. Of note was the diagnosis of C. dubliniensis candidemia in 14 patients, 11 of them occurring between 2008-2010. None of the bloodstream isolate was resistant to fluconazole, while a solitary isolate showed increased MIC to 5-flucytosine (>32 μg/ml) and belonged to genotype 4. A review of literature since 1999 revealed 28 additional cases of C. dubliniensis candidemia, and 167 isolates identified from blood cultures since 1982. In conclusion, this study highlights a greater role of C. dubliniensis in bloodstream infections than hitherto recognized.