基于马尔科夫链的胰蛋白酶肽段蛋白酶切位点概率预测

在基于质谱技术的蛋白质鉴定过程中,数据库搜索是主要的方法。漏切位点和酶切规则决定了图谱候选肽段的范围,是数据库搜索算法的重要参数。对于常用的胰蛋白酶切来说,除了局部构象、三维结构、实验条件,以及其它偶然因素会影响赖氨酸K或者精氨酸R后的位点能否被酶切外,该位点附近的其它氨基酸也会影响蛋白水解酶的酶切效果。从质谱图谱中时常会鉴定出包含漏切位点的肽段,因此,预测蛋白质的酶切位点能够为数据库搜索算法提供更为可靠的模型,也能够为了解和分析蛋白质的酶切规律提供依据。本文提出了一种基于马尔科夫(Markov)链的预测方法,能够利用蛋白质的序列信息来预测候选酶切位点的酶切概率,在蛋白酶切过程中,预测肽段的覆盖率可以达到85%以上。     

蛋白质组研究中离子阱串联质谱数据搜库结果解释方法

基于离子阱串联质谱仪的鸟枪法是一种高通量的蛋白质鉴定方法。得到的数据一般使用软件SEQUEST搜索蛋白质序列数据库,得到肽段鉴定列表以及相应的打分。为了得到蛋白质鉴定列表,还需要进行肽段鉴定结果的过滤和假阳性率的计算,然后根据肽段鉴定结果组装蛋白质列表。这两个问题目前还没有很好地解决。对已有的方法进行总结和比较,可以给搜库结果解释方法的选择提供参考,对数据质量控制方法的改进也有所帮助。     

规模化蛋白质鉴定中母离子的准确检测技术研究

蛋白质组学的基础研究之一是蛋白质鉴定.规模化的蛋白质鉴定通常采用"鸟枪法",即选择一些酶切肽段(母离子)碎裂生成二级谱图,通过二级谱图及其母离子质量鉴定肽段,再推断对应的蛋白质.在鉴定过程中,母离子质量是一个关键参数.母离子是否是肽段的单同位素峰决定了正确肽段是否能进入候选,母离子的质量精度决定了候选肽段的数目.本文从判断单同位素峰和系统误差校准这两个角度研究了母离子的准确检测技术.判断单同位素峰的技术在蛋白质上已有研究,包括电荷判断、单同位素峰判断和重叠同位素峰判断.可以借鉴蛋白质水平的技术研究母离子的单同位素峰判断方法.同时母离子的系统误差校准也有较为成熟的方法.这两个角度的研究有助于提高规模化蛋白质的鉴定率.     

串联质谱数据的从头解析与蛋白质的数据库搜索鉴定

蛋白质的鉴定是蛋白质组学研究中必不可少的一步。用串联质谱 (tandemmassspectrometry ,MS/MS)可以进行多肽的从头测序 (denovosequencing) ,并搜索数据库以鉴定蛋白质。用图论以及真实谱 理论谱联配 (alignment)的方法对串联质谱得到的多肽图谱进行从头解析 ,得到了可靠的多肽序列 ,并应用到数据库搜索中鉴定了相应的蛋白质。同时 ,还用统计的方法对SwissProt以及TrEMBL蛋白质数据库进行了详细的分析。结果表明 ,3个四肽或者 2个五肽或者 1个八肽一般可以唯一地确定一个蛋白质     

蛋白质组学肽段鉴定可信度评价方法

蛋白质组学基于质谱数据鉴定肽段和蛋白质，从而给出基因表达的直接证据，帮助解析蛋白质的结构和功能，研究蛋白质与疾病的关系，提供靶向治疗方案，而这些都取决于鉴定的肽段和蛋白质的准确性。蛋白质组学常采用目标-诱饵库方法（target-decoy approach，TDA）对鉴定的肽段和蛋白质进行质量控制，并对其进行改进演化后应用到子类肽段（比如突变肽段和修饰肽段等）和交联肽段等特殊鉴定结果的可信度评价中。然而，TDA存在两个局限，即错误率估计值不够准确以及不能评价单个鉴定结果的可信度，经过TDA质量控制后的结果还需要进一步检验，因此领域内也提出了一系列其他方法（本文统称为Beyond-TDA方法），协同加强肽段的可信度评价。本文对数据依赖模式下采集的质谱数据肽段层面的TDA常规方法和特殊方法进行了综述，对Beyond-TDA方法进行了分类阐述，并总结了各种方法的优势与不足。     

固相化学辅助MALDI-TOF质谱源后衰变技术对2D-胶银染蛋白质点的鉴定

利用O 甲基异脲氢硫酸 (O methylisoureahydrogensulfate)修饰 2D 胶上胰蛋白酶原位酶切后产生的Lys 肽 ,使其具有Arg 肽的特性 ,提高质谱测定的灵敏度 ,然后用化学试剂 3 磺酸丙酸N 羟基琥珀酰胺酯 ( 3 sulfopropionicacidNHS ester)修饰Lys 肽及Arg 肽 ,修饰的产物在进行PSD测序时能得到单一的y 离子系列 ,有利于蛋白质酶解片段序列的从头解析 ,为 2D 胶上蛋白质点的准确鉴定提供有力的依据 ;该方法应用于鼻咽癌细胞 2D胶银染蛋白质点的鉴定取得可靠结果     

化学交联质谱技术的研究进展

化学交联质谱技术是解析蛋白质结构和研究蛋白质相互作用的重要工具。近5年以来,该技术在方法和应用上都取得了很大的进步。方法上,一方面可断裂交联剂与新型分离富集方法展现了较好的应用前景,另一方面更加高效的交联肽段搜索引擎和质量控制方法为交联质谱数据分析提供了有力的工具。应用上,一方面与冷冻电镜技术结合解析了大量蛋白质的结构,另一方面从研究蛋白质复合物的相互作用发展到研究全蛋白质组水平的相互作用网络。化学交联质谱技术在方法和应用上的蓬勃发展,体现了这一技术的重要作用。本文对化学交联质谱技术的各个环节进行了详细的综述,包括交联剂选择、交联反应、酶切、交联肽段富集、液质联用、交联肽段鉴定、质量控制和生物学应用,重点介绍了最近5年的研究进展。最后,讨论了化学交联质谱技术面临的挑战及未来的发展方向。     

蛋白质水解酶和样品预处理优化技术在蛋白质组学研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是全景式鉴定、定量蛋白质,并研究蛋白质功能的学科。基于高分辨质谱的鸟枪法蛋白组学研究技术首先利用不同的位点特异性蛋白酶对复杂蛋白质样品进行酶解,进而利用质谱获得蛋白质相关的定性和定量信息。为了获得高质量的质谱信息,前期的样品处理和质谱数据采集同样重要。本文对蛋白组学中常用的Trypsin、Lys-C、Glu-C等位点特异性蛋白酶的酶切特点进行了总结,并综述了目前常用的几种酶切组合策略和样本预处理技术在提高蛋白质组学研究效率中的作用。     

现代质谱技术在蛋白质组学中的应用及其最新进展

简述了蛋白质组学的概念、内容和意义,重点综述了现代质谱技术在蛋白质组学中的应用,主要包括蛋白质和肽段的鉴定和定量、蛋白质翻译后修饰的鉴定和蛋白质间相互作用的检测等。随着新的高质量精确度、分辨率、灵敏度和通量质谱仪的出现,现代质谱技术在蛋白质组学中的应用将越来越广泛,并给蛋白质组学研究带来新的机遇。     

毛细管区带电泳／串联质谱联用法鉴定多肽和蛋白质

建立了毛细管区带电泳－串联质谱联用（ＣＺＥ／ＭＳ／ＭＳ）对多肽和蛋白质高灵敏度鉴定方法,对Ｍｅｔ－脑啡肽和Ｌｅｕ－脑啡肽的混合物进行了分析,用ＣＺＥ／ＭＳ／ＭＳ方法验证了各自的序列,同样对细胞色素ｃ的胰蛋白酶酶解产物用ＣＺＥ／ＭＳ／ＭＳ方法进行了肽质谱分析,几科所有肽段的序列及其与在分子中的位置都得到了确定,通过ＳＥＱＵＥＳＴ软件进行蛋白质序列数据库搜索得到准确的鉴定结果,所消耗的样品量均在低皮可     

Accurate mass comparison coupled with two endopeptidases enables identification of protein termini

Protein termini play important roles in biological processes, but there have been few methods for comprehensive terminal proteomics. We have developed a new method that can identify both the amino and the carboxyl termini of proteins. The method independently uses two proteases, (lysyl endopeptidase) Lys-C and peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidase (Lys-N), to digest proteins, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis of the two digests. Terminal peptides can be identified by comparing the peptide masses in the two digests as follows: (i) the amino terminal peptide of a protein in Lys-C digest is one lysine residue mass heavier than that in Lys-N digest; (ii) the carboxyl terminal peptide in Lys-N digest is one lysine residue mass heavier than that in Lys-C digest; and (iii) all internal peptides give exactly the same molecular masses in both the Lys-C and the Lys-N digest, although amino acid sequences of Lys-C and Lys-N peptides are different (Lys-C peptides end with lysine, whereas Lys-N peptides begin with lysine). The identification of terminal peptides was further verified by examining their MS/MS spectra to avoid misidentifying pairs as termini. In this study, we investigated the usefulness of this method using several protein and peptide mixtures. Known protein termini were successfully identified. Acetylation on N-terminus and protein isoforms, which have different termini, was also determined. These results demonstrate that our new method can confidently identify terminal peptides in protein mixtures.     

Critical assessment of proteome‐wide label‐free absolute abundance estimation strategies

There is a great interest in reliable ways to obtain absolute protein abundances at a proteome‐wide scale. To this end, label‐free LC‐MS/MS quantification methods have been proposed where all identified proteins are assigned an estimated abundance. Several variants of this quantification approach have been presented, based on either the number of spectral counts per protein or MS1 peak intensities. Equipped with several datasets representing real biological environments, containing a high number of accurately quantified reference proteins, we evaluate five popular low‐cost and easily implemented quantification methods (Absolute Protein Expression, Exponentially Modified Protein Abundance Index, Intensity‐Based Absolute Quantification Index, Top3, and MeanInt). Our results demonstrate considerably improved abundance estimates upon implementing accurately quantified reference proteins; that is, using spiked in stable isotope labeled standard peptides or a standard protein mix, to generate a properly calibrated quantification model. We show that only the Top3 method is directly proportional to protein abundance over the full quantification range and is the preferred method in the absence of reference protein measurements. Additionally, we demonstrate that spectral count based quantification methods are associated with higher errors than MS1 peak intensity based methods. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of miscleaved, modified, and shared peptides as well as protein size and the number of employed reference proteins on quantification accuracy.     

基于质谱的BLAST方法在金鱼胚胎蛋白质鉴定中的应用

未知基因组及蛋白质序列数据库有限的物种的蛋白质组学分析是当前一些非模式生物物种蛋白质组学研究领域的瓶颈之一.基于同源性搜索的BLAST方法（MS BLAST）,是近年新发展起来的一种用于未知基因组的蛋白质鉴定的搜索工具,已成功应用于许多未知基因组物种的蛋白质鉴定.SPITC化学辅助方法是本实验室建立的一种改进的de novo质谱测序方法.采用MS BLAST方法对经Mascot软件数据库搜索未能鉴定到的19个金鱼胚胎蛋白质进行鉴定,其中12个蛋白质是直接测序后进行MS BLAST搜索得到的结果,另外7个蛋白质是联合MS BLAST和SPITC衍生方法得到的鉴定结果.实验结果证明,采用MS BLAST方法进行蛋白质的跨物种鉴定具有可行性和可靠性,给蛋白质的跨物种鉴定提供了一条新的途径.     

Serum protein profiling in mice: identification of Factor XIIIa as a potential biomarker for muscular dystrophy

Protein profiling in blood serum by fractionation and MS analysis has been applied in mice to assess its applicability as a fast, economical alternative to current DNA and RNA analyses for diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. Mass spectra of peptides and proteins were generated using serum from dystrophin-deficient mdx and control mice by WCX ClinProt bead fractionation, followed by MALDI-MS. Double cross-validatory linear discriminant and logistic regression data analysis methods were compared with a new Bayesian logistic regression method. These were evaluated on their ability to discriminate between healthy and dystrophic samples, and to identify the discriminatory peaks in the mass spectra. All three approaches classified the spectra with comparable misclassification rates (between 18.4 and 20.6%), with much overlap between the differential peaks identified between the methods. The differential peak pattern from the Bayesian method was sparser and easier to interpret than from the other two methods, without compromising classifying strength. One of the two main differentiating peaks at m/z 3908 was identified as an N-terminal peptide of coagulation Factor XIIIa, previously identified in human serum. This work underlines the translational aspect of serum protein profiling in mice and supports a further study with serum from patients with neuromuscular disorders.     

蛋白水解物制备工艺及其在生物技术领域中的应用研究进展

蛋白水解物是蛋白质经酶、酸、碱和发酵等方法水解得到的混合物,由于其含有丰富的氨基酸和多肽,并为细胞生长提供多种营养成分、贴壁因子及生长因子类似物等,从而在生物技术领域中得到了广泛的应用。本文综述了蛋白水解物制备工艺、在生物技术领域中的应用及其在细胞培养中对细胞增殖、代谢的影响,以期为蛋白水解物的开发和应用提供参考。     

Whole-Cell Protein Identification Using the Concept of Unique Peptides

A concept of unique peptides(CUP)was proposed and implemented to identify whole-cell proteins from tandem mass spectrometry(MS/MS)ion spectra.A unique peptide is defined as a peptide,irrespective of its length,that exists only in one protein of a proteome of interest,despite the fact that this peptide may appear more than once in the same protein.Integrating CUP,a two-step whole-cell protein identification strategy was developed to further increase the confidence of identified proteins.A dataset containing 40,243 MS/MS ion spectra of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and protein identification tools including Mascot and SEQUEST were used to illustrate the proposed concept and strategy.Without implementing CUP,the proteins identified by SEQUEST are 2.26 fold of those identified by Mascot.When CUP was applied,the proteins bearing unique peptides identified by SEQUEST are3.89 fold of those identified by Mascot.By cross-comparing two sets of identified proteins,only 89 common proteins derived from CUP were found.The key discrepancy between identified proteins was resulted from the filtering criteria employed by each protein identification tool.According to the origin of peptides classified by CUP and the commonality of proteins recognized by protein identification tools,all identified proteins were cross-compared,resulting in four groups of proteins possessing different levels of assigned confidence.     

Detection of protein Z in a renal calculus composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate with the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry following two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation

Protein Z, a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein, has been detected for the first time in a renal calculus along with osteopontin and prothrombin. The renal calculus was obtained from a hyperuricemic patient. Following two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the calculus was analyzed with the use of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The spectrometer was equipped with a nanoelectrospray interface and an ion trap. Four peptides were determined from a protein in the calculus through LC-MS/MS analysis. Tandem mass spectrum database matching tools were used to identify the protein as protein Z. Authentic protein Z was also analyzed using the same method, and all four peptides determined in the calculus were similarly identified. Whereas protein Z has been reported to be one of the vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding proteins, its role has not been well established. The fact that protein Z exists in a renal calculus composed of calcium oxalate will be beneficial in any future investigations into its role in the body.     

An antibody-free enrichment approach enabled by reductive glutaraldehydation for monomethyllysine proteome analysis

Protein lysine monomethylation is an important post-translational modification participated in regulating many biological processes. There is growing interest in identifying these methylation events. However, the introduction of one methyl group on lysine residues has negligible effect on changing the physical and chemical properties of proteins or peptides, making enriching and identifying monomethylated lysine (Kme1) proteins or peptides extraordinarily challenging. In this study, we proposed an antibody-free chemical proteomics approach to capture Kme1 peptides from complex protein digest. By exploiting reductive glutaraldehydation, 5-aldehyde-pentanyl modified Kme1 residues and piperidine modified primary amines were generated at the same time. The peptides with aldehyde modified Kme1 residues were then enriched by solid-phase hydrazide chemistry. This chemical proteomics approach was validated by using several synthetic peptides. It was demonstrated that it can enrich and detect Kme1 peptide from peptide mixture containing 5000-fold more bovine serum albumin tryptic digest. Besides, we extended our approach to profile Kme1 using heavy methyl stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (hmSILAC) labeled Jurkat T cells and Hela cells. Totally, 29 Kme1 sites on 25 proteins were identified with high confidence and 11 Kme1 sites were identified in both two types cells. This is the first antibody-free chemical proteomics approach to enrich Kme1 peptides from complex protein digest, and it provides a potential avenue for the analysis of methylome.     

Improvements in proteomic metrics of low abundance proteins through proteome equalization using ProteoMiner prior to MudPIT

Ideally, shotgun proteomics would facilitate the identification of an entire proteome with 100% protein sequence coverage. In reality, the large dynamic range and complexity of cellular proteomes results in oversampling of abundant proteins, while peptides from low abundance proteins are undersampled or remain undetected. We tested the proteome equalization technology, ProteoMiner, in conjunction with Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) to determine how the equalization of protein dynamic range could improve shotgun proteomics methods for the analysis of cellular proteomes. Our results suggest low abundance protein identifications were improved by two mechanisms: (1) depletion of high abundance proteins freed ion trap sampling space usually occupied by high abundance peptides and (2) enrichment of low abundance proteins increased the probability of sampling their corresponding more abundant peptides. Both mechanisms also contributed to dramatic increases in the quantity of peptides identified and the quality of MS/MS spectra acquired due to increases in precursor intensity of peptides from low abundance proteins. From our large data set of identified proteins, we categorized the dominant physicochemical factors that facilitate proteome equalization with a hexapeptide library. These results illustrate that equalization of the dynamic range of the cellular proteome is a promising methodology to improve low abundance protein identification confidence, reproducibility, and sequence coverage in shotgun proteomics experiments, opening a new avenue of research for improving proteome coverage.     

Polar residues in transmembrane helices can decrease electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels without causing helix dimerization

There are only a few available methods to study lateral interactions and self assembly of transmembrane helices. One of the most frequently used methods is sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) which can report on strong interactions between peptides in SDS solution. Here we offer a cautionary tale about studying the folding and assembly of membrane proteins using peptides and SDS-PAGE experiments as a membrane mimetic system. At least for the specific peptide and detergent systems studied here, we show that a polar asparagine residue in the 12th position of an otherwise hydrophobic helical segment of 20 amino acids causes a peptide to migrate on SDS-PAGE gels with an apparent molecular weight that is twice its true molecular weight, suggesting dimerization. However when examined carefully in SDS solutions and in situ in the polyacrylamide gel itself using Forster resonance energy transfer no interaction can be detected. Instead we show evidence suggesting that differential interactions between peptide and detergent drive the differences in electrophoretic mobility without any interaction between peptides. These results emphasize the need to apply multiple independent techniques to the study of membrane protein folding, and they highlight the usefulness of studying folding and structure of membrane proteins in lipid membranes rather than in detergents.