Decorsin. A potent glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonist and platelet aggregation inhibitor from the leech Macrobdella decora

The discovery, purification, and characterization of decorsin, a protein isolated from the North American leech Macrobdella decora, are described. Decorsin acts as an antagonist of platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (GPIIb-IIIa), and is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The protein was purified to apparent homogeneity from crude whole leech extracts by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid followed by GPIIb-IIIa affinity chromatography and C18 reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Decorsin was also isolated from a solution of leech ingestate by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid followed by C18 reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The primary sequence of decorsin indicates that the protein is 39 amino acids long and contains 6 cysteine and 6 proline residues, as well as the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp, (RGD), a proposed recognition site of many adhesion proteins. A molecular mass of 4379 was obtained by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and is consistent with the mass calculated from the observed sequence. Evidence for an N-3 isoform, lacking the first 3 amino-terminal residues is also presented. Both decorsin and the N-3 isoform inhibit GP IIb-IIIa binding to immobilized fibrinogen with an IC50 of approximately 1.5 nM. Human platelet aggregation induced by ADP is inhibited by decorsin with an IC50 of approximately 500 nM; complete inhibition was observed at less than or equal to 1 microM. Based on overall sequence homology, decorsin does not belong to the family of GPIIb-IIIa protein antagonists that is found in snake venoms (Dennis, M. S., Henzel, W. J., Pitti, R. M., Lipari, M. T., Napier, M. A., Deisher, T. A., Bunting, S., and Lazarus, R. A. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 2471-2475); however the carboxyl-terminal RGD-containing region from residues 27 to 38 of decorsin is approximately 60% homologous with the corresponding region of the snake venom proteins, suggesting that high affinity binding of these proteins to GPIIb-IIIa is defined by this epitope.     

Specific sulfonation of tyrosine, tryptophan and hydroxy-amino acids in peptides

1. ClSO3H in trifluoroacetic acid rapidly converts serine and threonine into O-sulfate ester derivatives while tyrosine and tryptophan are converted into arylsulfonic acids. 2. H2SO4 in trifluoroacetic acid reacts more slowly with serine, threonine and tyrosine while is not able to modify tryptophan. 3. All other amino acids are perfectly stable under the above reaction conditions. 4. Peptides containing susceptible amino acid residues are specifically converted into the corresponding sulfonated derivatives in high or quantitative yield.     

Solid-phase synthesis of phosphopeptides

We report the solid-phase synthesis of peptides containing O-phosphoserine. Coupling was with commercially available Fmoc-amino acid pentafluorophenyl esters, with base used at each cycle to cleave Fmoc. Phosphorylation of those serine residues left unprotected on the peptide-resin was achieved with dibenzylphosphochloridate, and finally trifluoroacetic acid was used to remove side-chain protecting groups (including the benzyl groups used for the phosphate), and to cleave the peptide from the resin in the same step. This synthetic strategy enables the preparation of peptides with individual, selectively phosphorylated residues. Alternative approaches to introduce protected phosphate and continue with coupling of further amino acids were less advantageous due to the lability of the phosphate group to base and to steric hindrance.     

By-products as an aid in residue identification during peptide sequence analysis with dimethylaminoazobenzene isothiocyanate

4-N,N-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4-isothiocyanate degradations permit sensitive and fast manual sequence analysis, but assignments of some residues are difficult. Hydrophobic residues, especially leucine and isoleucine, are badly resolved on polyamide thin-layer chromatography. Differently colored by-products have been described before for a few labile residues, but it is now shown that most residues can give rise to characteristic by-products. These have different colors and chromatographic properties, depending on the nature of the parent residue. Thus, two to three sets of spots characterize each residue, giving multiple identification with increased reliability. Although variable and dependent on chemicals and conditions, by-products are often prominent after conversion with 50% trifluoroacetic acid, and can be utilized to improve the identifications.Abbreviations used are DABITC: 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4-isothiocyanate; DABTH: dimethylaminoazobenzene thiohydantoin; DABTC: dimethylaminoazobenzene thiocarbamoyl; DABTZ: dimethylaminoazobenzene thiazolinone; dansyl: 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene 1-sulfonyl; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; PTH: phenylthiohydantoin; TFA: trifluoroacetic acid.     

Conformational aspects of polypeptides. XXV. Solvent and temperature effects on the conformations of copolymers of benzyl and methyl L-aspartate with nitrobenzyl L-aspartate

A series of copolymers of β-p-nitrobenzyl L -aspartate with β-benzyl L -aspartate and with β-mcthyl L -aspartatc in helix-supporting and helix-breaking conditions have been reexamined by using ultraviolet isotropic, absorption, optical rotatory dispersion, and circular dichroism techniques. Many different conformations are apparent, depending on solvent and temperature. Chloroform, trifluoroethanol, and methylene dichloride support the left-handed helical conformation of the copolymers containing less than about 20 mole-% nitroaromatic residues and the right-handed helical conformation of the copolymers containing more than approximately 30 mole-% nitroaromatic residues. In trifluoroacetic acid all the copolymers are in a random-coil conformation. In hexa-fluoroacetone trihydrate and in trimethyl phosphate, the copolypeptides with low nitroaromatic residues content are predominantly in a disordered conformation, while those with high nitroaromatic residues content show a right-handed helical array. Reversible helix-ramlom-coil transitions are observed with increasing temperature in trimethyl phosphate. An example of right-handed-left-handed helix reversible transition with temperature is reported in a chloroform-trimethyl phosphate (2:1) mixture. Nitrobenzyl-nilrobenzyl side-chain interactions in chloroform, but not in trifluoroacetic acid or in trimethyl phosphate, have been confirmed. For the first time we report the circular dichroism spectra in which the n-π* peptide band of a left-handed helical conformation is almost completely evident.     

Combination of Micropreparative Capillary Electrophoresis and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Peptide Analysis

Signal suppression is a problem in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of peptides prepared by capillary electrophoresis. Many common electrolytes that are efficient for separation, such as sodium phosphate, also are strongly suppressive during laser desorption/ionization. We have tested individual electrolytes for highest performance in each step of separation and collection, respectively. Suppression is not observed if citrate, trifluoroacetic acid, or hydrochloric acid is used for collection, while phosphate still can be employed in the capillary providing excellent resolution. Low concentrations of hydrochloric acid added to the sample/matrix mixture generate mass spectra with better ion intensities than if trifluoroacetic acid or citrate is used.     

Improved analytical method for the hexuronic acids at the reducing terminals of glycosaminoglycans

When endo-uronidases act on glycosaminoglycans, the reaction products have hexuronic acid residues at the reducing terminals. An analytical method for hexuronic acids at the reducing terminals was devised for hyaluronate oligosaccharides having hexuronic acid residues at the reducing terminals.The procedure is as follows: Hexuronic acid residues at the reducing terminals of hyaluronate oligosaccharides were tritiated with reduction using NaB[³H]₄ and the products were hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid and nitrous acid. As a result, the tritiated and reduced hexuronic acid residues, that is aldonic acids, were liberated from the reducing terminals. After passing them through anion and cation ion-exchange resins, the aldonic acids were lactonized. The lactones were developed on paper chromatography, and their radioactivities determined on the paper.The method is also useful for discrimination between glucoronic acid and iduronic acid at the reducing terminals of glycosaminoglycans.     

Approach to the analysis of diuretics and masking agents by high-performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry in doping control

The application of thermospray and plasmaspray high-performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry to the analysis of diuretics and probenecid has been investigated. The latter method gave better ionization efficiency than the former, and its response was optimized by altering the solvent composition: best results were obtained with water—methanol—acetonitrile—trifluoroacetic acid. Using different proportions of these solvents, three isocratic systems were developed to separate the compounds under study. The principal characteristic of plasmaspray positive-ion mass spectra was a protonated molecular ion and very little fragmentation was evident. In the negative ionization mode, the plasmaspray method gave mass spectra showing more fragmentation, which resulted in additional structural information. The ability of trifluoroacetic acid to form negative cluster ions precluded its use as a mobile phase component. The minimum detectable amounts determined by the analysis in the positive-ion mode was compound-dependent, but generally ca. 10–150 ng. In many cases the compounds could be detected in urine extracts.     

Optimization of reversed-phase peptide liquid chromatography ultraviolet mass spectrometry analyses using an automated blending methodology.

The balance between chromatographic performance and mass spectrometric response has been evaluated using an automated series of experiments where separations are produced by the real-time automated blending of water with organic and acidic modifiers. In this work, the concentration effects of two acidic modifiers (formic acid and trifluoroacetic acid) were studied on the separation selectivity, ultraviolet, and mass spectrometry detector response, using a complex peptide mixture. Peptide retention selectivity differences were apparent between the two modifiers, and under the conditions studied, trifluoroacetic acid produced slightly narrower (more concentrated) peaks, but significantly higher electrospray mass spectrometry suppression. Trifluoroacetic acid suppression of electrospray signal and influence on peptide retention and selectivity was dominant when mixtures of the two modifiers were analyzed. Our experimental results indicate that in analyses where the analyzed components are roughly equimolar (e.g., a peptide map of a recombinant protein), the selectivity of peptide separations can be optimized by choice and concentration of acidic modifier, without compromising the ability to obtain effective sequence coverage of a protein. In some cases, these selectivity differences were explored further, and a rational basis for differentiating acidic modifier effects from the underlying peptide sequences is described.     

Enzymatic transfer of ATP gamma S thiophosphate onto the 5'-hydroxyl of an oligonucleotide as a route to reactive oligonucleotide derivatives

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to monitor the preferential sulfoxidation of the two methionine residues (8 and 81) of glycophorin A. In urea Met-8 is readily oxidized. However, Met-81 can only be oxidized in trifluoroacetic acid containing hydrogen peroxide. Our results also give some insight into the reagent accessibility of different portions of the protein molecule and the general stability of this glycoprotein.     

Synthesis and biological studies of 5-aminolevulinic acid-containing dendrimers for photodynamic therapy.

Using a convergent growth approach, a series of novel 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-containing dendrimers have been synthesized. In these molecules, ALA residues are attached to the periphery by ester linkages, with amide bonds connecting the dendrons. Three first-generation dendrimers, bearing either 6 or 9 ALA residues, were synthesized by attachment of a tris(Boc-protected ALA)-containing wedge (1) to a di- or tripodent aromatic, or tripodent aliphatic core. Two second generation 18-ALA-containing dendrimers were also synthesized using a 3,3'-iminodipropionic acid spacer unit between wedge 1 and the aromatic core. These compounds differed only in the distance between the core and the linker unit. The Boc-protected dendrimers were deprotected using trifluoroacetic acid and isolated as their TFA salts. The potential of these ALA ester dendrimers as macromolecular prodrugs for photodynamic therapy has been demonstrated in the tumorigenic keratinocyte PAM 212 cell line.     

Measurement of the novel decapeptide cetrorelix in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A sensitive LC–MS quantitation method of cetrorelix, a novel gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, was developed. Plasma and urine samples to which brominated cetrorelix was added as an internal standard (I.S.) were purified by solid-phase extraction with C₈ cartridges. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C₁₈ reversed-phase column using acetonitrile–water–trifluoroacetic acid (35:65:0.1, v/v/v) as mobile phase. The mass spectrometric analysis was performed by electrospray ionization mode with negative ion detection, and the adduct ions of cetrorelix and I.S. with trifluoroacetic acid were monitored in extremely high mass region of m/z 1543 and 1700, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation was 1.00 ng per 1 ml of plasma and 2.09 ng per 2 ml of urine, and the present method was applied to the analysis of pharmacokinetics of cetrorelix in human during phase 1 clinical trial.     

The extracellular PI-type proteinase of Lactococcus lactis hydrolyzes beta-casein into more than one hundred different oligopeptides.

The peptides released from beta-casein by the action of PI-type proteinase (PrtP) from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris Wg2 have been identified by on-line coupling of liquid chromatography to mass spectrometry. After 24 h of incubation of beta-casein with purified PrtP, a stable mixture of peptides was obtained. The trifluoroacetic acid-soluble peptides of this beta-casein hydrolysate were fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography and introduced into the liquid chromatography-ion spray mass spectrometry interface. Multiply charged ions were generated from trifluoroacetic acid-soluble peptides under low nozzle voltage conditions, yielding the MH+ mass of each eluted peptide. All peptides corresponding to each of the MH+ calculated masses were determined. In those cases in which different peptides were possible, further identification was achieved by collision-induced dissociation under higher nozzle voltage conditions. Hydrolysis of beta-casein by PrtP was observed to proceed much further than reported previously. More than 40% of the peptide bonds are cleaved by PrtP, resulting in the formation of more than 100 different oligopeptides. With the exception of Phe, significant release of amino acids or di- and tripeptides could not be observed. Interestingly, one-fifth of the identified oligopeptides are small enough to be taken up by the oligopeptide transport system. Uptake of these peptides could supply L. lactis with all amino acids, including the essential ones, indicating that growth of L. lactis might be possible on peptides released from beta-casein by proteinase only.     

Organic solvent extraction of proteins and peptides from serum as an effective sample preparation for detection and identification of biomarkers by mass spectrometry

A method to extract peptides and low molecular weight proteins from serum under denaturing conditions using acetonitrile containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid has been developed. The extraction procedure precipitates large, abundant proteins to simplify subsequent mass spectral analysis. This sample preparation method provides an efficient way to extract serum peptides, enabling them to be compared and identified using different mass spectrometry approaches. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis of mouse blood serum samples prepared by this method allowed detection of two markers which were significantly reduced in mice with B cell lymphoma tumor. One of these markers has been identified as apolipoprotein A-II.     

Primary structure of human triosephosphate isomerase

Human placental triosephosphate isomerase was isolated by an improved procedure and recovered with the highest specific activity ever reported. Employing this purification procedure, sufficient amounts of the enzyme were obtained for detailed primary structural studies. For sequences analysis, the enzyme was reduced and carboxymethylated and subjected to tryptic and chymotryptic digestions. The peptide mixtures were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography using octyl or alkylphenyl reverse-phase columns and trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile gradient elution systems. Sequence analyses of the intact enzyme, tryptic, chymotryptic, and cyanogen bromide peptides were accomplished using high-sensitivity solid-phase sequencing procedures with either 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-isothiocyanate or phenylisothiocyanate. The primary structure of human triosephosphate isomerase is constructed from the alignment of the tryptic peptides with the analysis of the overlapping chymotryptic peptides. The enzyme is a dimeric molecule consisting of two identical polypeptide chains with 248 amino acid residues and a calculated subunit molecular mass of 26,750 daltons. A comparison of the amino acid sequences from the human placental enzyme and from other species such as rabbit, chicken, and coelacanth muscles showed relatively high sequence homology, indicating that the evolution of the enzyme is very conservative. The amino acids of the active-site pocket and the subunit-subunit contact sites exhibit few changes.     

Synthesis of the mitogenic S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]-N-palmitoylpentapeptide from Escherichia coli lipoprotein

The N-terminal pentapeptide of the lipoprotein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli was obtained by coupling S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-N-palmitoyl-(R)-cysteine to O-tert-butylseryl-O-tert-butyl-seryl-asparaginyl-alanine tert-butyl ester followed by deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. The tetrapeptide was built up from alanine tert-butyl ester with N-9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl protected amino acids. S-[2,3-Bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]-N-palmitoylcysteine was obtained from N,N'-dipalmitoylcystine di-tert-butyl ester via reduction to the thiol, and S-alkylation with racemic 3-bromo-1,2-propanediol followed by esterification with palmitic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/dimethylaminopyridine and deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. The compounds were characterized unequivocally by 13C-NMR and mass spectra. The diastereomers of S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]-N-palmitoylcysteine tert-butyl ester with opposite configuration at the propyl-C-2 atom could be separated on a silica-gel column.     

A new method for degradation of the protein part of glycoproteins: isolation of the carbohydrate chains of asialofetuin

A new method has been developed for degrading the protein part of several glycoproteins, whilst leaving the carbohydrate portion virtually intact apart from partial degradation at the reducing end. The method is based upon stabilization of the glycosidic linkages of the sugar residues by trifluoroacetyl groups and subsequent cleavage of the peptide bonds by transamidation. The two reactions are carried out in a mixture of trifluoroacetic anhydride and trifluoroacetic acid. After O- and N-detrifluoroacetylation, the carbohydrate portion can be isolated and re-N-acetylated. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by the isolation from asialofetuin of the carbohydrate chains that are attached by N- and O-glycosyl links.     

Primary structure of Beijing duck apolipoprotein A-1

The primary structure of Beijing duck apolipoprotein A-1 was determined by sequencing peptide fragments derived from tryptic and endoproteinase Asp-N digestion of the protein, and alignment with homologous chicken apo A-1. All of the peptide fragments were isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a Vydac C18 column using a trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) buffer system. The N-terminus of the protein was determined to be aspartic acid by directly sequencing 52 residues of the intact protein. The C-terminus was alanine. The protein contains 240 amino acid residues. By analysis of the whole protein and its tryptic peptides, a six amino acid (Arg-Tyr-Phe-Trp-Gln-His) prosegment was determined. No cross-reactivity between duck and human apo A-1 with a goat antiserum against human apo A-1 was found. Sequence analysis of apo A-1 of other species indicates that amino acid substitutions in rat are more extensive than in other mammals. Isoleucine residues in apo A-1 are inversely correlated to the homology of human to other species, except dog.     

Solution structure of dehydropeptides: A CD investigation

A CD investigation of eleven dehydropeptides is reported. The compounds investigated include tri-, tetra-, hexa-, hepta-, and octapeptides and contain one, two, or three dehydro-phenylalanine (ΔPhe) residues. The peptides showed different CD profiles depending on chain length, position, and number of dehydro residues. The CD data very much complemented that provided by nmr studies, confirming the conformational preference for β-bend structures in small peptides (tripeptides), and 3₁₀-helical or α-helical structures in longer peptides. The secondary structures were stable in chloroform solution and were denaturated by addition of trifluoroacetic acid. Solvent titration experiments performed by measuring CD as a function of solvent composition provided evidence that the order →←2 disorder conformational changes occurred as cooperative transitions. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

On-probe sample pretreatment for direct analysis of lipids in gram-positive bacterial cells by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry

On-probe sample pretreatment using trifluoroacetic acid as an additional reagent enabled the direct detection of phospholipids in whole bacteria by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry for not only gram-negative organisms but also gram-positive ones with a thicker peptidoglycan layer.