中国大蒜芥族植物花粉形态的研究

对中国大蒜芥族10属14种植物花粉形态分别进行了光镜和扫描电镜下的观察研究。结果表明该族花粉形态可划分为4种类型：（1）具3沟,超长球形,网状纹饰,外壁2层;（2）具3沟,超长球形,细网状纹饰,外壁1层;（3）具3沟（偶4沟）,长球形,网状纹饰,外壁2层;（4）具6沟,长球形,网状纹饰,外壁2层。因此,中国大蒜芥族的花粉形态多样性程度较高,说明了它不是一个自然类群,是一个多系类群,这与前人研究结果相一致。另外,本文首次报道十字花科锥果芥属植物具6沟花粉,具6沟花粉在十字花科中极为特殊,所以作者将锥果芥属提升为族级,另立新族,即锥果芥族（Tribe Berteroelleae F．Z．Li,G．Y．Tang ＆ Z．Y．Sun,trib．nov．）。     

Numerical analyses of seed morphology and its taxonomic significance in the tribe Nigelleae (Ranunculaceae)

We examined the seed morphology of Nigella, Garidella and Komaroffia to aid systematics and taxonomy. The seeds of 21 taxa in 20 species from Mediterranean and West Asian countries were studied using both zoom stereo and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and unweighted average linkage analysis (UPGMA) were performed to assess the contribution of seed characters to the taxonomy of the tribe. Representative pictures from zoom stereo microscopy and SEM studies and measurement of seeds are presented. Most studied species showed unique seed surface sculpturing features, and seed shape, size and surface sculpturing separated the studied taxa into five main groups. However, the variation in seed shape and color were found to be in conflict with the generic taxonomy while macromorphological characters were found more congruent with the sectional taxonomy than with the generic taxonomy. Five main types of seed ornamentations – rugulose + striate, granulate, smooth, rugulose and mucronulate – were identified. Patterns in seed micromorphology strongly supported the sectional level taxonomy of Nigella. Two of the three sections of the genus were found to be well differentiated in terms of seed characters. Furthermore, seed morphology alone provide good support to Garidella as a distinct genus, but shows less taxonomic value for Komaroffia.     

Numerical taxonomic study of thermophilic Bacillus isolated from three geographically separated deep-sea hydrothermal vents

Abstract: A numerical taxonomic study has been carried out with 80 strains, newly isolated, from three geographically separated deep-sea hydrothermal vents (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Guaymas Basin and Lau Basin) and eleven thermophilic reference strains representing 11 Bacillus species. The deep-sea isolates were all halotolerant spore-forming rods and grew aerobically above 65°C. Results from unweighted average linkage cluster analysis of a similarity matrix derived from the simple matching coefficient, showed formation of nine major phena, which were defined at the 83% similarity level or above. Seven phena were composed exclusively of strains isolated from the same site (4 from Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 1 from Guaymas Basin and 2 from Lau Basin). The majority of the Lau Basin isolates clustered with 6 of the reference strains in one phenon, while isolates from Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Guaymas Basin were found separated from this phenon at the 69% similarity level. The other reference strains showed less than 69% similarity with the deep-sea isolates.     

Numerical taxonomic analysis of cross-inoculation patterns of legumes and Rhizobium

Summary A survey was made of published results of tests of the capacity of Rhizobium derived from one legume genus to nodulate plants from other genera. The data were derived from more than 14,000 separate cross-inoculation trials involving species from 165 genera of legumes. Numerical taxonomic techniques were applied to 113 of the genera for which results of substantial cross-infection tests were available. The data were examined using mean character difference coefficients re-expressed as total and positive-only similarity coefficients. The resulting similarity matrices were clustered by the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages. Eighteen affinity groups were defined at the 70% similarity level. With few exceptions, the physiological and cultural behavior of the rhizobia was consistent within the defined groups. Two broad categories were suggested in the numerical taxonomic analysis, and their validity is discussed in regard to the geographic, physiological and cultural characteristics of the legumes and their Rhizobium microsymbionts. The taxonomic and agronomic value of this approach and the new groupings are discussed.     

Nitrogen nutrition of seedling grain legumes: some taxonomic, morphological and physiological constraints

Abstract The growth of young plants of the epigeal species Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max is compared with that of the hypogeal species Pisum sativum and Vicia faba, with particular reference to synchronization between the exhuastion of seed reserves of N and the availability of fixed N. It is argued that the N stress symptoms which occur when these two processes are not synchronized are more common and obvious in Phaseolus or Glycine than in Pisum or Vicia. This is primarily because in these species (a) the first fixed N is used for nodule growth rather than being exported to the shoot system and (b) the first foliage leaves have a much greater area and contain a larger proportion of N reserves from the seed. It is further suggested that Phaseolus and Glycine may show the greater response to nitrogen fertilizer applied at sowing since (a) most of the applied nitrate is passed directly to the shoots (rather than being reduced in the roots as in Pisum or Vicia) and (b) in addition to being used for growth (following reduction), it may also be used prior to reduction as part of the osmotic force driving cell expansion.     

Crystals and their taxonomic significance in some Verbenaceae

MATHEW, L. & SHAH, G. L., 1984. Crystals and their taxonomic significance in some Verbenaceae. The morphology, plant distribution and chemical composition of crystals in 35 tropical species in the family Verbenaceae have been investigated using light microscopy, SEM and an energy dispersive X-ray analyser.
Crystals may be solitary, aggregated or as conglomerates and crystal sand. Eleven kinds of solitary crystals and five aggregate or conglomerate forms have been observed. Their occurrence varies from species to species and sometimes from organ to organ in the same plant, suggesting that there might be taxonomic significance of crystal form and distribution.
Most of the crystals are compounds of a range of elements, silicon, calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, aluminium, sulphur sodium and titanium in varying proportions. Calcium is the major component of solitary acicular crystals and silicon of other kinds of crystals.     

A numerical taxonomic study of some pigmented bacteria isolated from Organic Lake,an antarctic hypersaline lake

A study was made of a group of moderately halophilic, heterotrophic, pigmented strains isolated from Organic Lake, Antarctica. These strains were Gram-negative, non-motile, had an aerobic metabolism and a mol% G+C content of their DNA in the range 35–41, indicating that they may be members of the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga group. A numerical taxonomic study involving 134 characteristics compared the antarctic strains with reference strains from Flavobacterium, Cytophaga and Flectobacillus. The antarctic strains formed two clusters that did not contain any reference strains suggesting that they may represent two new species of the genus Flavobacterium.     

Pollen morphology of Justicia L. (Acanthaceae) from Thailand and its taxonomic value

The acetolysed pollen of 33 species of the genus Justicia in Thailand is investigated using both light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen of the genus is characterised as being isopolar, bilaterally or radially symmetrical, with mostly prolate or prolate spheroidal shape. Based on characters with high factor loading in the cluster analysis and principal components analysis, the studied species are divided into two major groups; one with 3-colporate with six pseudocolpi and the other with 2-porate or 2–3-colporate with aperture areas. The pollen morphology of each group is described and illustrated. Pollen characters are useful for taxonomic delimitation and relationships among Thai species.     

A story from the Miocene: Clock‐dated phylogeny of Sisymbrium L. (Sisymbrieae,Brassicaceae)

Morphological variability and imprecise generic boundaries have hindered systematic, taxonomical, and nomenclatural studies of Sisymbrium L. (Brassicaceae, Sisymbrieae DC.). The members of this almost exclusively Old‐World genus grow mostly on highly porous substrates across open steppe, semidesert, or ruderal habitats in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere and African subtropics. The present study placed the biological history of Sisymbrium L. into time and space and rendered the tribus Sisymbrieae as monotypic. Five nuclear‐encoded and three chloroplast‐encoded loci of approximately 85% of all currently accepted species were investigated. Several accessions per species covering their whole distribution range allowed for a more representative assessment of intraspecific genetic diversity. In the light of fossil absence, the impact of different secondary calibration methods and taxon sets on time spans was tested, and we showed that such a combinatorial nested dating approach is beneficial. Multigene phylogeny accompanied with a time divergence estimation analysis placed the onset and development of this tribus into the western Irano‐Turanian floristic region during the Miocene. Continuous increase in continentality and decrease in temperatures promoted the diversity of the Sisymbrieae, which invaded the open grasslands habitats in Eurasia, Mediterranean, and South Africa throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Our results support the assumption of the Irano‐Turanian region as a biodiversity reservoir for adjacent regions.     

中国柽柳科（Tamaricaceae）花粉形态研究及其分类意义的探讨

研究观察了中国柽柳科（Tamaricaceae)4属27种植物的花粉形态。中国柽柳科植物花粉为三沟类型,无三拟孔沟类型,形态及外壁雕纹属间差异明显。根据花粉资料,探讨了属间的进化关系和分类地位及本科植物花粉外壁的演化途径。     

中国白蛉亚科数值分类研究（双翅目: 毛蠓科）

【目的】 对中国白蛉亚科（Phlebotominae）昆虫进行数值分类研究, 探索其在系统发育过程中的亲缘关系。【方法】 选取中国白蛉40个蛉种作为分类单元以及白蛉的68项形态特征为分类指标, 进行系统聚类分析。【结果】 聚类分析结果与传统属级及白蛉属Phlebotomus的亚属级分类一致。司蛉属Sergentomyia的亚属分类与传统分类有一些区别, 聚类分析将司蛉属分为8类, 其中尼克组nicnic group与司蛉亚属subgenus Sergentomyia和传统分类一致; 泉州司蛉S. quanzhouensis和唐氏司蛉S. tangi聚入帕蛉亚属subgenus Parrotomyia; 尹氏司蛉S. yini聚入新蛉亚属subgenus Neophlebotomus, 应氏司蛉S. iyengari、马来司蛉S. malayensis、吐鲁番司蛉S. turfanensis、兰州司蛉S. lanzhouensis和南京司蛉S. nankingensis聚为一类; 歌乐山司蛉S. koloshanensis、方亮司蛉S. fanglianensis和云南司蛉S. yunnanensis与尼克组nicnic group聚成一类, 此类群和此属中其他蛉种系统发育关系距离远。【结论】 中国白蛉亚科昆虫的聚类分析结果与传统分类基本一致, 验证了传统分类系统的可靠性, 并揭示了传统分类中一些蛉种不确定分类问题。司蛉属聚类分析结果与传统分类有差别, 提示有个别蛉种需重新考虑其分类地位。     

Key to the tribes and genera of deltocephaline leafhoppers (auchenorrhyncha, hemiptera, cicadellidae) of pakistan

A key with accompanying figures is provided for the 14 tribes and 35 genera of Deltocephalinae (Cicadellidae) from Pakistan.     

Cytoskeletal organization of the micropylar endosperm in Coronopus didymus L. (Brassicaceae)

Summary. The micropylar chamber of the mustard Coronopus didymus is a developmental domain distinct from the contiguous central chamber and the more extreme chalazal chamber. Early in syncytial development the micropylar endosperm surrounding the embryo becomes populated with unusual fusiform to multilobed nuclei. These nuclei are sheathed by unique parallel arrays of microtubules that focus at tips of the nuclei and flare to connect with a reticulate network in the common cytoplasm. F-actin does not closely invest the nuclei but instead forms an extensive but separate cytoplasmic reticulum. When the embryo is in the early heart stage, the cytoskeleton of the endosperm undergoes a remarkable transition in preparation for cellularization. Microtubules become reorganized into radial arrays emanating from the nuclei, which themselves become spherical. Radial microtubule systems (RMSs), which replace both the parallel microtubules and the cytoplasmic reticulum, organize the common cytoplasm into evenly spaced nuclear cytoplasmic domains (NCDs). F-actin gradually becomes coaligned with the RMSs. Phragmoplasts are initiated adventitiously at the interfaces of opposing RMSs in the absence of mitosis. Cell plate deposition, which is initiated at multiple sites, results in a network of walls formed more or less simultaneously around the densely packed NCDs. The walls, which are rich in 1–3-β-glucans, join with one another and with the existing walls of both the central cell and embryo to complete cellularization in the micropylar chamber. In the adjacent central chamber where the syncytium is restricted to a thin peripheral layer by the large central vacuole, basic organization of the syncytium into NCDs is followed by alternating cycles of alveolation and periclinal cell division resulting in cellularization. Received July 19, 2001 Accepted October 16, 2001     

Numerical Taxonomic Studies of Hemerocallis (Liliaceae) from China

Taxonomic studies of 11 taxa in Hemerocallis from China were conducted using cluster analysis and principal components analysis. The taxa were grouped into four clusters. The Cluster one includs H. citrina, H. lilioasphodelus, H. minor and H. multiflora ; the second cluster H. dumortieri and H. middendorfii ; the third cluster H. plicata, H. forresti and H. nana; and the fourth cluster di-and triploid of H. fulva. Relationships between the taxa within clusters as well as the subdivision of the genus are discussed.     

The extracellular pollen coat in members of the Brassicaceae: composition, biosynthesis, and functions in pollination

Summary. I have used cellular and molecular genetic and bioinformatic approaches to characterise the components of the pollen coat in plants of the family Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana and several brassicas including Brassica napus, B. oleracea, and B. rapa. The pollen coat in these species is mostly made up of a unique mixture of lipids that is highly enriched in acylated compounds, such as sterol esters and phospholipids. These acyl lipids are characterised by an unusually high degree of saturation. The fatty acids typically contain 70–90% saturated acyl residues such as myristate, palmitate, and stearate. The major sterol components of the pollen coat are saturated fatty acyl esters of stigmasterol, campesterol, and campestdienol. In addition to lipids, the second major component of the pollen coat is a specific group of proteins that is dominated by a family of proteins that we term pollenins. Although pollenins are by far the major protein components of the pollen coat of members of the Brassicaceae, proteomic analysis reveals that there are several additional protein components, including lipases, protein kinases, a pectin esterase, and a caleosin. The biosynthesis of these lipids and proteins and their significance for overall pollen function are reviewed and discussed. Correspondence and reprints: Biotechnology Unit, School of Applied Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, Wales, United Kingdom.     

中国29种和泰国1种卷柏科植物的叶形态学研究及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜和体视显微镜对卷柏科Selaginellaceae中国产29种和泰国产1种植物的叶形态进行了宏观和微观观察。结果表明卷柏科植物在叶形态学方面表现出较高的一致性。(1)叶多为二形, 罕为一形, 无叶柄, 叶二形者侧叶多大于中叶, 外展或斜上, 中叶贴生于腹面茎上, 交互覆瓦状排成4列, 叶一形者则在茎上作螺旋状排列。(2)侧叶与中叶上表皮细胞形态相似, 近等径方形或长方形, 垂周壁平直、弓形或波状; 侧叶与中叶下表皮细胞形态也相似, 长方形或长条形, 垂周壁波状。(3)气孔类型为无规则型或放射型, 气孔多分布于中叶上表皮和侧叶下表皮中脉处。研究发现, 叶外形、叶表皮细胞形态及气孔分布特征等为中国卷柏科植物种间分类提供了重要的参考依据。 研究的有关种类可以依据下面这些特征进行分类: (1)叶为一形叶或二形; (2)叶在枝上着生为螺旋状或成对交互排列; (3)叶表皮细胞垂周壁为平直、弓形、深波状或浅波状; (4)叶上、下表皮细胞同形或异形; (5)气孔为无规则型或放射型; 以及(6)气孔在中叶和侧叶的上、下表皮上的分布等特征。     

中国柽柳科植物花粉形态特征聚类分析

在观察了中国柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)4属27种植物花粉形态的基础上,对其进行了聚类分析。观察结果表明:该科植物花粉为三沟类型,无三拟孔沟类型,形态及外壁雕纹属间差异明显。花粉特征聚类分析结果表明,中国柽柳科植物花粉大致划分为明显的三组,所包含的种(某些种除外)分别隶属于柽柳科的4属:琵琶柴属(ReaumuriaLinn.)、水柏枝属(MyricariaDesv.)、山柽柳属(MyrtamaOvcz&Kinz.)和柽柳属(TamarixLinn.),而有争议的山柽柳属虽同柽柳属聚在一起,但也较早地分出成为独立的一支,结合种子形态及分子生物学证据,支持将秀丽山柽柳从水柏枝属中分出而另立新属,为传统分类学将该科划分为4属提供了依据。聚类分析进一步将水柏枝属植物花粉和柽柳属植物花粉分别分为2种类型,而琵琶柴属植物花粉类除个别种体积存在差异外,其纹饰类型较为单一,仅划分为1种类型。柽柳属植物花粉聚类分析结果与该属植物花盘类型的划分结果基本一致,融生花盘类型植物的花粉则在两组中均有出现,可能是间生花盘和假顶生花盘类型间的过渡类型。     

Genetic relationships among species of the genus Diplotaxis (Brassicaceae) using inter-simple sequence repeat markers

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification was evaluated for its applicability as a genetic marker system to establish relationships among ten Diplotaxis species. ISSR amplification generated multiple banding profiles with the 12 primers from all DNA samples, with an average of 41.2 fragments per primer. This average was clearly higher for the 5′ triple-anchored primers than for other primers. The banding profiles were highly repeatable across separate PCR runs. DNA mixing procedures were found to be appropriate strategies to generate banding patterns representative of each species studied. Similarity values were calculated considering 494 ISSR bands, and a dendrogram was constructed based on the similarity matrix. The ten Diplotaxis species were clustered into two major groups. The first group consists of five species, Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Diplotaxis cretacea, and Diplotaxis muralis with their putative parents (D. tenuifolia and Diplotaxis viminea). In the second group three species are clustered that are closely related (Diplotaxis virgata, Diplotaxis catholica and Diplotaxis siettiana), in addition to Diplotaxis harra, and Diplotaxis erucoides, which has lowest similarity values with the rest of the species studied. The two groups defined in the present work may be concordant with the idea suggested by several authors of a biphyletic origin for Diplotaxis. The genetic relationships among the ten Diplotaxis species estimated by the polymorphism of ISSR markers are in agreement with those previously inferred by other morphological, biochemical and molecular data, indicating the reliability of the ISSR approach for this purpose. Received: 3 January 2000 / Accepted: 31 March 2000