国产川竹植物的名实考订

在野外调查和文献考证的基础上,讨论了国产鉴定为Pleioblastus simonii(Carr.) Nakai这种竹子的名实问题。事实上国产这种竹子与日本产P.simonii(Carr.) Nakai在形态特征和自然分布上有较大的区别。日本产的秆箨宿存不落,秆圆筒形,分枝一侧不扁平,花序为具有穗柄的单次发生的真花序,内稃先端2齿裂,花药绿黄色;而国产的秆箨早落,秆节间分枝一侧2/3扁平,花序为侧生于枝节而无柄的续次发生的假花序,内稃先端钝通常不2裂,花药紫色。据进一步研究表明,国产这种竹子实际上乃是1998年已经命名发表的白纹短穗竹(Brachstachyum albostriatum G.H.Lai),并在此依据其形态特征组合到业平竹属(Semiarundinaria Makino ex Nakai)之中。现知白纹业平竹(Semiarundinaria albostriata(G.H.Lai) G.H.Lai)分布于江苏南部、安徽南部、浙江西北部一带,以安徽南部较为常见。     

开花期加拿大一枝黄花水浸提液对3种作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

测定了入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）开花期的茎、叶和花序水浸提液对辣椒(Capsicum annuum)、番茄(Lycoperiscum esculetum)、长梗白菜(Brassica chinensis var. communis)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：（1）处于开花期的加拿大一枝黄花存在明显的化感作用,在25 mg·mL^-1时,对3种作物种子苗生长有促进作用,浸提液高于50 mg·mL^-1时,作物种子的萌发率和生长受到抑制,这种抑制作用随处理液浓度的提高而增强,在100 mg·mL^-1浓度处理下,甚至使作物种子失去活力;（2）加拿大一枝黄花叶和花序的水浸提液对种子萌发和生长的影响要大于其茎的浸提液;（3）在3种作物中,长梗白菜种子对加拿大一枝黄花水浸提液的敏感性最高。     

拟南芥乙烯突变体在干旱胁迫下的形态学差异

为了揭示乙烯在植物与环境相互作用过程中的生物学功能,以拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）的ein2-5、ein3-1、EIN3ox、EIL1ox 4种乙烯突变体与Col-0野生型为材料,对比研究它们在干旱胁迫条件下的生长和形态学变化。研究发现,干旱胁迫导致莲座叶直径、叶片面积、花序、水势等指标发生显著变化,同时不同突变体的形态适应特点呈现显著差异。这些结果表明,乙烯积极参与了植物形态塑造过程,与植物的抗旱性具有紧密相关性。     

濒危植物肉苁蓉（Cistanche deserticola）繁育系统研究

在自然居群中通过野外定位观测,运用杂交指数（OCI）;花粉—胚珠比（P/O）;去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法对濒危植物肉苁蓉（Cistanche deserticola Ma）的花序发育、开花特性、花粉活力、柱头可授性、传粉方式、繁育系统进行了研究,结果表明：肉苁蓉穗状无限花序的生长发育期可明显分为拱土期、出土期、开花期、结实与种子成熟期四个阶段。两性花,单花开放时间2~3d,花序有花期持续20~25d。种群开花历时36~38d。开花时柱头略高出花药,柱头较大,下垂。重力玻片法检测,风媒导致的异株异花传粉完全可以忽略。主要访花昆虫为蜂类。扫描电镜观察虫体,蜂类携带大量花粉,但传粉飞行距离大部分为0。杂交指数为3;花粉—胚珠比为35.45±8.56;结合去雄、套袋和人工授粉试验结果,认为肉苁蓉属于以自交为主的繁育系统。     

德国鸢尾‘常春黄’花芽分化的形态观察及两种代谢产物的动态变化

鸢尾是世界著名观赏花卉,为研究其花芽分化期的形态和生理指标变化情况,我们以德国鸢尾两季花品种‘常春黄’（Iris germanica cv. Lovely Again）为材料,运用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了德国鸢尾‘常春黄’的花芽分化过程。结果表明：整个形态分化过程可分为6个阶段：花序原基分化期、外轮花被分化期、雄蕊分化期、内轮花被分化期、雌蕊分化期、髯毛形成期。结合上述形态分化过程,分别取其二次花花芽分化时期的顶芽、根茎和叶片部位,以蒽酮比色法测定可溶性糖,以考马斯亮蓝G-250法测定蛋白质含量。结果表明：可溶性糖在花序原基分化的初始阶段含量最高,且在3个部位的含量大小关系始终是：根茎﹥叶片﹥顶芽;蛋白质含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,蛋白质含量的峰值出现于花序伸展初期。     

贵州六道木属一新种——荔波六道木

报道了贵州忍冬科（Caprifoliaceae）六道木属（Abelia R. Br.）1个新种,即荔波六道木（Abelia lipoensis M. T. An et G. Q. GOU）。新种与糯米条（A. chinensis R. Br.）近缘,不同点在于小枝和叶背无毛,花序宽大,疏松,呈宽圆锥状,花萼裂片近无毛,花冠小,长6~9 mm,白色,与萼裂片近等长或稍长。     

番茄泛素蛋白基因LeEBF1和LeEBF2的克隆表达分析

通过RACE和RT-PCR方法从番茄中克隆了LeEBF1（EIN3 binding F-box protein 1）和LeEBF2（EIN3 binding F-box protein 2）的全长cDNA序列,两个基因LeEBF1、LeEBF2全长分别是2 866和2 891 bp,对序列的分析表明,它们的开放阅读框分别是1 911和1 995 bp,编码区编码637和665个氨基酸残基,在氨基端含保守的F-box区域和在羧基端有14个亮氨酸重复单位,通过BLAST软件和DNAMAN分析表明这两个基因的氨基酸序列与拟南芥EBF1和EBF2有58.6％相似,同时又与其他物种的EBF蛋白的F-box区域比较有24.4％到73.2％的相近。Northern杂交指出：LeEBF1与LeEBF2在野生型和Nr的幼叶中的表达量高于成熟叶;当在果实发育期,LeEBF1与LeEBF2在青果期的表达量相比其他时期要弱。初步结果表明,LeEBF1与LeEBF2可能在番茄的生长发育中起着重要的作用。     

指数方法

评价物种多样性是目前生物多样性研究中的一项紧迫任务。我们提出一种基于信息测度的G-F指数公式,利用生物普查得到的鸟类和兽类名录计算一个地区的物种多样性。首先计算属间的多样性（G指数）和科间的多样性（F指数）,然后,再利用G指数和F指数的比值进行标准化,得出G-F指数。在这一指数体系中,F指数包括科中和科间的多样性。如果G-F指数趋近1,则代表科间多样性的F指数下降,或者代表属多样性的G指数上升;否则G-F指数趋近零或为负数。信息测度通常也用于生物群落的生态多样性。然而,G-F指数与生态多样性不同。G-F指数测定的一个地区一个生物类群中科属间的物种多样性,而生态多样性指数研究生物群落中物种组成及种间个体的多寡。利用G-F指数研究评估生物多样性保护有如下优点：（1）G-F指数提供了一种简捷有效的生物多样性保护评估方法,因为在许多地点已经进行过生物普查,编写了动物、植物名录;（2）G-F指数是一种标准化指数,可以进行不同地区间生物多样性比较。在动物界,特别是无脊椎动物中,尚未鉴定的物种占多数,而鸟类和兽类中尚未鉴定的物种很少。我们应用鸟类和兽类名录计算了G-F指数,选择了梵净山、大瑶山、伏牛山、凉水、北京—天津、海北、白音锡勒、青海湖和帕米尔高原等9个地区,进行了物种多样性的比较研究。结果表明：在上述地区,鸟类的G指数高于兽类的G指数,但差异并不显著（p=0.11）。鸟类的F指数显著地高于兽类的F指数（p<0.05）。鸟类G-F指数与兽类G-F指数相关(r=0.68, p<0.05)。     

朵丽蝶兰 MADS-box 基因 DtpsMADS1 的克隆与表达特性简

植物MADS-box基因家族编码高度保守的转录因子,参与了包括花器官发育和开花在内的多种发育进程。为阐释兰科植物成花的分子调控机制,根据MADS-box基因保守序列设计简并引物,用RACE方法从朵丽蝶兰花葶中克隆到1个MADS-box家族基因,该基因cDNA全长960 bp,包含37 bp 5′UTR,一个738 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)和185 bp 3′UTR,共编码245个氨基酸。序列和系统进化树分析表明,该基因与其他植物的MADS-box基因具有很高的同源性,属于AP1/FUL-like亚家族,命名为DtpsMADS1,GeneBank登录号为JQ065097。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示：DtpsMADS1具有明显的组织表达特异性;在根和叶中,DtpsMADS1在花前期和花后期表达量较高;苗期和盛花期表达量较低;DtpsMADS1在花葶中的表达趋势与根和叶相似;而在花器官中,DtpsMADS1只有痕量表达。由此推断,DtpsMADS1可能参与开花进程调控,而不参与花器官的形态建成。     

山麦冬及其近缘种DNA条形码研究

通过分析山麦冬及其近缘种cpDNA trnL-F、psbA-trnH间隔区序列特点,探讨trnL-F、psbA-trnH序列作为山麦冬及其近缘种DNA条形码的潜力。分别对两者进行PCR扩增后,并进行纯化测序。其中山麦冬及其近缘种9个物种18个样品的trnL-F序列长度为355~356 bp,在山麦冬属内序列完全一致,但在沿阶草属中存在特异变异位点,可对麦冬与沿阶草两物种进行鉴别。而psbA-trnH序列长度为543~544 bp,仅在麦冬中存在特异鉴别位点。结果表明,trnL-F、psbA-trnH序列由于进化速率低、保守性强,仅适合麦冬类植物属间鉴别的DNA条形码,而在属下水平的应用有一定的局限。     

中国及其邻国的石蕊科(地衣型子囊菌)

本文报导了中国新记录Cladtna stygta和Cladonta maxima,对生长于越南的新种Cladonta ntttda进行了描述。中国过去记载的Cladtna tmshaugu和Cladonta subfurcata是根据错误的鉴定,应从中国地衣志中排除。Cladonta gractlts subsp turbtnata在中国许多省分都很常见。     

中国大陆壳状地衣3个新记录种

在对壳状地衣进行研究时,发现3个中国新记录种——颗粒类褐边衣(Trapeliopsis granulosa)、小疣巨孢衣易变变种(Megaspora verrucosa var.mutabilis)和黑墨衣(Placynthium nigrum),其中墨衣属(Placynthium)为中国新记录属。该文对这3个种的分类学特征进行了详细描述,并提供了它们的相关照片。     

西沙群岛的粗根茎莎草夏孢锈菌

在西沙群岛永兴岛发现了我国未曾报道的粗根茎莎草夏孢锈菌Uredo cyperi-stoloni feri Yen.此菌形成大的矩形或纺锤形孢子堆.夏孢子很大,30-43 × 21-29μm,3.5-Sμm厚,有2个明显的腰生芽孔.此菌过去仅见于新加坡.     

中国纤细蛇根草(茜草科)的订正

通过标本考证和野外研究,证实中国文献记载的纤细蛇根草（Ophiorrhiza gracilis Kurz）实为尾瓣蛇根草（O. caudipetala Deb & Monda）错误鉴定,而后者之前仅被报道分布于印度,因此为中国新记录。尾瓣蛇根草具有明显不等大的对生叶片, 花冠裂片背部具长0.6~1 mm的角状突起,易与中国蛇根草属其它种类区分。     

Clinical Practice Experiences in Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: A Survey among Clinicians at 9 Large Hospitals in China

Proper diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children is becoming an increasingly problematic issue in China. This study investigated Chinese clinicians to provide information about their knowledge and experiences in diagnosis and treatment of pediatric TBI. We conducted a questionnaire survey among clinicians in the emergency departments and neurosurgery departments at 9 major hospitals in China. The questionnaire included demographic information, and knowledge and experiences regarding the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric TBI. A total of 235 clinicians completed questionnaires. 43.8% of the surveyed clinicians reported children with only scalp hematoma without any other signs and symptoms of concussion as TBI cases. Most clinicians (85.1%) reported no existing uniform diagnostic criteria for children with TBI in China. The majority of clinicians (91.9%) reported that CT scans were performed in all patients with suspected head injury as a routine procedure in their hospitals. Only 20.9% of clinicians believed that radiation from CT scanning may increase cancer risk in children. About 33.6% of the clinicians reported that they ordered CT scans to investigate suspected head injury due to the poor doctor-patient relationship in China, and to protect themselves against any medical lawsuits in the future. About 80% of the clinicians reported that there are no existing pediatric TBI treatment guidelines in China. Instead a senior doctor’s advice is the most reported guidelines regarding treating pediatric TBI (66.0%). All of the surveyed clinicians reported that the lack of diagnosis and/or treatment standard is the biggest problem in effectively diagnosing and treating pediatric TBI in China. Developing guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of children with TBI is a high priority in China. The extremely high usage of CT for pediatric TBI in China suggests that it is important to establish evidence-based clinical decision rules to help Chinese clinicians make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions during their practice in order to identify children unlikely to have a clinically-important TBI who can be safely discharged without a CT scan.     

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Scrub Typhus Transmission in Mainland China, 2006-2014

BackgroundScrub typhus is endemic in the Asia-Pacific region including China, and the number of reported cases has increased dramatically in the past decade. However, the spatial-temporal dynamics and the potential risk factors in transmission of scrub typhus in mainland China have yet to be characterized.ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the spatiotemporal dynamics of reported scrub typhus cases in mainland China between January 2006 and December 2014, to detect the location of high risk spatiotemporal clusters of scrub typhus cases, and identify the potential risk factors affecting the re-emergence of the disease.MethodMonthly cases of scrub typhus reported at the county level between 2006 and 2014 were obtained from the Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. Time-series analyses, spatiotemporal cluster analyses, and spatial scan statistics were used to explore the characteristics of the scrub typhus incidence. To explore the association between scrub typhus incidence and environmental variables panel Poisson regression analysis was conducted.ResultsDuring the time period between 2006 and 2014 a total of 54,558 scrub typhus cases were reported in mainland China, which grew exponentially. The majority of cases were reported each year between July and November, with peak incidence during October every year. The spatiotemporal dynamics of scrub typhus varied over the study period with high-risk clusters identified in southwest, southern, and middle-eastern part of China. Scrub typhus incidence was positively correlated with the percentage of shrub and meteorological variables including temperature and precipitation.ConclusionsThe results of this study demonstrate areas in China that could be targeted with public health interventions to mitigate the growing threat of scrub typhus in the country.     

东北地区被子植物新资料

报道了东北地区1个新分布种臭茶藨子(Ribes graveolens Bge.)和黑龙江省1个新分布种掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatum L.)。凭证标本保存于东北林业大学植物标本室(NEFU)。     

中国石蕊科地衣研究之三 中国新记录属:扇盘衣属

本文报道了主要分布于澳洲的扇盘衣属地衣,缝裂扇盘衣在中国的首次发现,从而为中国地衣区系增加了一个新记录属。文中报道的该属的地衣不仅在中国,即使在世界范围也十分珍异。因而,对于该属及种的特征从形态学、解剖学与化学方面给以简要描述。     

Plant genera and species new to China recently found in northwest Xinjiang

Two genera new to China, Fibigia and Pachyneurum and 10 species found in China for the first time, Puccinellia kalininae, Stellaria pulvinata, Nanophyton mongolicum, Capsella orienalis, Pachyneurum grandiflorum, Fibigia spathulata, Craniospermum tuvinicum, Euphrasia schischkinii, E. syreitschikovii, Veronica schmakovii along with 3 species previously unknown in Xinjiang, Rorippa indica, Acalypha australis, and Phalaris canariensis, found in northwest Xinjiang are reported. In addition, the distribution of two species in China is corrected: Lepidium densiflorum is firstly reported for Nei Mongol while the occurrence of Draba sibirica in Gansu is not confirmed. Results of floristic studies by the Chinese–Russian Altai expedition during 2004–2007 are also summarized including 34 species and 1 subspecies revealed as new for China; 7 species confirmed to occur in China; one genus and 5 species not confirmed for China, as well as a number of new records for various provinces, mostly Xinjiang.     

曲唇羊耳蒜在中国东北分布的真实性研究

曲唇羊耳蒜分布于日本、朝鲜和俄罗斯远东地区,中国东北的黑龙江、吉林和辽宁也有报道,但是《中国植物志》认为,该种在中国东北是否存在尚有很大的疑问。本研究证明曲唇羊耳蒜的确在中国东北有分布。