玉米胚胎发育、萌发与胚的结构及子叶二型性

运用扫描电镜与半薄切片技术,观察了玉米(Zea mays L.)的胚发育过程,得到以下认识：第一、关于原胚。玉米合子细胞分裂形成的原胚分为胚柄、胚基与胚体三部分。胚柄短小,寿命短暂。胚基具有生长带,纵向伸长长度大,胚基的上部参与形成胚根鞘,其余部分干缩后附在胚根鞘末端。第二、玉米胚的背腹极性及二型子叶。原胚初期胚体出现背腹极性,腹面的细胞小,细胞质稠密,液泡较少;背面的细胞较大,细胞质稠密度略低,液泡较多。原胚后期胚体分化为腹部与背部,腹部从腹面的中央突起,背部在腹部的周围(从左至右侧)及整个胚体背面。进入幼胚时期,腹部分化为胚芽鞘、生长锥、胚轴、胚根和胚根鞘(大部分)。期间,胚芽鞘原基和根原始细胞的分化都从胚体的中轴部位开始,然后向两侧和四周扩展,表现出胚体腹面形态的两侧对称性。原胚的背部形成盾片原基,盾片原基经历向左、右、上、下的迅速扩展和加厚的生长,将整个腹部所分化形成的构件藏于盾片的纵沟之中,最后盾片从纵沟的边缘长出的左、右侧鳞均向胚体的中轴线生长,完整显示出玉米胚腹面的两侧对称。玉米胚由腹部顶端形成胚芽鞘和生长锥的情况与水稻胚的胚芽鞘(顶生子叶)和生长锥的形成相同,玉米的胚芽鞘也是顶生子叶,盾片则是侧生子叶。玉米异型子叶的由来在于胚体的背腹极性。第三、玉米胚的真实形态结构及胚胎发育时期的划分。玉米胚是一个胚轴,其顶部是具胚芽鞘的胚芽,中部是具侧生子叶(盾片)的胚轴,下部是具胚根鞘的胚根。盾片从背面到腹面包住整个胚轴系统,在胚的腹面上可见从盾片边缘衍生的左、右侧鳞的边缘相迭,只在接缝线的上、下端留下蝌蚪状的小孔,使胚芽鞘和胚根鞘的末端稍露出。胚胎发育分为4个时期：1．原胚期——从合子细胞分裂开始至分化背部与腹部为止;2．腹部迅速分化期;3．盾片快速生长期;4．侧鳞生长、胚套形成期。第四、获取垂盲于胚腹面正中央纵切面是正确认识玉米胚形态的关键。     

稻属植物胚的形态结构与二（异）型子叶

长久以来植物学界认定稻 (OryzasativaL .)是单子叶植物。作者从稻胚发育的研究中确认稻胚具二型子叶 ,并非单子叶。稻属其他种的胚胎形态与O .sativa是否相同 ?是否具二型子叶 ?根据扫描电子显微镜的观察结果 ,稻属 (Oryza) 2 2个种和亚种的胚的形态结构可以分为两种类型。O .sativa等 16个种胚具腹鳞和侧鳞 ,属第一类型 ;O .meyeriana (Zoll.etMor.exSteud .)Baill.ssp .tuberculataW .C .WuetY .G .Lu ,G .C .Wang等 6个种 (亚种 )胚缺腹鳞和侧鳞 ,属第二类型。O .sativa和O .meyerianassp .tuberculata的胚胎发育过程所出现的盾片原基、胚根鞘原基、胚芽鞘原基和生长锥均来自原胚 ,前二者发育成胚套 ,是外围子叶 ;胚芽鞘原基发育成围在生长锥外并盖住生长锥的空心的倒锥状胚芽鞘 ,是顶生子叶。第一类型与第二类型稻胚都具有二型子叶。第二类型稻胚在盾片原基发育过程中并不分化出腹鳞和侧鳞 ,因而造成第二类型稻胚缺腹鳞与侧鳞。稻的二型子叶源于原胚的背腹极性分化     

稻属植物胚的形态结构与二(异)型子叶

长久以来植物学界认定稻(Oryza sativa L.)是单子叶植物.作者从稻胚发育的研究中确认稻胚具二型子叶,并非单子叶.稻属其他种的胚胎形态与O.sativa是否相同?是否具二型子叶?根据扫描电子显微镜的观察结果,稻属(Oryza) 22个种和亚种的胚的形态结构可以分为两种类型.O.sativa等16个种胚具腹鳞和侧鳞,属第一类型;O. meyeriana (Zoll. et Mor. ex Steud.) Baill.ssp. tuberculata W. C. Wu et Y. G. Lu, G. C. Wang等6个种(亚种)胚缺腹鳞和侧鳞,属第二类型.O.sativa和O. meyeriana ssp. tuberculata的胚胎发育过程所出现的盾片原基、胚根鞘原基、胚芽鞘原基和生长锥均来自原胚,前二者发育成胚套,是外围子叶;胚芽鞘原基发育成围在生长锥外并盖住生长锥的空心的倒锥状胚芽鞘,是顶生子叶.第一类型与第二类型稻胚都具有二型子叶.第二类型稻胚在盾片原基发育过程中并不分化出腹鳞和侧鳞,因而造成第二类型稻胚缺腹鳞与侧鳞.稻的二型子叶源于原胚的背腹极性分化.     

稻胚发育的三维形态研究兼论胚各部分的形态本质

运用扫描电镜及塑料半薄切片技术,从水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）授粉后２ｄ开始至种子成熟,追踪观察了稻胚的三维形态发育,根据结果,对胚各部分的形态本质提出一些新的见解。（１）授粉后２ｄ的胚由胚柄、胚基和胚体组成。胚基为胚柄和胚体之间的过渡区,呈喇叭状,胚基与胚柄不能等同。２ｄ的胚未出现器官分化,属原胚;但胚背腹分化明显,即存在背腹极性。（２）授粉后第３至第５天幼胚的形态变化及器官分化至关重要。盾片和胚芽鞘在授粉后３ｄ的幼胚上同时出现,两者均直接由原胚分化,并非胚芽鞘从盾片发生。胚芽鞘原基经历这３ｄ的特殊形态演变,形成空心倒锥状的胚芽鞘,展现了禾本科特有的胚芽鞘的形态形成机理。３ｄ幼胚胚根的原形成层、基本分生组织及根冠分化;４ｄ幼胚小丘状生长锥形成,胚根的原表皮分化,茎根轴形成;５ｄ幼胚胚芽、胚轴与胚根初步形成。（３）稻胚具有二型子叶,胚套是胚的外围子叶,盾片是此子叶的一个主要部分（侧生子叶）,胚芽鞘是顶生子叶。     

Signal transmission during gravitropic curvature of primary roots of Zea mays

Primary roots of Zea mays cv. Ageotropic are nonresponsive to gravity and elongate approximately 0.80 mm h^?1. Applying mucilage-like material (K-Y Jelly) to the terminal 1.5 cm of these roots induces graviresponsiveness and slow elongation 28% (i.e. from 0.80 to 0.58mm h^?1). Applying mucilage-like material to one side of the terminal 1.5 cm of the root induces curvature toward the mucilage, irrespective of the root's orientation to gravity. Applying a 2-mm-wideband of mucilage-like material to a root's circumference 8 to 10 mm behind the root cap neither induces gravicurvature nor affects elongation significantly. Similarly, applying mucilage-like material to only the root cap does not significantly affect elongation or graviresponsiveness. Gravicurvature of mutant roots occurs only when mucilage-like material is applied to the root/root-cap junction. Reversing the caps of wild-type and mutant roots produces gravitropic responses characteristic of the root cap rather than the host root. These results are consistent with the suggestion that gravitropic effectors are growth inhibitors that move apoplastically through mucilage between the root cap and root.     

钙离子参与一氧化氮促进盐胁迫下的玉米种子萌发

0.001～1.0 mmol·L~(-1)一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)均能提高玉米种子的发芽率,缓解盐胁迫下种子萌发的抑制作用,其中0.1 mmol·L~(-1)SNP的效果最佳。用胞外游离Ca~(2 )螯合剂EGTA、质膜Ca~(2 )通道阻断剂LaCl_3和液泡Ca~(2 )释放抑制剂钌红与0.1 mmol·L~(-1) SNP共处理,均能减弱或抵消SNP促进种子萌发的作用。据此推测,钙离子参与SNP促进盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发的信号转导过程。     

Starch Mobilization in Ultradried Seed of Maize (Zea mays L.) During Germination

The effects of ultradry storage on the starch mobilization in maize (Zea mays L.) seed after aging were investigated. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the content of ATP,starch, and soluble sugar, as well as the activity of amylase, between ultradried seeds and seeds stored at -20 ℃ during germination. These results were consistent with the higher level of vigor of the ultradried seed. Sieve tube introduction of a fluorescence dye (carboxyl fluoresceindiacetate) and laser confocal microscopy were used to study the development of plasmodesmata in the ultradried seeds. The results indicated that plasmodesmata developed well in ultradried seeds. Fluorescence analysis also showed that the fluorescence intensity in the radicle of ultradried seeds was stronger than that in seeds with a higher moisture content. This suggests that ultradry treatment has no adverse effects on the seeds. After seed imbibition, cell orgaelles could be resumed. It is concluded that ultradry seed storage is beneficial for maintaining seed vigor and that starchy mobilization proceeds regularly during germination.     

Starch Mobilization in Ultradried Seed of Maize （Zea mays L.） During Germination

The effects of ultradry storage on the starch mobilization in maize (Zea mays L.) seed after aging were investigated. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the content of ATP, starch, and soluble sugar, as well as the activity of amylase, between ultradried seeds and seeds stored at -20℃ during germination. These results were consistent with the higher level of vigor of the ultradried seed. Sieve tube introduction of a fluorescence dye (carboxyl fluoresceindiacetate) and laser confocal microscopy were used to study the development of plasmodesmata in the ultradried seeds. The results indicated that plasmodesmata developed well in ultradried seeds. Fluorescence analysis also showed that the fluorescence intensity in the radicle of ultradried seeds was stronger than that in seeds with a higher moisture content. This suggests that ultradry treatment has no adverse effects on the seeds. After seed imbibition, cell orgaelles could be resumed. It is concluded that ultradry seed storage is beneficial for maintaining seed vigor and that starchy mobilization proceeds regularly during germination.     

The dose-response curves for IAA induced elongation growth and acidification of the incubation medium of Zea mays coleoptile segments

The initial dose-response curves for auxin-induced elongation growth of Zea mays L. coleoptile segments and simultaneously measured changes of pH of the incubation medium were studied. It was found that these curves are bell-shaped on all occasions and that at all IAA concentrations studied acidification of the incubation medium took place. The optimum response for IAA-induced elongation growth and acidification of the incubation medium was 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁴ M IAA, respectively. The regression curves and correlation coefficients between magnitude of the growth response and acidification of the incubation medium indicated a close relationship between these sets of data over a wide range of IAA concentrations.     

低浓度NaCI对玉米生长的效应

用不同浓度NaCl溶液处理玉米幼苗,4周后测定的结果表明,5、10mmol·L-1NaCl促进玉米生长,主要表现在:光合速率增大,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶和苹果酸脱氢酶活性增强,细胞质膜透性降低,超氧物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性增加,丙二醛、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量降低,蛋白质含量增加,最终导致干重增加。