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1.
David A. Hill 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(1):33-50
The social relationships of adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Group I of the Cayo Santiago colony were studied over a period of 14 months. Relationships were found in which adult
males and sexually mature females were persistently close to one another in nonsexual contexts, both within and across seasons.
Males of long tenure and high dominance rank tended to have more female partners, and more persistent relationships, than
more recent immigrants of lower rank. Correlations with length of tenure were stronger than those with dominance rank. Closely-related
females tended to have persistent relationships with the same male. In most cases the female was primarily responsible for
maintaining proximity in non-sexual contexts.
Dyads which were persistently within 5 m of each other in the birth season were more likely to form a consortship in the subsequent
mating season than those which had a brief relationship. A similar tendency was apparent in the 1 m data but it was not statistically
significant. There was no association between persistent proximity during the birth season and the occurrence of long, or
multiple consortships, nor with the maintenance of proximity or direction of grooming between consort partners. The pattern
of consortships was not closely related to the formation of persistent relationships in the subsequent birth season. Females
occasionally received protection from their male partners and, in some cases, spent more time in the feeding corral with them
than did other females.
Affiliative relationships can be very enduring and may have long-term benefits that were not apparent during the study period. 相似文献
2.
David A. Hill 《Primates; journal of primatology》1987,28(4):439-456
The sexual relationships of 15 adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), of one social group in the Cayo Santiago colony, Puerto Rico, were studied during the 1981 mating season. Two criteria
were used to determine whether or not a focal male was in consort in a given 20-min observational sample. One hundred and
thirty-two consortships were recorded. The distribution and duration of all consortships, and the distribution of those consortships
that coincided with the estimated time of conception, were positively correlated with male dominance rank and length of tenure.
Correlations with dominance were stronger than those with tenure. Older females had more consortships with focal males than
younger females. There was no relationship between female rank and the distribution of consortships. Consortships did not
give exclusive access to receptive females although they may do in feral situations.
Males were primarily responsible for maintaining proximity in about two thirds of consortships. The four top-ranking males
were primarily responsible in all but one of their consortships. Almost all of those in which the female was primarily responsible
involved younger, slightly lower-ranking males. This pattern may have resulted from the females being attracted to the latter
males although other interpretations are possible. The partner who was primarily responsible for maintaining proximity also
tended to be the predominant groomer, supporting the view that grooming plays a role in the maintenance of sexual consortships.
Almost a third of consortships were with females who had conceived, suggesting that males could not accurately assess female
reproductive state. Consortships maintained by the male were longer than those maintained by the female. Males may try to
increase their chances of fertilising a female by prolonging the consortship. High-ranking males may have been more successful
at this, resulting in the positive correlation between male dominance rank and consortship duration. 相似文献
3.
C A McMillan 《American journal of physical anthropology》1989,80(1):83-89
Some previous primate studies have found a positive correlation between male dominance and mating success when data from subadult males were included in the analyses. The information in this paper suggests that an unconscious bias may have been introduced when data on subadult males were included because of the lower dominance rank of these animals. Data from a study of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago showed that subadult males mated significantly less than adults. Because these monkeys are not fully mature, data on them should not be used in any test for correlation between adult male dominance and mating success. The only significant correlation found for adult male mating success was an inverse one with relation to age. Based on behavioral data young, fully adult males have the best chance of fathering offspring regardless of their dominance rank. 相似文献
4.
Pair housing of laboratory macaques is widely considered to lead to positive changes in well-being, yet the process of introduction is viewed as potentially stressful and risk-prone. Behavioral and physiological data were collected on eight adult male rhesus macaques before, during, and after the process of introduction, in order to measure the initial stress of introduction as well as long-term changes in well-being. Socially experienced subjects, all implanted with biotelemetry devices, were studied in five successive phases: baseline (singly housed), 1 day each of protected contact and full contact introduction, post-introduction (1-3 weeks after introduction), and settled pairs (> or =20 weeks after introduction). One hundred and seventy-six hours of behavioral data and 672 hr of heart rate data were analyzed. Fecal cortisol was also measured for the baseline, post-introduction, and settled pair phases. All introductions were successful and subjects showed no physiological or behavioral signs of stress, such as increased heart rate, abnormal behavior, or psychological indices of distress (depressive/anxiety-related behavior). Agonism was minimal throughout the introduction process and over the subsequent months; only one wound was incurred over the course of the study. Levels of abnormal behaviors, psychological indices of distress, locomotion, inactivity, and affiliation showed improvements within several weeks after introduction; these changes were still present 5-9 months later for the latter two categories. Heart rates during introduction fell significantly in the settled pair phase, and also varied predictably with time of day. Fecal cortisol levels were lower in settled pairs than in single housing. The fact that reductions in abnormal behavior did not persist over the long term may have been confounded by increasing duration of time spent caged. The results of this study may be of practical use for designing and monitoring social introductions and suggest that managers should not dismiss the feasibility of successful pairing of adult male rhesus macaques. 相似文献
5.
Dong-Dong QIN Xiao-Li FENG Xun-Xun CHU Chun-Lu LI Long-Bao LV Yuan-Ye MA Xin-Tian HU 《动物学研究》2013,34(2):146-153
In animal societies, some stressful events can lead to higher levels of physiological stress. Such stressors, like social rank, also predict an increased vulnerability to an array of diseases. However, the physiological relationship between social rank and stress varies between different species, as well as within groups of a single species. For example, dominant individuals are more socially stressed at times, while at other times it is the subordinate ones who experience this stress. Together, these variations make it difficult to assess disease vulnerability as connected to social interactions. In order to learn more about how physiological rank relationships vary between groups of a single species, cortisol measurements from hair samples were used to evaluate the effects of dominance rank on long-term stress levels in despotic and less stringent female rhesus macaque hierarchal groups. In despotic groups, cortisol levels were found not to be correlated with social rank, but a negative correlation was found between social rank and cortisol levels in less stringent hierarchies. Low ranking monkeys in less stringent groups secreted elevated levels of cortisol compared to higher ranking animals. These data suggest that variations in the strictness of the dominance hierarchy are determining factors in rank related stress physiology. The further consideration of nonhuman primate social system diversity and the linear degree of their hierarchies may allow for the development of valid rank-related stress models that will help increase our understanding and guide the development of new therapeutics for diseases related to human socioeconomic status. 相似文献
6.
Joseph H. Manson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):417-433
Birth season adult heterosexual nonkin relationships of 50 free-ranging female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in two social groups at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico were examined using focal follow (289 hr) and ad lib data. Eighty-eight
percent of subjects had at least one relationship characterized by particularly high frequencies of spatial proximity, grooming,
or both. These were designated “friendships.” Males intervened in aggressive interactions more frequently on behalf of Friends
than non-Friends. Female aggressive support of males was extremely rare. Higher-ranking males experienced more friendships
than lower-ranking males. High-ranking females had higher-ranking Friends than low-ranking females. Older females had higher-ranking
Friends than younger females. Females groomed high-ranking Friends more than they were groomed by them, whereas they groomed
low-ranking Friends less than they were groomed by them. In one social group, high-ranking females were more likely than low-ranking
females to groom their Friends more than they were groomed by them. Males were more responsible than females for spatial proximity
maintenance in 9 of 14 Friend dyads for which sufficient data were available. Neither male nor female dominance rank affected
responsibility for proximity maintenance in Friend dyads.
Eight of 24 females had friendships with males with whom they had completed copulations during their conception peri-ovulatory
period of the preceding mating season. Two of 19 females completed peri-ovulatory copulations with Friends during the following
mating season. Friendship was not correlated with either of two demonstrated female mate choice indicators: (1) proximity
maintenance during estrus; or (2) cooperation with male “hip-grasp” courtship attempts. Males directed “muzzle-up” courtship
signals at lower rates toward Friends than toward non-Friends.
These and other investigators' results indicate that (1) protection from aggression is the primary benefit to female rhesus
macaques of birth season heterosexual relationships; (2) the most effective protectors are in greatest demand as Friends;
and (3) friendship has no effect or an inhibitory effect on mate choice in this species. Benefits to males of friendships
were not apparent from this study but may include coalitional support against lower-ranking males. 相似文献
7.
8.
Carole Ober Thomas J. Olivier Donald S. Sade Jon M. Schneider Jim Cheverud John Buettner-Janusch 《American journal of physical anthropology》1984,64(3):223-231
Gene frequency profiles from January 1973 to January 1977 for three polymorphic loci were examined in Cayo Santiago rhesus social groups. The effects of demographic components (i.e., births, deaths, immigrations, emigrations, and group fission and fusion) on total change in gene frequencies are assessed. Allelic frequencies at the carbonic anhydrase II, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and transferrin loci were analyzed in four social groups. In the two groups that underwent fission and fusion during the study period, the timing of these processes was related to the largest short-term changes in gene frequences. However, immigration and emigration had the greatest effect on total change in gene frequency in all groups during the study period. The relative importance of births and deaths in producing gene frequency change varied among the social groups. These results suggest that the relative importance of the demographic components of gene frequency change in primate populations is determined by behavioral patterns and ecological conditions specific to the population considered. 相似文献
9.
Sixty-four male and 33 female free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from one of six social groups on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, were surveyed to establish normal values for the hemogram and serum biochemical and electrolytes for the colony. Mean values (± 1 SD) are reported by sex for each of three age groups (2–3, 4–9 and ≥ 10 years). All adult females (≥ 4 years) were pregnant. There were significant differences for a number of variables compared to the range reported in the existing literature, and among the age and sex groups in the sampled population. 相似文献
10.
11.
This study quantifies changes in postural and locomotor behavior as well as habitat use across the life span of free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in the Cayo Santiago colony in Puerto Rico. It focuses on developmentally related changes from birth to adulthood, and complements an earlier study by Turnquist and Wells ([1994] J Hum Evol 26:487-499) on the early postnatal ontogeny of the musculoskeletal system of the same colony. A total of 6,551 locomotor and postural events was analyzed. Selection and use of substrate correlated well with age. The more sedentary adult and dependent infant select safe, wide, horizontal arboreal settings in contrast to the older Infant IIs and Juveniles, who are learning locomotor and postural skills through independent chase and play. Infant macaques, when independent, often employ a low center of gravity and widely abducted limbs in order to broaden their contact with the base of support. This study shows that the previously reported ontogenetic changes in morphology are closely paralleled by changes in postural and locomotor behavior, and these in turn are correlated to changes in habitat use, particularly during the formative years. 相似文献
12.
John Berard 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(1):159-175
Considerable controversy exists on the nature of the relationship between male dominance rank and reproductive activity. The
nature of this relationship has important implications for understanding the manner in which males compete for access to limited
resources. Behavioral data on mating patterns were collected over a four-year period from one social group of rhesus macaques
on Cayo Santiago. Correlations between dominance rank and reproductive activity were not stable over a four-year period, but
changed yearly. Positive, significant correlations were present in the first two years of the study while non-significant
correlations were found in the second two years. The variation found in the correlations between rank and mating activity
could be accounted for by changes in the mating frequencies of different classes of males. The long-term resident males had
declines in ejaculation frequencies over the duration of the study. Males who immigrated into the group had yearly increases
in reproductive behavior over three consecutive years. Maturing natal males also increased their levels of reproductive activity
from year-to-year. Combining these mating patterns over time resulted in shifting the proportions of matings away from the
long-term residents and in favor of the new males. High-ranking males had an advantage in reproductive activity over the first
two years of the study, as measured by both the total number of ejaculations and the mean number of ejaculation per male.
New males, comprised of recent immigrants and maturing natal males, had a greater level of reproductive activity over the
last two years. These results suggest that the effect of rank on reproductive activity is variable and that males utilize
alternative tactics to attain access to limited resources. Simple one-factor models explaining the relationship between rank
and reproductive activity must be replaced with models explaining how alternate strategies affect male competition and reproductive
success in primates. 相似文献
13.
14.
An attempt had been made to create five social groups from rhesus macaques with a history of early separation from their mothers,
early weaning and hand feeding and, in most cases, previous housing in single cages. We investigated the exchange of affiliative
behaviours after an aggressive encounter and selective attraction to the former opponent, a phenomenon previously well described
in rhesus monkeys and called reconciliation. Evidence for reconciliation was only found in one of the five groups studied
(corrected conciliatory tendency=13%). This group consisted of younger animals that had, at least temporarily, been living
together after separation from their mothers. In the other groups studied, containing animals with a varied background, aggressive
interactions were not followed by affiliative behaviours or attraction between former opponents. Our results indicate that
the use of reconciliatory behaviours in adult monkeys is dependent upon social training. Lack of functional reconciliation
might be one of the explanations to the severe and uncontrolled aggression previously found in groups of rhesus macaques created
from animals with disturbed early socialization. 相似文献
15.
Seroprevalence of B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) antibodies in a naturally formed group of rhesus macaques 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Eighty-two percent of a group of rhesus monkeys removed from Cayo Santiago were seropositive for B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) antibodies. Similar results were obtained from the Cayo Santiago macaque population two decades ago and from feral Indian rhesus monkeys. Thus it is likely that B virus has been enzootic in the Cayo Santiago population since 1938, when the colony was established with stock imported from India. 相似文献
16.
This study analyzed the occurrence of selected facial expressions, gestures, and postures, in relation to sex and rank of
sender and receiver, context, and responses elicited in a large multi-male multi-female group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) living in captivity. The group was observed for 100 hr during the mating and the birth season. Data were collected with
the behavior sampling method. The bared-teeth display and the hindquarter presentation were the most prominent signals in
the rhesus submissive and affiliative repertoire. Both signals were primarily displayed in response to aggression and approaches;
bared-teeth in response to approaches from the front, presentation in response to approaches from the rear. Lip-smack had
a submissive component like baredteeth and presentation but was more likely to be displayed by approaching individuals and
followed by affiliation than these behaviors. The distribution of hip-touch and mount was different from that of bared-teeth,
presentation, and lip-smack, these behaviors mostly occurring between males, irrespective of their dominance rank. Other infrequent
signals and behavioral sequences were limited to specific male-female and mother-infant interactions. 相似文献
17.
A comparison of the mating behavior of adolescent and adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study compares adult and adolescent female rhesus macaques with regard to (1) characteristics of their copulatory partners,
(2) their proceptive behaviors, and (3) adult male behaviors toward them during estrus. We conducted focal follows of 24 adolescent
and 65 adult free-ranging estrous female rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago during two mating seasons. Compared to adult females,
adolescents presented sexually to males at higher rates; copulated more frequently with rankless young male, and extra-group
males; and, in one of two mating seasons, were ignored more frequently by males to whom they presented sexually. Adolescents
tended to copulate with ranked, resident males at higher frequencies on days when the operational sex ratio (adult males:estrous
adult females) was high. Males directed “muzzle-up” signals to adolescents at lower rates than to adults in one of two mating
seasons, although this effect vanished when males who might have fathered adolescent females were excluded from analysis.
Adolescents did not differ consistently from adults in strength of the correlation between proximity maintenance (dyadic Hinde's
Index) and copulation rate, or in approach rate to males. Adolescent females, relative to adult females, presented sexually
more to rankless young males, but did not present more to ranked, resident males. Both proximate (e.g. endocrine) and ultimate
(e.g. differential fecundity; female-female mate competition) explanations may account for the reported differences between
adult and adolescent female rhesus macaque sexuality. 相似文献
18.
Meredith F. Small 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(3):339-350
A captive group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was observed during the breeding season to determine if consortship behavior, rather than promiscuous matings, resulted
in higher reproductive success for either partner. The 38 adult females in this group were observed “in consort” with the
5 adult or 4 subadult males on 179 occasions. Most of these consortships were short-term, lasting less than one day. Six females
engaged in consortships with one male that spanned more than three days, but the majority of these long-term associations
did not result in a pregnancy with that male. The term “consortship” has been traditionally accepted as a specific nonhuman
primate mating pattern, but the exact nature of this behavioral pattern and its evolutionary importance have been less clearly
understood. Consort behavior could be considered a precursor to a monogamous mating system if long-term exclusive sexual associations
resulted in higher reproductive success for the participants. But this study demonstrates that for rhesus macaques, who exhibit
both consort behavior and more promiscuous matings, there is no clear reproductive advantage to long-term consortships. In
light of the inconsistent use of the term consortship, the possible adaptive significance of an exclusive male-female sexual
association for the evolution of human mating patterns needs to be reevaluated. 相似文献
19.
The general lack of phenotypic correlation among skeletal nonmetric traits has been interpreted as indicating a lack of genetic correlation among these traits. Nonmetric traits scored on animals in the skeletal collection of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago are used to calculate phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations between traits. The results show that even when phenotypic correlations are low, there may be large, significant genetic correlations among these traits. The genetic correlation pattern suggests that genes which affect nonmetric trait variation act primarily at a local level in the cranium, even though there are genes with pleiotropic effects on skeletal nonmetric traits throughout the cranium. Environmental and phenotypic correlations do not show this neighborhood pattern of correlation. 相似文献
20.
Tanja Jovanovic Nancy L. Megna Dario Maestripieri 《Primates; journal of primatology》2000,41(4):421-428
This study investigated the development of maternal recognition of infant calls in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Fifteen mothers and their offspring, of age ranging from several hours to 28 days, served as subjects of an experiment
in which the offspring's distress vocalizations were recorded and then played back to their mothers simultaneously with those
of an age-matched control infant. The proportion of time looking at, but not the proportion of orientations to the speaker
playing the offspring's vocalizations increased significantly as a function of infant age. Specifically, mothers of infants
older than 1 week of age responded longer to the playback of their own infant's calls than did mothers of younger infants.
These findings provide the firt evidence that offspring recognition in macaques develops between the first and second week
of the infant's life and are consistent with the hypothesis that mothers need to be exposed to their infants' calls in order
to learn their acoustic characteristics. 相似文献