THE SPREAD OF BEET YELLOWS AND BEET MOSAIC VIRUSES IN THE SUGAR-BEET ROOT CROP I. FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON THE VIRUS DISEASES OF SUGAR BEET AND THEIR VECTORS MYZUS PERSICAE SULZ. AND APHIS FABAE KOCH

A survey of aphids and virus diseases of sugar-beet root crops in eastern England was made between 1940 and 1948. Prior to 1943 the observations were made on fertilizer experiments; from 1943 onwards they were made on commercial fields selected for position in relation to beet and mangold seed crops. The incidence of beet yellows increased with increasing numbers of Myzus persicae , but not of Aphis fabae. The relation with M. persicae was sufficiently close to suggest that it is the most important, possibly the only important, vector of beet yellows virus. Beet mosaic virus also increased with increasing numbers of M. persicae , but the relation was not close enough to exclude the possibility of other vectors.
Numbers of A. fabae on sugar beet were slightly, but consistently, depressed by the use of salt as a fertilizer. Other fertilizers had variable effects. Neither aphids nor virus are likely to be greatly affected by fertilizers.
Beet yellows is most prevalent in areas where seed crops are grown, but within these areas nearness to individual seed crops did not appear to increase its incidence. M. persicae were more numerous on sugar beet in seed-crop areas than elsewhere, and this alone might account for the prevalence of yellows. Beet mosaic virus is more closely associated with seed crops than is beet yellows. It is most prevalent near to seed crops within the seed-crop areas.     

三突花蛛对桃蚜和桃粉蚜选择效应研究

三突花蛛是桃树上早春2种重要害虫桃蚜和桃粉蚜的主要天敌。对这2种害虫的捕食喜欢程度,受害虫种群密度的变化而变化。在二者等密度增加时,其捕食喜好程度相近;在桃蚜数量明显增加时,喜食桃蚜;在桃蚜数量剧增时,当两者密度值在50:50以下,喜食桃蚜,高于此值,则喜食桃粉蚜。     

温度对桃蚜、萝卜蚜体重及种群参数的影响

桃蚜Myrus perslcae、萝卜蚜Lipaphis crystml在能正常产仔的整个恒温范围内,成蚜和新产仔蚜体重随温度的变化都符合二次抛物线,但体重最高值出现较低的温度下．即体重变化主要表现为随温度升高而下降的趋势．在组建蚜虫的生命生殖力表时,以新产仔蚜体重对其在各温度下的生殖事进行校正。并未对计算所得的内禀增长能力rm值及其随温度的变化情况产生明显的影响,不仅没有提供新的信息。相反。这一方法使计算所得rm的值含义模糊。故建议不予采用。     

卵形异绒螨对桃蚜的控蚜功能研究

通过室内按比例接种桃蚜无翅成蚜和卵形异绒螨初孵幼螨实验,采用多元单因素统计分析及多重比较表明,桃蚜被卵形异绒螨幼螨寄生后,其存活天数、繁殖天数和繁殖蚜量都出现大幅度降低,其降幅分别高达52％、70％和68％,而且各处理间的参数表现差异极显著。     

卡特拉鱼形态,食性和生长的研究

观测卡特拉鱼的形态特征和1—3龄鱼主要可量性状及其比例的变动。1—3龄鱼除主食商品饲料外,同时也食较大比例的浮游生物。着重对浮游生物的种类和比例进行了分析。肠长与体长呈直线相关。Y=6.38X-89.95。1—4龄鱼体长和体重相对生长率和生长指标都随年龄增加而逐渐下降。体长与体重呈曲线相关。W=0.00002261L~(3.0569)。采用 Von.Bertalanffy 生长方程分析其生长特性。方程参数 L_∞=821.2mm,W_∞=19616.6g,t_0=0.6年,K=0.3。体长生长不具拐点,生长速度随年龄增加而递减;体重生长具拐点,其值4.3年。此时体重生长速度达最大值。4、3龄前是生长旺盛期,此后进入生长缓慢期。     

多种植物提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜的拒食活性研究

采用改进的蜜露色斑法 ,测试 34种植物乙醇提取物 (0 0 1g干重·mL-1,0 0 1gDW·mL-1)和几种天然源药剂对桃蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)和萝卜蚜Lipaphiserysimi(Kaltenbach)取食的影响。结果表明 ,白蝴蝶Syngonium podophyllumSchott.、苍耳XanthiumsibiricumPrtr.etWidd、白花非洲山毛豆Tephrosiavo gelliHook .的提取物对两种蚜虫的活性均较高 ,2 4h对桃蚜的拒食率分别达 0 6 82、0 6 2 9和 0 80 6 ,对萝卜蚜的拒食率分别为 0 4 0 5、0 370和 0 383,与对照之间差异极显著 ;油茶Camelliaoleifera和花椒Zanthoxylumschinifolium的提取物拒食作用亦较强 ,2 4h对桃蚜的拒食率分别为 0 5 5 2和 0 5 14 ,对萝卜蚜的拒食率分别为 0 5 70和 0 5 18。三种药剂 (0 3%印楝素乳油、鱼藤酮精、机油乳剂 )在所测试的浓度对两种蚜虫的拒食率均达 0 719以上 ,拒食效果显著。     

SO_2污染油菜对桃蚜的影响(英文)

用含20－160nl／lSO2的空气熏气处理过的油菜在25℃下饲养桃蚜MyzusPersicae,研究SO2污染对这种蚜虫的影响。结果表明,蚜虫的反应与SO2剂量有关：低、中浓度的SO2处理显著促进了桃蚜的生长和繁殖;SO2浓度约为80nl／l时,它们的反应最敏感,若蚜的平均相对生长速率（MRGR）、成蚜的繁殖力和种群的内禀增长力（rm）分别比对照组增加31．5％、89．8％和42．7％;高浓度SO2污染的油菜严重抑制桃蚜的生长和繁殖。对被处理植物营养成分的分析表明,SO2污染引起的蛋氨酸相对含量变化可能是造成这种剂量—反应关系的主要原因。     

小麦各生育期的两种麦蚜种群动态研究

高、中氮肥条件下二叉蚜的种群曲线为"J"形和"S"形、其数学模型依次为y＝35.7446e~0.1072x和y=;高、中氮肥条件下长管蚜的种群曲线均为"凸"形,5月3日即灌浆期前的种群数学模型依次为y＝16.6515e~0.199x和=18.752e~0.201x,5月3日后种群数学模型依次为y＝1156432e~-0.1977x和y＝6545903ee~－0.2233x其结果可为两种麦蚜的预测预报提供科学依据。     

贝克水蚤对水华鱼腥藻的同化速率及其对藻丝数量的影响

在实验室条件下对贝克水蚤同化利用丝状蓝藻和控制藻丝数量的能力进行了测定。当喂以水华鱼腥藻和对照食物沼泽卵形隐藻的单种培养时,三节贝克水蚤和钩状贝克水蚤的雌性成体均可同化利用水华鱼腥藻,但与隐藻相比同化速率较低。三节贝克水蚤的雌性成体能够明显地减少鱼腥藻藻丝密度,即使在有相同生物量的隐藻存在的情况下也一样。这些结果与我们关于贝克水蚤利用丝状蓝藻的能力的其他研究的结果相一致。     

EFFECTS OF RAPE GROWN IN SO2-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES ON PERFORMANCE OF THE APHID,MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZER) *

Abstract Performances of the aphid, Myzus persicae, were monitored during feeding on leaves of the rape, Brassica chinensis, previously fumigated with SO₂ in a range of concentrations between 20 and 160 nl/1 at 25°C. Response of the aphids depended on dose of the air pollutant. Moderate dose of SO₂ treatment on the rape greatly enhanced the aphids' performances while high level of the pollutant heavily suppressed their growth and reproduction. They performed best at about 80 nl/l SO₂, where nymphal mean relative growth rate (MRGR), adult fecundity and intrinsic increase rate(r_m) of the population increased by 31.5%, 89.8% and 42. 7% over those of control aphids, respectively. Determination of the plant chemistry suggests that the altered relative content of methionine induced by So, exposure might be responsible for this response of dosage dependence.     

桑树激光育种方法的研究

激光应用于桑树育种起于七十年代,通过我所二十多年来对桑树激光育种方法的研究与探讨,激光对桑树营养器官和生殖器官都可产生生物学效应,但这种效应的大小,多少与供试材料,供试品种和激光种类,功率大小有关,而且激光较电离辐射有它独特的优点。实践证明,激光育种与杂交育种相结合,或激光与其它理化因素相结合,处理桑树的无性器官冬芽能产生较多的有益突变,为桑树激光育种的最佳途径。     

STUDIES ON PENETRATION OF DYES WITH GLASS ELECTRODE : IV. PENETRATION OF BRILLIANT CRESYL BLUE INTO NITELLA FLEXILIS

Glass electrode measurements of the pH value of the sap of Nitella show that cresyl blue in form of free base penetrates the vacuoles and raises pH value of the sap to about the same degree as the free base of the dye added to the sap in vitro, while the dye salt dissolved in the sap does not alter its pH value. It is proved conclusively that the increase in the pH value of the sap is due only to the presence of the dye and not to some other alkaline substance. Spectrophotometric measurements show that the dye which penetrates the vacuole is chiefly cresyl blue. When the protoplasm is squeezed into the sap, the pH value of the sap is higher than that of the pure sap. Such a mixture behaves very much like the sap in respect to the dye.     

星豹蛛在丘陵山地的活动规律初步研究

用陷阱法和目测法对丘陵区各个栖境的星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera C.L Koch(Lycosidae:Pardosa C.L.Koch)做了初步调查研究,结果表明,星豹蛛5月下旬前主要在边界、沟渠、碎石路和斜坡处活动,而苹果园中相对较少.当边界、沟渠和碎石路植被长高后,星豹蛛迁移至周围的苹果园中.6月下旬7月下旬苹果园中星豹蛛受高温影响数量下降明显;8月下9月其数量又有较大回升.研究还发现,10月中下旬星豹蛛在背阴地带出现的频率明显少于光照较好的地带;同期星豹蛛可能还有趋向干枯杂草的习性.