彰武松、樟子松光合生产与蒸腾耗水特性

本文采用Li-6400光合测定系统对性成熟(18a)阶段彰武松(Pinus densiflora var.zhangwuensis)和樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)光合及蒸腾指标不同季节日变化进行了测定,并采用切枝蒸腾法对两个树种叶片气孔蒸腾和角质层蒸腾进行对比测定,评价了气孔开闭敏感性,探讨了两个树种光合生产与蒸腾耗水特性。结果表明：在同样生境条件下,彰武松比樟子松有较大的光合速率(Pn)和较小的蒸腾速率(Tr)。在5月和7月,彰武松的Pn和Tr日变化呈现明显双峰型,其Pn和Tr“午休”现象均主要受气孔限制;在10月呈单峰型。樟子松的Pn和Tr日变化在整个生长季均呈单峰型,而且,彰武松日光合量(DAP)均高于樟子松,是樟子松的163.4%(5月)、211.1%(7月)和183.6%(10月)。光响应曲线参数表明：在不同月份,彰武松最大光合速率(Pmax)均大于樟子松,且光饱和点(LSP)较高,光补偿点(LCP)较低。在任意被测时刻,彰武松气孔导度(Gs)和Tr都小于樟子松。彰武松具有较小气孔和角质层蒸腾速度,并且在同样干旱条件下,彰武松气孔下陷,其气孔的开闭反应更加敏感。彰武松水分利用效率(WUE)较高,约是樟子松的2.29倍。这些结果暗示,彰武松以其高的光合速率和低的蒸腾耗水特性,提高水分利用效率,以其敏感的气孔开闭机制和旱生叶片结构进而实现在干旱半干旱地区的速生特性。     

不同类型城市森林对土壤肥力的影响

以东北林业大学城市林业示范研究基地中9种人工林(兴安落叶松林、樟子松林、黑皮油松林、黄波罗林、胡桃楸林、水曲柳林、白桦林、蒙古栎林、针阔混交林)及附近的农耕地和撂荒地土壤为研究对象,通过对林地土壤不同层次pH值、有机质及主要养分含量的测定分析,研究了不同林型对土壤肥力的影响.结果表明：阔叶林(除蒙古栎林)的土壤趋于中性,针阔混交林、兴安落叶松林、樟子松林和黑皮油松林的土壤呈微酸性,蒙古栎林的土壤呈酸性;随土壤深度增加,土壤有机质、水解氮、速效钾、有效磷、全氮、全磷含量均呈下降趋势.不同林地土壤同一层次化学指标整体差异显著(P＜0.05).土壤肥力优劣为：水曲柳林>黄波罗林>针阔混交林>胡桃楸林>白桦林>撂荒地>农耕地>樟子松林>兴安落叶松林>蒙古栎林>黑皮油松林,说明阔叶林(除蒙古栎林)和针阔混交林中的土壤肥力增加,而针叶林的土壤肥力趋于下降.     

Molecular genetic and quantitative trait divergence associated with recent homoploid hybrid speciation: a study of Senecio squalidus (Asteraceae)

Hybridization is increasingly seen as a trigger for rapid evolution and speciation. To quantify and qualify divergence associated with recent homoploid hybrid speciation, we compared quantitative trait (QT) and molecular genetic variation between the homoploid hybrid species Senecio squalidus and its parental species, S. aethnensis and S. chrysanthemifolius, and also their naturally occurring Sicilian hybrids. S. squalidus originated and became invasive in the United Kingdom following the introduction of hybrid plants from Mount Etna, Sicily, about 300 years ago. We recorded considerable molecular genetic differentiation between S. squalidus and its parents and their Sicilian hybrids in terms of both reduced genetic diversity and altered allele frequencies, potentially due to the genetic bottleneck associated with introduction to the United Kingdom. S. squalidus is also distinct from its parents and Sicilian hybrids for QTs, but less so than for molecular genetic markers. We suggest that this is due to resilience of polygenic QTs to changes in allele frequency or lack of selection for hybrid niche divergence in geographic isolation. While S. squalidus is intermediate or parental-like for most QTs, some trangressively distinct traits were observed, which might indicate emerging local adaptation in its invasive range. This study emphasizes the important contribution of founder events and geographic isolation to successful homoploid hybrid speciation.     

黑龙江漠河兴安落叶松与樟子松树轮生长特性及其对气候的响应

树木年轮 (简称树轮 ) 气候学是监测与重建全球气候变化的重要方法之一。针叶树树轮的生长能反馈出气温的变化, 在高纬度地带尤为明显。该文分析了生长在我国最北部的兴安落叶松 (Larixgmelinii) 与樟子松 (Pinussylvestrisvar.mongolica) 的树轮密度和宽度的特性。落叶松最大密度、晚材平均密度、早晚材宽度和轮宽都远高于樟子松。樟子松的所有密度变量的样本方差都明显高于兴安落叶松, 宽度变量的样本方差却明显低于兴安落叶松。两树种密度变量的差值年表显著相关, 宽度变量之间没有显著相关关系。落叶松与樟子松的晚材密度的形成受 7、8月的最高温控制。另外, 樟子松的晚材还与生长季节的长短相关。落叶松的年轮宽度对生长季节开始前的温度敏感, 而樟子松的轮宽对气候变量没有很好的响应。结果表明, 落叶松与樟子松的树轮最大密度都与生长季后期的温度显著相关, 两树种的树轮信息对气候变化的重建有很大的潜力。     

红花尔基自然保护区天然樟子松林种内种间竞争分析

运用Hegyi单木竞争指数分析了内蒙古红花尔基自然保护区天然樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var．mongolica Litv．）林内所有胸径大于2cm的樟子松、山杨（Populus davidiana Dode．）、白桦（Betula platyphylla Suk．）和山荆子（Malus baccata L．）的种内和种间竞争强度。结果表明,样地中主要的竞争木和对象木均为樟子松和白桦;樟子松的种内竞争强度（0．534）远大于种间竞争强度。随径级的增大,樟子松的种内竞争强度逐渐减小,且与胸径存在幂函数关系CI=A·D^-B。胸径达到30cm后,樟子松种内竞争强度变化不明显。作为竞争木,樟子松对其他树种产生了较大的竞争压力。     

哈尔滨市不同类型人工林土壤重金属含量

以东北林业大学城市林业示范研究基地9种人工林(兴安落叶松林、樟子松林、黑皮油松林、黄波罗林、胡桃楸林、水曲柳林、白桦林、蒙古栎林和针阔混交人工林)为对象,分析林地土壤不同层次(0～10 cm和10-30 cm)A8、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 6种重金属含量,并以哈尔滨市土壤背景值为标准,采用综合污染指数法评价各林型土壤重金属污染状况.结果表明:不同类型人工林同一土层重金属含量差异显著;除了As和Ni,同一人工林土壤重金属含量均随土壤深度增加呈下降趋势.各类型人工林同一土层重金属含量以Zn最高(62.29～126.35mg·kg-1),Cd最低(0.06～0.47 mg·kg-1).6种重金属含量由高到低顺序为:Zn＞Pb＞Cu(Ni)＞Ni(Cu)＞As＞Cd,累积程度为:Cd＞Pb＞Zn＞Cu＞Ni＞As.林地土壤Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn间(除水曲柳林)及其与土壤有机质、N、P、K(除水曲柳林和蒙古栎林)显著相关,且以上4种重金属含量高于背景值,为人为输入;Ni和As含量与本地背景值相当,为自然因素,不同林型土壤内梅罗综合污染指数依次为:水曲柳林＞黄波罗林＞针阔混交林＞胡桃楸林＞樟子松林＞黑皮油松林＞兴安落叶松林＞白桦林＞蒙古栎林.     

中国三种柱锈菌在酶蛋白墓因水平上的群体遗传结构

从我国不同地区不同松树上采集代表茶生柱锈菌Cronartiumribicola、柔软柱锈菌Cflaccidum及栎柱锈菌C.quercuum的134个菌株的孢子,用多位点酶电泳法分析了其3种酶系统6个基因位点上的群体遗传结构。结果显示3种柱锈菌间酶蛋白基因的流动已绝少发生而表现为生殖隔离,从遗传背景上支持了这3个种的成立。我国东北地区的C.ribicola群体遗传性质高度均一（平均遗传杂合度He＝0．007）,暗示本菌侵入并扩散于该地区的历史很短。来自不同守主的C.flaccidum和C．quercuum菌株,均以樟子松上的菌株遗传变异水平最高（He分别为0．154和0.160）,据此推测它们可能最先起源于樟子松。上述随寄主而异的群体遗传差异可能是寄生专化性分化在基因水平上的反映。     

Extreme changes to gene expression associated with homoploid hybrid speciation

Hybridization is an important cause of abrupt speciation. Hybrid speciation without a change in ploidy (homoploid hybrid speciation) is well-established in plants but has also been reported in animals and fungi. A notable example of recent homoploid hybrid speciation is Senecio squalidus (Oxford ragwort), which originated in the UK in the 18th Century following introduction of hybrid material from a hybrid zone between S. chrysanthemifolius and S. aethnensis on Mount Etna, Sicily. To investigate genetic divergence between these taxa, we used complementary DNA microarrays to compare patterns of floral gene expression. These analyses revealed major differences in gene expression between the parent species and wild and resynthesized S. squalidus . Comparisons of gene expression between S. aethnensis , S. chrysanthemifolius and natural S. squalidus identified genes potentially involved in local environmental adaptation. The analysis also revealed non-additive patterns of gene expression in the hybrid relative to its progenitors. These expression changes were more dramatic and widespread in resynthesized hybrids than in natural S. squalidus , suggesting that a unique expression pattern may have been fixed during the allopatric divergence of British S. squalidus . We speculate that hybridization-induced gene-expression change may provide an immediate source of novel phenotypic variation upon which selection can act to facilitate homoploid hybrid speciation in plants.     

不同木材结构树干液流对比研究

采用热扩散法,对东北东部山区代表主要木材解剖构造的水曲柳和樟子松树干液流密度动态特征进行研究,并同步测定光合有效辐射、气温、空气相对湿度、风速、土温、土壤容积含水量等因子。结果表明,水曲柳和樟子松在生长季不同时期晴天的树干液流密度日进程一般为单峰型,水曲柳日最高液流峰值为430.53 cm3.cm-2.h-1,明显高于樟子松(142.43 cm3.cm-2.h-1)。晚上及凌晨液流量占全天比例在生长季结束后,明显增加,其他时期低于20%,说明水曲柳和樟子松存在根压。水曲柳和樟子松树干液流密度变化呈单峰曲线,平均液流密度分别为12.26、6.49 cm3.cm-2.h-1。影响树干液流密度日变化的主导因子为光合有效辐射和水汽压亏缺,二者对主导因子敏感度相当。     

Genetic structure and evolutionary history of a diploid hybrid pine Pinus densata inferred from the nucleotide variation at seven gene loci

Although homoploid hybridization is increasingly recognized as an important phenomenon in plant evolution, its evolutionary genetic mechanisms are poorly documented and understood. Pinus densata, a pine native to the Tibetan Plateau, represents a good example of a homoploid hybrid speciation facilitated by adaptation to extreme environment and ecological isolation from the parents. Its ecologically and reproductively stabilized nature offers excellent opportunity for studying genetic processes associated with hybrid speciation. In this study, we investigated the levels and patterns of nucleotide variation in P. densata and its putative parents. Haplotype composition, gene genealogies, and the levels and patterns of nucleotide variation gave further support to the hybrid nature of P. densata. Allelic history, as revealed by our data, suggests the ancient nature of the hybrid preceding elevation of the Tibetan Plateau. We detected more deviations from neutrality in P. densata than in the parental species. Thus, at least some of the evolutionary forces that have shaped the genetic variation in P. densata are likely to be different from those acting upon parental species. We speculate that when populations of P. densata invaded new territories, they had elevated rates of response to selection in order to develop traits that help them to survive and adapt in the new environments.     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松人工林乔木层固碳速率及其对气象因子的响应

以呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松人工林为对象,利用树木年轮学方法和解析木法,推算过去41年的樟子松林生物量、碳密度和固碳速率,并分析固碳速率与月均气温、月均最低温、月均最高温、月降水量、月均大气相对湿度等气象因子的关系。结果表明:樟子松林碳密度随着林龄的增加而增加,碳密度从1977年的2.58 t·hm^-2增加到2017年的87.97 t·hm^-2;樟子松林固碳速率的年际差异较大,总体上呈现出先增加后减小,最终趋于稳定的趋势,多年固碳速率为1.37~3.21 t·hm^-2·a^-1,平均为2.13 t·hm^-2·a^-1;樟子松林固碳速率与上一年和当年生长季的降水呈正相关,与非生长季降水呈负相关,特别是与上一年12月和当年3月降水量呈显著相关;与上一年和当年8—9月的月均湿度显著正相关;与上一年及当年生长季的月平均气温、月均最低温和月均最高温呈显著或极显著负相关;樟子松林固碳能力同时受温度和降水的影响,但温度的影响大于降水的影响,在未来该地区气候暖干化的变化趋势下樟子松林固碳潜力可能会降低。     

樟子松无性系生长性状与结实量变异研究

为选育高产、优质的樟子松种质资源,本研究以吉林省白城市林木种子园的304个樟子松无性系为材料,对其生长性状（树高、地径、胸径、3 m处直径、冠幅、分枝角度和侧枝粗度）和结实性状（2015、2016和2017年的结实量）进行调查分析。方差分析结果表明除冠幅外无性系间各性状差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01）;各指标表型变异系数的变化范围为3.79%~65.22%,重复力变化范围为0.24~0.70;相关性分析结果表明除侧枝粗度与3 m处直径相关未达到显著水平外,树高、胸径、地径、冠幅与侧枝粗度间相关均达极显著水平,不同树龄的结实量与大部分生长性状相关未达显著水平。依据生长性状,以5%的入选率对无性系进行综合评价,15个无性系入选,入选无性系在树高、地径、胸径、3 m处直径、分枝角度和侧枝粗度等指标的遗传增益分别为5.47%、4.48%、15.18%、11.78%、2.38%和6.66%;依据3年结实量,以5%的入选率对无性系进行综合评价,15个无性系入选,入选无性系在2015年、2016年和2017年的平均结实量的遗传增益分别为2.89%、46.32%和13.88%。该研究为樟子松种子园优良无性系的选择提供材料,也为吉林西部樟子松良种选育提供基础。     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松年轮生长对气候变化的响应

以内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区沙地樟子松为样本,建立了樟子松树木年轮宽度年表,应用相关分析和响应函数分析等年轮气候学方法,研究了樟子松径向生长对气候变化的响应。结果表明,樟子松年轮宽度与4月和6—9月平均温度呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05);与各月降水量多呈正相关关系,特别是与当年5—8月的月降水量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05);树轮年表与前一年10月至当年10月的PDSI均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),其中与5月份PDSI的相关性最高。响应函数分析表明,年表与当年6—7月的平均气温、上一年10月和当年5—7月份的降雨存在显著的相关性,与5—7月份PDSI存在较显著的正相关性;综合来看,呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松生长同时受降水和温度的影响,其径向生长与气候因子间的关系属于降水敏感型,为区域降水重建提供了科学基础。     

樟子松针叶磷组分浓度与土壤有效磷浓度的关系

为弄清科尔沁沙地东南部樟子松人工林是否受土壤磷素供应的限制,找出反映土壤磷素供应状况的最佳叶片养分指标,分析了樟子松人工林不同年龄针叶中全磷、无机磷、有机磷和全氮浓度以及土壤有效磷浓度.结果表明：研究区樟子松人工林土壤有效磷浓度较低,为0.12～0.63 mg·kg^-1;土壤有效磷浓度与当年生针叶无机磷和全磷浓度显著相关,而与针叶全磷的相关性来源于针叶中无机磷与全磷的相关.与当年生针叶全磷浓度相比,针叶无机磷浓度能更为准确、直接地反映土壤的供磷水平.     

樟子松人工固沙林衰退的规律和原因

系统地研究了章古台地区樟子松人工固沙林衰退的规律和起因．结果表明,天然分布区以外的樟子松人工固沙林衰退是一种生命周期缩短、成熟期提前的早衰现象．松枯梢病侵害是樟子松枯死的直接原因,樟子松衰退是由多种生物与非生物因素综合引起的,属于侵染性病害和非侵染性病害之外的第三类病害,即“森林衰退病”,气候差异过大、经营管理不当、土壤水分利用失衡、大气氮沉降超标准是诱导因素,其中气候差异、土壤水分利用失衡起主导作用,松沫蝉、松毛虫危害是促进因素,松枯梢病侵染是激化因素。     

辽宁章古台樟子松人工林的生物量与营养元素分布的初步研究

樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)人工林是章古台沙地生物生产量较高的林分,其生长主要受沙丘部位和造林类型所影响。樟子松林乔木层与凋落物中贮存了大量营养元素,土壤上层的有机质与N、P元素含量较高,下层含量较低,出现一定的降低趋势。樟子松林混以小青杨可提高生物产量,增加土壤腐殖质,且改善土壤腐殖酸组成成分。     

Diploid hybrid origin of Ostryopsis intermedia (Betulaceae) in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau triggered by Quaternary climate change

Despite the well‐known effects that Quaternary climate oscillations had on shaping intraspecific diversity, their role in driving homoploid hybrid speciation is less clear. Here, we examine their importance in the putative homoploid hybrid origin and evolution of Ostryopsis intermedia, a diploid species occurring in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP), a biodiversity hotspot. We investigated interspecific relationships between this species and its only other congeners, O. davidiana and O. nobilis, based on four sets of nuclear and chloroplast population genetic data and tested alternative speciation hypotheses. All nuclear data distinguished the three species clearly and supported a close relationship between O. intermedia and the disjunctly distributed O. davidiana. Chloroplast DNA sequence variation identified two tentative lineages, which distinguished O. intermedia from O. davidiana; however, both were present in O. nobilis. Admixture analyses of genetic polymorphisms at 20 SSR loci and sequence variation at 11 nuclear loci and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) tests supported the hypothesis that O. intermedia originated by homoploid hybrid speciation from O. davidiana and O. nobilis. We further estimated that O. davidiana and O. nobilis diverged 6–11 Ma, while O. intermedia originated 0.5–1.2 Ma when O. davidiana is believed to have migrated southward, contacted and hybridized with O. nobilis possibly during the largest Quaternary glaciation that occurred in this region. Our findings highlight the importance of Quaternary climate change in the QTP in causing hybrid speciation in this important biodiversity hotspot.     

外生菌根真菌对科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林衰退的影响

通过对科尔沁沙地东南缘樟子松人工林气温、地温及樟子松人工林根系分布的观测,从温度对外生菌根菌存活与生长影响的角度分析了沙地樟子松人工林衰退的现象,结果表明：由于沙地表层土壤（0～5cm）高温环境,外生菌根菌无法存活;在沙地20～40cm土层内,温度条件有利于外生菌根菌的存活、生长,而13～42年生沙地樟子松人工林树木平均78％的根系分布于该层,说明外生菌根菌的存在阻止或延缓了樟子松人工林的生长衰退,不是导致沙地樟子松人工林枯叶、枯梢、枯枝、死亡的原因．表层土壤外生菌根菌的缺乏使萌发的幼苗不能形成有效根系是导致沙地樟子松人工林不能天然更新的主要原因之一．     

大兴安岭山地樟子松径向生长对气候变暖的响应——以满归地区为例

基于树木年代学的理论和方法,建立了大兴安岭满归地区樟子松年轮宽度年表,分析了标准化年表与该区主要气候因子(温度和降水)之间的相关关系,揭示了气候因子对树木径向生长的影响.结果表明:当年4-8月的各月平均温度是研究区樟子松径向生长的主要限制因子;4-8月各月温度的不断升高对樟子松径向生长产生了不利影响.利用4-8月平均温度的变化模拟樟子松径向生长变异(1958 -2008年),发现随着区域气候暖干化趋势的加强,该区樟子松生长将呈现出衰退的特征.     

Genomic consequences of interspecific Pinus spp. hybridization

Strong karotypic orthoselection does not fully account for genome size variation in pines. Adult F1 interspecific pine hybrids are fertile and the genomic consequences of hybridization can be studied using haploid female megagametophytes. Greater variation in genome size was hypothesized to occur in hybrids compared to their parental species and the variation was thought to be positively related to the phylogenetic distance between the parental species. Nuclear 1C DNA content of megagametophytes from four sets of fertile Pinus spp. F1 hybrids and their parents was determined using a laser flow cytometer. Fertile F1 hybrids included two sets of hard pine hybrid Pinus elliottii Engelm. x P. caribaea var. hondurensis Morelet and two Asian x New World soft pine hybrids P. wallichiana A.B. Jacks. x P. strobus L. (hybrid is known as P. x schwerinii ) and P. lambertiana Dougl. x P. armandii Franchlet. Fertile, adult F1 produce haploid megagametophytes with nuclear DNA contents comparable to the parents or parental species. One genomic consequence of hybridization in pines is stability in nuclear DNA content. Hybrid genomes neither increased or decreased DNA content regardless of the phylogenetic distance between parents. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 75 , 503–508.