新型海洋防污剂应用组分的简述

海洋防污涂料是通过海洋防污剂的可控释放,与海洋污损生物发生作用,从而阻止海生物在物体表面附着。海洋防污涂料中最重要的组成部分是基体树脂和海洋防污剂。海洋防污剂主要是从农药、杀虫剂、杀菌剂、防霉剂以及带有生物活性的聚合物中筛选出来的,随着海洋环境保护日益严格,制备和筛选高效、广谱的海洋防污剂对海洋防污涂料的发展日显重要,本文对现有的防污剂材料作了简述。     

海洋生物防污作用机制及应用前景

海洋污损生物的附着会对人类活动产生不利影响。栖息于海洋环境中的动植物在长期的进化过程中针对污损生物的附着形成了忍耐、躲避与物理、化学等自我保护和防御机制以保持自身体表的洁净。本文从以上方面综述了海洋生物的天然防污作用机制,并对其应用前景进行了展望。了解和掌握海洋生物天然防污作用机制,有利于新型环保防污技术的研制和开发,进而从根本上解决海洋污损生物的危害难题。     

化学生态学在海洋污损生物防除中的应用

在海洋环境中,许多海洋生物都能产生对环境无危害的、具有防污活性的次生代谢产物以保护自身的洁净,利于自身的生存.用化学生态学的方法从海洋生物中提取天然防除物质成为近年来解决海洋污损生物问题的新思路,其目标是寻找高效无毒的防污材料取代原有的对海洋环境有严重危害的化学合成防污材料.虽然目前对提取生物的次生代谢产物的防污机理还所知甚少,但不少从海洋生物中获得的天然产物已显示出良好的防污活性.要解决污损生物防污问题,还需对天然产物的作用机制、生态学效应、天然产物与涂料的结合、控制和释放及野外实验进行更加深入的研究与探讨.     

蜂胶加多菌灵作为防污剂在平菇,金针菇,香菇中的应用

蜂胶加多菌灵作为防污剂在平菇、金针菇、香菇中的应用吴萍,李正鹏（安徽农业技术师范学校,凤阳２３３１００）蜂胶是蜜蜂产品中一种产品。蜜蜂从外界植物上采集树脂等经过加工而成的具有特殊芳香气味的胶状色深固体物。它有抗菌、防腐、消炎、麻醉等多功能的天然物质,...     

仿生防污技术研究进展与展望

海洋生物污损问题给海洋事业的发展带来了许多危害,传统防污技术已日渐不能满足要求,研发新型环境友好型防污剂迫在眉睫.用仿生学原理和化学生态学的方法发展新型无毒仿生防污材料和技术是解决海洋污损问题的新思路.本文综述了污损生物防除技术的发展,并重点介绍了基于化学生态学发现的仿生抗生物附着先导化合物和防污材料,展望了仿生防污技术的发展趋势.     

海洋真菌抗污损活性天然产物研究

黏附于海洋船舶或人工设施表面的污损生物给人类海洋生产活动与生态环境带来诸多不利影响.将具有抗污损活性的化合物开发成防污涂料是目前防治海洋生物污损的最常用手段之一.而大量传统有机金属防污剂因其严重毒副作用被禁用,亟须开发高效、环境友好型抗污损涂料.海洋真菌能够产生大量结构新颖、作用机制独特的高效、低毒/无毒抗污损活性次级...     

雌雄及性畸变疣荔枝螺P450芳香化酶差异的研究

有机锡(Organotin)是至少含有一个Sn-C共价键的金属有机化合物,由于其对水生生物具有显著的杀生作用,20世纪70年代就被作为新型防污涂料而广泛用于船坞事业,目前世界已超过60%深海船只均使用含有机锡的防污漆涂料。有机锡的半衰期较长,在天然水体中半衰期可达几个月,当与悬浮颗粒物结合转移到沉积物以后则更加稳定,半衰期高达2至10年以上。显然有机锡已成为人为引入海洋环境中毒性最大的物质之一。       

植物源溶藻化合物研究进展

由于硫酸铜等传统杀藻剂在环境中残留期长、选择性差、容易造成二次污染等,因此其应用受到限制。天然产物和以天然产物为基础的化合物由于其环境友好,对有害藻类选择毒性强,因此在有害藻华防治方面受到越来越多的关注。植物是天然溶藻化合物的重要来源之一。近几十年来,从植物代谢产物中发现了各种类型的溶藻化合物,诸如甘油糖脂类、酚类、生物碱和萜类等,从这些天然产物中可能筛选到对有害藻华选择性好、溶藻活性强的杀藻剂。本文对植物源的各类溶藻化合物研究概况进行综述,以促进植物源杀藻剂的研究。     

天然来源萘醌及其人工衍生物抗癌剂的研究进展

本文按化合物结构类型,简要综述了源于天然的萘醌类及其人工衍生物抗肿瘤剂的新近研究进展。     

生物活性肽的辐射防护作用研究进展

对多种生物活性肽的辐射防护作用的研究进展进行了综述，为天然辐射防护剂的研发及临床应用提供科学依据。     

Marine microbial natural products in antifouling coatings

Ecological problems associated with current antifouling technologies have increased interest in the natural strategies that marine organisms use to keep their surfaces clean and free from fouling. Bacteria isolated from living surfaces in the marine environment have been shown to produce chemicals that are potential antifoulants. Active compounds from the cells and culture supernatant of two bacterial strains, FS‐55 and NudMB50–11, isolated from surface of the seaweed, Fucus serratus, and the nudibranch, Archidoris pseudoargus, respectively, were extracted using solid phase extraction. The extracts were combined with acrylic base paint resin and assayed for antifouling activity by measuring their ability to inhibit the growth of fouling bacteria. These formulations were found to be active against fouling bacteria isolated from marine surfaces. The formulation of antifouling paints that incorporate marine microbial natural products is reported here for the first time. This is a significant advance towards the production of an environmentally friendly antifouling paint that utilises a sustainable supply of natural biodegradable compounds.     

Effect of secochiliolide acid isolated from the Patagonian shrub Nardophyllum bryoides as active component in antifouling paints

Environmental concerns about the use of toxic antifoulants have led to an increased interest in the development of new alternatives. So far, most of the antifouling natural products have been obtained from marine organisms. However, some secondary metabolites from terrestrial plants could be promising antifoulant candidates. The antifouling performance of secochiliolide acid, the main component isolated from Nardophyllum bryoides ethanolic extract, was evaluated for inclusion in rosin-based coatings.Field testing was conducted during the summer months at Mar del Plata harbor, Argentina. The results indicated that secochiliolide acid-based paints completely inhibited the settlement of Bugula neritina colonies, Polydora sp., Hydroides elegans, Corophium sp. and solitary ascidians, and also reduced the attachment of some algae as Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ectocarpus sp. In addition, a lower density and diversity of microfouling species was registered.These results highlighted the importance of terrestrial plants as a sustainable source of potential environmentally friendly antifoulants.     

Mini-review: Marine natural products and their synthetic analogs as antifouling compounds: 2009–2014

This review covers 214 marine natural compounds and 23 of their synthetic analogs, which were discovered and/or synthesized from mid-2009 to August 2014. The antifouling (AF) compounds reported have medium to high bioactivity (with a threshold of EC₅₀ < 15.0 mg ml^?1). Among these compounds, 82 natural compounds were identified as new structures. All the compounds are marine-derived, demonstrating that marine organisms are prolific and promising sources of natural products that may be developed as environmentally friendly antifoulants. However, this mini-review excludes more than 200 compounds that were also reported as AF compounds but with rather weak bioactivity during the same period. Also excluded are terrestrial-derived AF compounds reported during the last five years. A brief discussion on current challenges in AF compound research is also provided to reflect the authors’ own views in terms of future research directions.     

Design and Biological Evaluation of Antifouling Dihydrostilbene Oxime Hybrids

By combining the recently reported repelling natural dihydrostilbene scaffold with an oxime moiety found in many marine antifoulants, a library of nine antifouling hybrid compounds was developed and biologically evaluated. The prepared compounds were shown to display a low antifouling effect against marine bacteria but a high potency against the attachment and growth of microalgae down to MIC values of 0.01 μg/mL for the most potent hybrid. The mode of action can be characterized as repelling via a reversible non-toxic biostatic mechanism. Barnacle cyprid larval settlement was also inhibited at low μg/mL concentrations with low levels or no toxicity observed. Several of the prepared compounds performed better than many reported antifouling marine natural products. While several of the prepared compounds are highly active as antifoulants, no apparent synergy is observed by incorporating the oxime functionality into the dihydrostilbene scaffold. This observation is discussed in light of recently reported literature data on related marine natural antifoulants and antifouling hybrids as a potentially general strategy for generation of improved antifoulants.     

Effects of poly-ether B on proteome and phosphoproteome expression in biofouling Balanus amphitrite cyprids

Biofouling is ubiquitous in marine environments, and the barnacle Balanus amphitrite is one of the most recalcitrant and aggressive biofoulers in tropical waters. Several natural antifoulants that were claimed to be non-toxic have been isolated in recent years, although the mechanism by which they inhibit fouling is yet to be investigated. Poly-ether B has shown promise in the non-toxic inhibition of larval barnacle attachment. Hence, in this study, multiplex two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was applied in conjunction with mass spectrometry to investigate the effects of poly-ether B on barnacle larvae at the molecular level. The cyprid proteome response to poly-ether B treatment was analyzed at the total proteome and phosphoproteome levels, with 65 protein and 19 phosphoprotein spots found to be up- or down-regulated. The proteins were found to be related to energy-metabolism, oxidative stress, and molecular chaperones, thus indicating that poly-ether B may interfere with the redox-regulatory mechanisms governing the settlement of barnacle larvae. The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of the proteomic technique in revealing the working mechanisms of antifouling compounds.     

Combining a bio-based polymer and a natural antifoulant into an eco-friendly antifouling coating

Abstract

Biodegradable polymers are promising binders and carriers for natural antifoulants. In the present study, an antifouling (AF) coating was developed by adding a non-toxic AF compound (butenolide) to a bio-based and biodegradable poly(lactic acid)-based polyurethane. Mass loss measurement showed that the polymer degraded in seawater at a rate of 0.013?mg cm^?2?day^?1. Measurements showed that butenolide was released from the coatings into seawater over a period of at least three months. Both the concentration of butenolide in the coatings and the ambient temperature determined the release rate of butenolide. The results further demonstrate that incorporating rosin into the coatings increase the self-renewal rate of the polymer and facilitated the long-term release of butenolide from the coating. The results show that poly(lactic acid)-based polyurethane is a suitable polymer for butenolide-based AF coatings.     

Antifouling diketopiperazines produced by a deep-sea bacterium,Streptomyces fungicidicus

Abstract

Modern antifouling coatings use heavy metals and toxic organic molecules to prevent biofouling, the undesirable growth of marine organisms on man-made substrata. In an ongoing survey of deep-sea microorganisms aimed at finding low toxic antifouling metabolites, an actinomycete bacterium was isolated from the Pacific sediment at the depth of about 5000 m. The bacterium was closely related to Streptomyces fungicidicus (99% similarity) according to 16S ribosomal RNA sequence information. The spent culture medium of this bacterium inhibited barnacle larval attachment. Bioassay-guided fractionation was employed to isolate antifouling compounds. The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by using an open silica gel column. Active fractions were further purified on a HPLC C₁₈ column. Five diketopiperazines, cyclo-(L-Leu-L-Pro), cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Pro), cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro), cyclo-(L-Trp-L-Pro), and cyclo-(L-Leu-L-Val) were isolated for the first time from a deep sea bacterium, and the structures of the compounds were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The pure diketopiperazines were tested for antilarval activity using the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Effective concentrations that inhibited 50% larval attachment (EC₅₀) after 24 h ranged from 0.10 – 0.27 mM. The data suggest that diketopiperazines and other compounds from deep-sea bacteria may be used as novel antifoulants.     

Isocyanides Derived from α,α‐Disubstituted Amino Acids: Synthesis and Antifouling Activity Assessment

Herein, we contribute to the development of environmentally friendly antifoulants by synthesizing eighteen isocyanides derived from α,α‐disubstituted amino acids and evaluating their antifouling activity/toxicity against the cypris larvae of the Balanus amphitrite barnacle. Almost all isocyanides showed good antifouling activity without significant toxicity and exhibited EC₅₀ values of 0.07 – 7.30 μg/mL after 120‐h exposure. The lowest EC₅₀ values were observed for valine‐, methionine‐, and phenylalanine‐derived isocyanides, which achieved > 95% cypris larvae settlement inhibition at concentrations of less than 30 μg/mL without exhibiting significant toxicity. Thus, the prepared isocyanides should be useful for further research focused on the development of environmentally friendly antifouling agents.