大黄素对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用机制

以金黄色葡萄球菌为供试菌,通过测定大黄素对其细胞膜的通透性、可溶性蛋白质和呼吸代谢的影响,来阐述大黄素的抑菌作用机制. 利用电导率、生物大分子分析、呼吸代谢抑制检测等方法,验证大黄素的药效作用. 实验结果显示,大黄素作用金黄色葡萄球菌后,培养基溶液中电导率比对照组增加了2.23%,DNA和RNA大分子的含量比对照组增加了67.36%,大黄素作用金黄色葡萄球菌16 h后,菌体可溶性蛋白总量比对照组减少了28.3%;大黄素能抑制金黄色葡萄球菌物质代谢中的2种关键酶的活性,其中琥珀酸脱氢酶活性抑制率为53.8%,苹果酸脱氢酶的活性抑制率为25.5%.上述结果表明,大黄素可以破坏细菌细胞膜的通透性,抑制菌体内的蛋白质合成,通过抑制代谢关键酶的活性发挥杀菌作用.     

茶多酚对金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌机理

以革兰氏阳性的金黄色葡萄球菌和革兰氏阴性的铜绿假单胞菌为试验菌,通过测定茶多酚与两种菌作用前后细菌培养液的电导率和可溶性总糖的变化,以及菌体在磷代谢和蛋白质表达方面的变化,初步阐明了茶多酚对这两种菌的抑菌机理。研究结果表明,茶多酚对金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌均有抑菌活性,但对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性更强。经茶多酚处理后,细菌培养液的电导率和总糖浓度均增大,表明了茶多酚可破坏细胞膜的结构、导致细胞通透性增加,进而使细胞内容物外泄。另一方面,经茶多酚处理后的两种菌对磷的消耗量降低,以致严重影响了核酸、磷脂等细胞重要成分的合成以及能量代谢;通过SDS-PAGE分析,证实茶多酚可以阻碍细菌蛋白质的正常表达,以致影响其细胞的结构组成以及酶的催化活性,最终导致细菌正常生理功能的丧失。     

玫瑰茄醇提物的抑菌活性及其作用机制

玫瑰茄具有多种药理活性,包括抗肿瘤、抗氧化和抑菌作用等,但目前关于玫瑰茄的抑菌作用研究较少,有关抑菌机制方面的研究尚未见报道. 本文通过测定玫瑰茄醇提物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜、蛋白质和核酸的影响,及其与DNA的作用方式等,系统阐述玫瑰茄的抑菌作用机制. 电导率和大分子物质的测定结果显示,玫瑰茄醇提物只对菌体的细胞膜造成微小损伤,其抑菌作用的靶点不在细胞膜. SDS-PAGE和DAPI结果显示,玫瑰茄醇提物可抑制大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白质和核酸的合成. 琼脂糖凝胶电泳和紫外吸收光谱结果显示,玫瑰茄醇提物可与DNA结合,当DNA与药物的浓度比较低时,玫瑰茄醇提物与DNA以嵌入结合为主,当二者的浓度较高时,两者间发生的是氢键结合. 上述结果证明,玫瑰茄醇提物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌机制,主要是药物通过与DNA发生嵌入结合和氢键结合,使DNA不能进行正常的复制和转录,降低核酸的含量,进而影响蛋白质的合成,最终导致菌体生物学功能的丧失.     

加压CO2对大肠杆菌细胞膜的损伤作用

[目的]细菌细胞膜的损伤可以表现在细菌细胞内物质泄漏和细菌细胞吸收染料.与巴氏杀菌(63℃C、30 min)比较,研究加压CO2对大肠杆菌细胞膜的损伤作用,目的是分析出大肠杆菌死亡与细胞膜损伤的关系.[方法]检测大肠杆菌细胞膜通透性的改变情况,大肠杆菌内蛋白质和核酸的泄漏程度,并通过透射电镜观察大肠杆菌形态的改变情况.[结果]在研究范围内,加压CO2处理使大肠杆菌细胞膜通透性发生改变;加压CO2处理时虽然发生了胞内蛋白质泄漏,但发生泄漏的时间明显滞后于99％以上菌体死亡时间,因此并不是大肠杆菌死亡的原因,只是大肠杆菌死亡后的继发现象;大肠杆菌死亡与加压CO2处理导致的胞内核酸泄漏有关;大肠杆菌死亡与加压CO2处理导致的菌体形态改变有关.[结论]加压CO2对大肠杆菌细胞膜的损伤作用与菌体死亡有直接关系.     

一种源自人α-2-巨球蛋白的抗菌肽A2M3及其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机制

【目的】在人的鼻腔中鉴定出一种源自α-2-巨球蛋白的抗菌肽(命名为A2M3),并探究其对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的抑菌作用和机制。【方法】结合生物信息学技术对人类鼻液的质谱结果进行分析,并筛选潜在抗菌肽;通过微量稀释法和平板涂布法分别分析A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)和时间杀伤曲线(time-kill curve);采用透射电镜、碘化丙锭(propidium iodide, PI)摄取实验、流式细胞术和核酸蛋白质泄露实验分析A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌膜完整性、膜通透性的影响;通过凝胶阻滞实验和荧光光谱实验探究A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA的影响。【结果】利用生物信息学技术筛选出源自α-2-巨球蛋白的潜在抗菌肽A2M3,其对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为125.0 μg/mL,且能在3 h内完全杀灭细菌。A2M3通过增加细胞膜的通透性,促使核酸和蛋白质泄漏,继而穿过细胞膜嵌入DNA的碱基对,影响细菌的基因功能,从而导致菌体死亡。【结论】A2M3对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机制涉及多靶点协同作用,能够改变细菌细胞膜的通透性,影响细菌的基因功能。这一发现揭示了从人体体液中筛选和分离抗菌功能肽的潜在应用价值。     

新型纳米银体外广谱抗菌作用及机制

目的探讨新型纳米银体外对临床感染常见细菌的广谱抗菌作用及机制。方法选择临床常见的金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌为研究对象,采用平板涂布法检测新型纳米银的广谱抗菌作用,利用透射电镜观察细菌呼吸链脱氢酶活性和细菌细胞膜的渗漏性改变,探讨新型纳米银的抗菌作用机制。结果新型纳米银浓度超过0.05μg/mL对临床感染常见的5种细菌具有明显的抑制作用;浓度5μg/mL的新型纳米银体外作用临床感染常见细菌5min,可100%抑制细菌生长。电镜观察新型纳米银可吸附在金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的菌体表面,改变了细菌形态结构。新型纳米银可明显抑制金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠埃希菌的呼吸链脱氢酶活性;较高浓度的新型纳米银可破坏金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠埃希菌的细胞膜,导致细菌胞浆内容物外漏。结论新型纳米银对临床感染常见细菌具有广谱高效的抗菌作用,其作用机制可能与新型纳米银吸附在细菌表面,抑制细菌表面生物大分子功能或活性有关,研究结果为新型纳米银抗菌作用的深入研究及临床应用提供了实验依据。     

复合生物保鲜剂对松鼠葡萄球菌的抑菌性能及其作用机理研究

以冷藏带鱼中分离出的革兰氏阳性优势菌——松鼠葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sciuri)为试验菌,研究复合生物保鲜剂(配比浓度为:壳聚糖10.0 g/L,溶菌酶0.3 g/L与茶多酚3.0 g/L)对松鼠葡萄球菌的抑菌效果与作用机理。通过牛津杯法确定复合保鲜剂对松鼠葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌浓度(MBC),结合抑菌活力、细菌生长曲线、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性、细胞膜完整性、膜通透性与细菌超微结构观察等,综合评价不同浓度复合保鲜剂在不同处理时间内对松鼠葡萄球菌的作用效果。结果表明,复合保鲜剂对松鼠葡萄球菌的MIC与MBC分别为0.8与1.6 mg/mL,随着处理时间的延长,复合生物保鲜剂明显抑制松鼠葡萄球菌的生长,使菌体细胞外的AKP量增多,造成细菌菌体细胞壁通透性增大,细胞结构的完整性受到破坏,菌液电导率值显著升高,菌体电解质等内容物外泄,影响细胞内环境和细胞膜的稳定性,菌体皱缩变形,表面粗糙,细胞壁塌陷,细胞质外泄渗出,导致菌体死亡。     

抗菌肽抗菌机制及其应用研究进展

抗菌肽是一类小分子肽,具有广谱的抗菌活性。以往对抗菌肽抗菌机制的研究主要集中在细菌细胞膜的作用上,包含"桶板"模型、"毯式"模型,"环形孔"模型和"凝聚"模型。近年来相继发现某些抗菌肽可以作用于细菌细胞内部,与核酸物质结合,阻断DNA复制、RNA合成;影响蛋白质合成;抑制隔膜、细胞壁合成,阻碍细胞分裂;抑制胞内酶的活性。本文从胞内机制和胞外机制两个角度对抗菌肽的抗菌机制进行综述,以期阐明各类抗菌肽的作用机制,为进一步研究菌株耐药性、杀菌效果及其杀菌机制提供科学根据。     

金黄色葡萄球菌多组分疫苗制备及对小鼠的保护性评价

目的筛选多株金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, SA)菌株,为疫苗研发提供备选菌株,并对多组分金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗进行小鼠交叉保护性初步评估。方法通过菌株耐药性、毒力试验筛选获得金黄色葡萄球菌候选菌株;优化菌体破碎和酶解条件获得胞质抗原,并对胞质抗原进行免疫保护性研究以确定最佳免疫剂量;采用抗体中和滴度方法评价类毒素抗原免疫效果;采用多组分疫苗对候选株免疫保护性及同种属其他菌株的交叉保护性进行试验研究。结果 12株金黄色葡萄球菌候选菌株均具有多重耐药性,且对庆大霉素、环丙沙星及苯唑西林的耐药性都比较高,均为83.33%,但都对万古霉素敏感;菌株SA59和SA79毒力分别为34.19 LD_(50)和11.96 LD_(50);菌体破碎最佳条件为3～4次,破碎率达到90%以上,胞质抗原酶解的最佳条件为600 mg胞质抗原在2～4 mg胰蛋白酶条件下,消化至少2 h,抗原含量基本保持不变;SA79胞质抗原免疫剂量不低于1.0 mg/mL时,保护率均70%。类毒素抗原5 EC/mL (A组)、8 EC/mL(B组)和10 EC/mL(C组)免疫小鼠后,血清中抗体中和效价均值分别为2.13、3.13和3.50 AE/mL,B组和C组免疫后的抗体中和效价差异无统计学意义(P_(BC)=0.224,P0.05),但均高于A组,具有统计学意义(P_(AB)=0.008,P_(AC)=0.001,P0.05)。多组分疫苗对候选菌株SA79、SA59的保护率分别为80%和70%,对外毒素的保护率为60%;多组分疫苗对同种属其他菌株的交叉保护率在50%～100%之间,保护率均≥50%。结论多组分金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗对候选株具有保护性,也对同种属其他菌株具有保护性,为后续预防用金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗的工艺开发提供数据支持。     

柠檬提取物抑菌、杀灭病毒作用机制研究

目的观察柠檬提取物对细菌生物膜的消除作用,对柠檬提取物抑制多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌的机制进行初步研究,以及对环境中富集的病毒消除作用的研究。方法采用高分子滤膜法制备金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜后,加入柠檬提取物分别作用1、2和3h,通过细菌菌落计数判定不同生物膜的细菌存活数;采用SDS—PAGE电泳法,观察在柠檬提取物作用下菌体蛋白质的变化;EcoRⅠ酶切金黄色葡萄球菌DNA,观察酶切图谱的改变;在低渗环境下动态观察柠檬提取物在不同作用时间对细菌细胞壁的影响;通过柠檬提取物对病毒作用后RNA量的变化,说明柠檬提取物具有杀灭病毒的作用。结果柠檬提取物对生物膜中的细菌具有杀菌作用,且随作用时间的延长而逐渐增强;柠檬提取物对细菌蛋白质的组成和表达量均有一定影响,同时细菌DNA的EcoRⅠ酶切图谱发生改变;柠檬提取物作用15min时细菌呈现明显的胞壁缺损现象,即细菌个体胀大,呈现大球形;经柠檬提取物作用后,RNA病毒被杀灭。结论结果显示柠檬提取物对耐药金黄色葡萄球菌所形成的生物膜具有明显抑制作用;在柠檬提取物作用下,菌体蛋白合成量发生改变,同时对细菌的DNA和细胞壁有明显的影响。柠檬提取物处理病毒悬液后,病毒RNA量显著减少,说明病毒RNA结构被破坏。     

红谷霉素对细菌抑制效果研究

红谷霉素是链霉菌702发酵后所产的一种生物活性物质,具有较强抗细菌活性。研究表明,红谷霉素对大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度为40mg/L,对枯草芽胞杆菌的最低抑菌浓度为0.08mg/L。红谷霉素在微生物生长迟滞期添加比在其它生长阶段添加抑菌效果更好,红谷霉素对热和紫外比较稳定。通过与其他防腐剂的抑菌效果比较表明,红谷霉素对细菌的抑菌效果优于比较的防腐剂。     

载银纳米抗菌复合骨填充材料体外抗菌性能研究

目的探讨新型载银纳米抗菌复合骨填充材料(TiO2-Ag-nHA/PA66)的体外抗菌性能。方法采用抑菌环试验及菌落总数测定法检测不同纳米抗菌复合骨填充材料(A1、A2、A3)对金黄色葡萄球菌及大肠埃希菌的体外抗菌效果;扫描电镜观察其对细菌的抗粘附作用。结果抑菌环试验显示,不同载银纳米抗菌复合骨填充材料对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌均形成明显的抑菌环,以作用24 h抑菌环直径最大,并随作用时间延长,抑菌环直径逐渐缩小。其中银含量为0.64%(质量比)的材料A3的抗菌作用最明显,持续时间最长,其对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抑菌作用持续时间分别达到33 d和24 d;菌落总数测定法显示细菌与材料A3接触24 h后,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抗菌率分别为94.18%和85.96%;扫描电镜发现载银材料能够明显减少细菌在材料表面的粘附。结论载银纳米抗菌复合骨填充材料体外对金黄色葡萄球菌及大肠埃希菌有明显抗菌作用,为其应用于慢性骨髓炎术后骨缺损修复提供理论依据。     

自然感染方法诱导蝇蛆抗菌活性研究

研究通过自然感染方法诱导的丝光绿蝇蛆虫的抗菌活性.用大肠埃希菌感染无菌蛆虫,用灭菌的PBS作为对照.提取血淋巴,以金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌作指示菌,采用平板法作抑菌试验,检验蛆虫血淋巴的抗菌活性.结果发现:感染的蛆虫比无菌蛆虫有较好的抗菌能力;大肠埃希菌预处理12 h后能够诱导蛆虫的抗菌活性,在24h达到峰值然后下降;血淋巴对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性高于绿脓杆菌.研究表明,通过自然感染的方法可以诱导丝光绿蝇幼虫抗菌活性.     

Synthesis of diverse analogues of Oenostacin and their antibacterial activities

Several diverse analogues of Oenostacin, a naturally occurring potent antibacterial phenolic acid derivative, have been synthesized. A small library with more than forty analogues having different aromatic rings and varied side chains has been achieved through solution phase synthesis. Some of these analogues, that is, 22, 23 and 42, possessed potent antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus having EC(50) ranging from 0.49 to 0.67 microM as compared to Oenostacin (EC(50)=0.12 microM).     

Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activities of metallic oxide powders (ZnO,MgO and CaO) by conductimetric assay

Antibacterial activities of metallic oxide (ZnO, MgO and CaO) powders against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were quantitatively evaluated by measuring the change in electrical conductivity of the growth medium caused by bacterial metabolism (conductimetric assay). The obtained conductivity curves were analyzed using the growth inhibition kinetic model proposed by Takahashi for calorimetric evaluation, and the metallic oxides were determined for the antibacterial efficacy and kinetic parameters. The parameters provide some useful indicators for antimicrobial agents, such as the dependence of antibacterial activity on agent concentration, and the affinity between the agent and the bacterial cells. CaO was the most effective, followed by MgO and ZnO, against E. coli. On the other hand, ZnO was the most effective for S. aureus and was suggested to have a strong affinity to the cells of S. aureus.     

The phylogeny of the genus Yersinia based on 16S rDNA sequences

Abstract The unique antibacterial properties of Fe-protoporphyrin (haemin) on Staphylococcus aureus , compared to Co-protoprophyrin (Co-PP), Mg-protoporphyrin (Mg-PP) and Zn-protoporphyrin (Zn-PP) are described. Only haemin (20 μM) exhibits a strong light-independent antibacterial effect on S. aureus ; the other metalloporphyrins, Co-PP, Mg-PP or Zn-PP, have no antibacterial effect in the dark. Only light photosensitization of Mg-PP-treated cells resulted in the inhibition of the bacterial growth, while Co-PP or Zn-PP were photodynamically inactive. A notable effect of haemin on inactivation of S. aureus was the induction of immediate ion fluxes as determined by X-ray microanalysis (XRMA) of fast-frozen cells. A marked efflux of K (96%) and Cl (94%) was expressed immediately as determined by X-ray microanalysis of S. aureus cells treated with haemin for 5 min. Only 48% loss of Na was detected in the cells under these treatment conditions, while P content was increased by 150%. Electron microscopy analysis revealed the appearance of a mesosome-like structure connected to the new septa, filmentous chromosome and arrays of aggregated ribosomes in the cytoplasm. We propose that haemin has multiple cellular targets for its oxidative effect in S. aureus .     

紫穗槐种子提取物的抑菌活性研究

目的研究紫穗槐种子提取物的抑菌活性。方法将紫穗槐种子乙醇提取物分别通过石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取,选择金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌为供试菌,采用试管二倍稀释法测定紫穗槐种子提取物的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,涂布平板法绘制杀菌曲线,电镜下观察药物对细菌超微结构的影响。结果紫穗槐种子提取物经乙酸乙酯萃取后对供试菌抑制作用较强,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC和MBC分别为2．5、5．0mg／mL;对肺炎克雷伯杆菌的MIC和MBC分别为5．0、10．0mg／mL;杀菌曲线结果表明,药物对供试菌的抑制作用存在浓度和时间依赖性;电镜结果说明,药物的作用可能与破坏菌体细胞壁、改变细胞膜通透性有关。结论紫穗槐种子提取物具有显著的抗菌活性。     

Induction of antibacterial activity in larvae of the blowfly Lucilia sericata by an infected environment

Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is a method for the treatment of intractable, infected and necrotic wounds. In MDT, sterile larvae of Lucilia sericata Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are applied to infected wounds, where they exert antibacterial effects. Once the larvae are placed in the wound, they are no longer germ-free. This study analysed the influence of infected environments on larval antibacterial activities. Sterile larvae were mixed in a test tube containing a bacterial suspension of Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, transferred to liver puree agar, and incubated at 25 °C for set periods. To collect the larval extracts, the incubated larvae were transferred to a test tube containing phosphate buffered saline (PBS), cut into multiple pieces with scissors, and centrifuged. The supernatant was used to test antibacterial activities. The results showed that infected larvae had better antibacterial capacities than sterile larvae. Antibacterial activities were induced by pretreatment with a single bacterial species, S. aureus or P. aeruginosa, within 24 h and 12 h, respectively, and disappeared after 36 h. The activities were effective against S. aureus, but not against P. aeruginosa. This natural infection model is very similar to the clinical wound context in MDT and will be a powerful tool with which to study the antibacterial activities of L. sericata larvae in MDT.     

Antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria by human vaginal lactobacilli

This study attempted to isolate lactobacilli strains from healthy vaginal ecosystem to search for a new effective antibacterial probiotic strain. The strains were identified and characterized for their probiotic properties including bile salt and acid tolerance, growth at acidic pH, their ability to utilize protein, starch, and lipid, the production of hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocin as well as their antibiotic resistance patterns. The antibacterial activity of the culture supernatant of these strains were tested against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Salmonella typhi, and Salmonella typhimurium. None of the strains inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Contrastly, the culture supernatant of strain L 22, identified as Lactobacillus reuteri, significantly inhibited all of the clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The antibacterial effect of the selected strain L 22 was further investigated. In the presence of L 22, the bacterial growth was assessed in vitro by viable bacterial counting. The numbers of viable cells were significantly lower in L 22-containing broth than those in the control by 6h. This finding clearly demonstrates that strain L 22 can produce an anti-MRSA effect. The antibacterial ability of the strain L 22 was fundamentally attributed to their bacteriocin production which can cause both cell inhibition and cell death.