The evaluation of the possibility of using prodigiozan for isolating extracts that stimulate proliferative processes in the resected liver]

The experiments were performed on 126 white male rats. The inclusion of 3H-thymidine in nuclear DNA of the liver was studied on h 24 and 48 after 70% resection of the liver versus prodigiosan injection or combination of prodigiosan with 70% resection of the liver. Liver extracts stimulating proliferation (ESP) obtained under the above schedules were studied on the model of 30% liver resection. It is shown that prodigiosan (0.25 mg/kg) injected to intact rats and rats with 70% resected liver initiated ESP production promoting the inclusion of 3H-thymidine in nuclear DNA of the liver after 30% resection of the liver.     

Effect of prodigiozan, levamisole and methyluracil on delayed hypersensitivity against a background of immunosuppressor use

Immunostimulants, such as prodigiosan, levamisol and methyluracil, as well as their combinations with imuran, prednisolone or cyclophosphamide were studied for their effect on the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) induced by dinitrofluorobenzene alcohol solutions applied in challenge doses to the floor of the auricle of mice. It was shown that the immunostimulants did not affect the DTH in intact mice. In mice treated with imuran the DTH was significantly increased only by prodigiosan. Prednisolone used for a prolonged period before and after the sensitization and cyclophosphamide administered 24 hours before the sensitization increased the DTH. According to the literature data it was connected with T-suppressor inhibition. With the use of cyclophosphamide it was also connected with B-suppressor inhibition. Under such conditions the DTH was decreased to the control level by prodigiosan after the use of prednisolone or by levamisol after the use of cyclophosphamide. This was probably associated with increasing of the suppressor effect of the macrophages and activation of the T-suppressor effect by levamisol. Methyluracil had no effect on the DTH.     

Use of prodigiozan for preventing acute respiratory viral diseases in a children's collective]

The epidemiological efficacy of 0.02 per cent solution of prodigiosan, a bacterial polysaccharide was used for the treatment of children in an area with acute respiratory infections, such as influenza and parainfluenza. The drug was administered intranasally by means of a dosing sprayer in the amounts of 0.2 ml once in 4 days for 4 months. Among the children treated with prodigiosan the rate of the acute respiratory viral infections was 2 times lower and the average duration of the disease was 2.4 times lower as compared to the control group. After 4 months of the drug use the average value of the "skin autoflora" test was much lower than that in the control group which testified to an increase in the non-specific immunobiological reactivity of the children under the effect of prodigiosan.     

Chronic bacterial osteomyelitis suppression of tumor growth requires innate immune responses

Clinical studies over the past several years have reported that metastasis-free survival times in humans and dogs with osteosarcoma are significantly increased in patients that develop chronic bacterial osteomyelitis at their surgical site. However, the immunological mechanism by which osteomyelitis may suppress tumor growth has not been investigated. Therefore, we used a mouse model of osteomyelitis to assess the effects of bone infection on innate immunity and tumor growth. A chronic Staphylococcal osteomyelitis model was established in C3H mice and the effects of infection on tumor growth of syngeneic DLM8 osteosarcoma were assessed. The effects of infection on tumor angiogenesis and innate immunity, including NK cell and monocyte responses, were assessed. We found that osteomyelitis significantly inhibited the growth of tumors in mice, and that the effect was independent of the infecting bacterial type, tumor type, or mouse strain. Depletion of NK cells or monocytes reversed the antitumor activity elicited by infection. Moreover, infected mice had a significant increase in circulating monocytes and numbers of tumor associated macrophages. Infection suppressed tumor angiogenesis but did not affect the numbers of circulating endothelial cells. Therefore, we concluded that chronic localized bacterial infection could elicit significant systemic antitumor activity dependent on NK cells and macrophages.     

The effect of immunostimulants on the resistance of white mice to the causative agent of typhoid fever

The influence of prodigiosan, salmosan, polyribonate and levamisole on the body nonspecific and specific resistance to S. typhi strain 4446 has been studied. Prodigiosan and salmosan have proved to be the most effective. The injection of these compounds simultaneously with typhoid vaccine (both chemical adsorbed vaccine and alcohol-treated vaccine, enriched with Vi-antigen) significantly increases the survival rate of immunized animals (by 35-45%), elevates the resistance index (1.5- to 2.3-fold) and the effectiveness index of the vaccine (17- to 32-fold) in comparison with the controls. Besides, prodigiosan and salmosan alone are capable of increasing nonspecific resistance to S. typhi strain 4446, which is manifested by an increase of the survival rate of stimulated animals by 61.87%. Proceeding from the results thus obtained, the possibility of good prospects for prodigiosan and salmosan in the prophylaxis of typhoid fever in humans may be inferred.     

Use of sodium nucleinate and its combinations with bacterial polysaccharides for preventing the nephrotoxic action of aminoglycoside antibiotics

Possible prevention of the nephrotoxic effect of different doses of aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as monomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin was studied experimentally on chinchilla rabbits. Substances increasing the cell resistance (sodium nucleinate, prodigiosan and pyrogenal alone and sodium nucleinate combinations with the bacterial polysaccharides) were used. It was shown that sodium nucleinate prevented nephrotoxicity of the aminoglycosides in the doses 2.5 times higher than the therapeutic ones. The combined use of sodium nucleinate with pyrogenal or prodigiosan was most effective. It prevented the nephrotoxic effect of the antibiotics in the doses 5 times higher than the therapeutic ones.     

Metabolism and function of phagocytes after combined administration of immunosuppressants and biologically active substances

Metabolism and function of mouse phagocytes were studied experimentally under conditions of immunosuppression with biologically active substances. It was shown by the cytochemical methods with the use of cytophotometry that strong immunosuppression with azathioprin, prednisolone, especially with their combination induced inhibition of the enzymatic systems responsible for synthetic and energy processes in macrophages. Prodigiosan, a bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and lysozyme promoted elimination of the unfavourable effect of the immunosuppressors on macrophage metabolism, normalizing the decreased activity of certain enzymes and markedly activating the enzymes involved in detoxification and phagocytosis. The lysozyme effect did not depend on the type of drug immunosuppression. The efficiency of prodigiosan was the highest after administration of prednisolone or its combination with azathioprin. Its effect was lower after immunosuppression with azathioprin alone. During allotransplantation, prodigiosan also promoted the recovery of the leukocyte adsorption and digestive capacity impaired by prednisolone and tis combination with azathioprin. The differential use of the biologically active substances is a promising trend in control of complications due to immunosuppression therapy.     

Spiral computed tomography in the diagnosis of limb osteomyelitis

The results of radiation studies in 121 patients of different age (4 to 75 years) examined for limb osteomyelitis are analyzed. All the patients underwent routine X-ray study and computed tomography (CT), 26 patients had X-ray fistulography; 8, linear tomography; 10, CT fistulography; 6, scintigraphy, and 15, ultrasound study. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO), chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis (CHO), and atypical (here Garre's sclerosing osteomyelitis and Brodie's abscess) osteomyelitis were ascertained in 10.6, 26.4, and 10.1% of cases, respectively. Posttraumatic osteomyelitis was diagnosed in almost 50% of the patients. CT defined the phase of chronic limb osteomyelitis. Spiral CT has proven to be the most effective technique for diagnosing limb osteomyelitis as compared with routine X-ray study: the accuracy of X-ray study was 81.8%, its sensitivity, 84.9%, and specificity, 60.0% and those of computed tomography were 96.7, 99.1, and 80.0%, respectively.     

Spiral computed tomography in the diagnosis of limb osteomyelitis

The results of radiation studies in 121 patients of different age (4 to 75 years) examined for limb osteomyelitis are analyzed. All the patients underwent routine X-ray study and computed tomography (CT), 26 patients had X-ray fistulography; 8, linear tomography; 10, CT fistulography; 6, scintigraphy, and 15, ultrasound study. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO), chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis (CHO), and atypical (here Garre's sclerosing osteomyelitis and Brodie's abscess) osteomyelitis were ascertained in 10.6, 26.4, and 10.1% of cases, respectively. Posttraumatic osteomyelitis was diagnosed in almost 50% of the patients. CT defined the phase of chronic limb osteomyelitis. Spiral CT has proven to be the most effective technique for diagnosing limb osteomyelitis as compared with routine X-ray study: the accuracy of X-ray study was 81.8%, its sensitivity, 84.9%, and specificity, 60.0% and those of computed tomography were 96.7, 99.1, and 80.0%, respectively.     

Benzylpenicillin levels in the serum and bone tissue of the lower jaw in patients with chronic traumatic osteomyelitis after intraosseous and intramuscular administration

Penetration of benzylpenicillin into pathological foci was studied in 48 patients with chronic traumatic osteomyelitis of the lower jaw after intramuscular and intraosseous administration of the antibiotic. A group of 10 patients operated for congenital deformations of the lower jaw was used as the control. The results showed that after intramuscular administration benzylpenicillin penetration into the inflammation focus of the lower jaw was better than that into the intact bone only for the first 30 minutes. At later periods it was detected in both the cases as traces. After intraosseous administration of the drug in doses of 50,000 and 200,000 units its accumulation in the bone tissue of the patients with chronic traumatic osteomyelitis of the lower jaw in 30 minutes was respectively 75 and 160 times higher than that after the intramuscular injections. The period of its presence in the pathological focus as the therapeutic levels was also higher i. e. up to 2 hours. Intraosseous route of benzylpenicillin administration is likely to decrease the quantity of the drug needed for treating patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the lower jaw.     

Changes in the rate of protein synthesis in parenchymatous liver cells during stimulation of the mononuclear phagocyte system

In vivo stimulation of mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) by zymosan, dextrane sulfate, and prodigiosan caused almost a two-fold increase in hepatic protein synthesis. The rate of 14C-leucine incorporation increased both into total and soluble proteins. To define the cellular locus of these changes, preparations of hepatic parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells were obtained from the control and LPS-stimulated rats. The results indicate that the treatment of rats with prodigiosan stimulate protein synthesis in hepatocytes. No effect on protein synthesis of non-parenchymal cells was observed. Stimulation of MPS also caused a significant increase in 14C-leucine incorporation into serum lipoproteins. The results suggest that MPS may be involved in regulation of protein synthesis in hepatic parenchymal cells.     

足踝部慢性骨髓炎的手术治疗策略

目的:足踝部特殊的解剖结构使其在手术或创伤打击之后易发骨髓炎,本文介绍了足踝部慢性骨髓炎的治疗策略及治疗结果。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月到2015年12月于我科治疗的足踝部慢性骨髓炎患者的临床特点及治疗结果,纳入患者术后随访至少2年,有糖尿病或免疫缺陷者被排除在研究之外。骨髓炎的病因,原发部位,致病菌,是否累及临近关节及骨髓炎复发情况被纳入评估,所有患者术前均进行SPECT/CT检查,用以评估骨髓炎感染的范围以及是否累及临近关节。手术治疗策略包括彻底的病灶清除,去除死腔以及累及关节时进行关节融合等。结果:足踝部慢性骨髓炎最常见的病因是创伤后的开放骨折或脱位,占所有患者的70%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌是最常见的致病病原体。在45%的患者中,骨髓炎侵犯邻近关节,所有累及关节患者均进行了关节融合术。平均住院天数为16.5天。20例患者中18例无复发。结论:足踝部慢性骨髓炎发生邻近关节侵犯时,在进行彻底的病灶清除和去除死腔后,进行关节融合可获得良好疗效。     

Indices of immunity and allergy in patients with viral hepatitis treated with prodigiozan

The immune and allergic status of patients with acute viral hepatitides A and B after treatment with prodigiosan, a bacterial lipopolysaccharide preparation, was studied. The drug produced as stimulating effect on cell-mediated and humoral immunity. The development of delayed specific drug sensitization was registered in two-thirds of the patients, which correlated with the regression of clinicobiochemical manifestations of hepatitis.     

Various methods of using lincomycin for treating acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]

Comparative data on the treatment of 209 children with acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis are presented; 128 patients hospitalized before 1974 were treated with antibiotics, mainly penicillin and streptomycin without sensitivity testing. From 1974 81 children were treated with lincomycin; 80 per cent of the isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic. In lincomycin therapy the method of electrophoresis on the disease focus, intrabone administration of the drug and administration of the drug into the bone cavity together with the blood clot during surgical interventions in cases with chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis were used. A marked decrease in the rate of the chronic forms of the disease was registered (from 77.2 to 8.8 per cent).     

Effect of prodigiosin and its combination with immunodepressants on the graft versus host reaction in mice

The local (lymph node) graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) in F1 (CBA X C57BL/6) mice and the lethal GVHR in C57BL/6 mice were induced by transfer of lymph node cells of CBA mice with skin allotransplants from C57BL/6 mice. Prednisolone in combination with asathioprin (imuran) administered to CBA mice inhibited the GVHR. Prodigiosan used alone was not active, while in combination with immunodepressants it increased their inhibitory effect. Adhesive cells with a suppressive activity were detected in the spleen of mice treated with prodigiosan. Such cells were capable of suppressing the capacity of syngeneic lymphocytes for inducing the GVHR.     

Computed tomography in the diagnosis of soft tissue changes in patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the femur

Computed tomography was used to study soft tissues of the femur in 78 patients with its chronic recurrent osteomyelitis and the studied parameters were estimated. The fibrous changes were found to be more pronounced in posttraumatic osteomyelitis; the thickening of the subcutaneous fat and its atrophy were equally marked; the density gradients between the intact muscle, infiltrated muscle tissue, and purulent leakage were calculated.     

Aspects des complications ostéoarticulaires de la drépanocytose en scintigraphie osseuse planaire (infection exclue). À propos de trois observations

Skeletal complications of sickle-cell anemia are multiple and can appear on the acute (osseous infarction, acute osteomyelitis) or chronic mode (osteonecrosis, chronic osteomyelitis). The radio-labelled diphosphonates bone scintigraphy remains an important tool in the early diagnosis and in the follow-up of these complications and must form part of the initial assessment of the disease. Through clinical observations, the authors undertake to sum up the bone scintigraphy aspects of these complications.     

Possible osteomyelitis of skull causes death of a wild lowland gorilla in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon.

The remains of a juvenile gorilla, apparently dead for 3-4 days, were found in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. The skull was recovered and showed a chronic lesion involving the insertion of the masseter muscle, consistent with chronic osteomyelitis.     

Effect of the activation of macrophages on the course of regeneration of rat liver following partial hepatectomy

Stimulation of the Kupffer cells with E. coli endotoxin (the purified lipopolysaccharide) or with prodigiosan (a polysaccharide from Serratia marcescens) 24 h before partial hepatectomy (resection of 65-70% of the liver) stimulated and intensified the onset of liver regenerative activity (evaluated from changes in liver DNA synthesis, the H5 labelling index and the mitotic activity of the hepatocytes). Liver DNA synthesis increased together with the dose of endotoxin (i.v., from 25 to 1000 micrograms/kg body weight). If E. coli endotoxin was injected during or 3 h after partial hepatectomy, partial inhibition of liver DNA synthesis was observed. In mice stimulated with zymosan (a polysaccharide isolated from yeast), administered 5 days before performing partial hepatectomy, proliferation of the hepatocytes (evaluated from changes in the 3H labelling index and in the mitotic activity of the hepatocytes) was evaluated. The results confirm that proliferation is correlated to the state of reactivity of the Kupffer cells.