利用酵母双杂交系统研究植物与病毒蛋白相互作用的进展

在长期进化中,植物形成了抵御病毒等病原微生物侵染的精细防御系统。在病毒侵染、复制和传播过程中,其编码的一些蛋白,如外壳蛋白、运动蛋白、复制酶类等能够与植物基因编码的蛋白发生相互作用。酵母双杂交系统是体外研究蛋白质间相互作用的有利工具,不但可以用于研究已知蛋白质的互作,还可以发现新蛋白,揭示特定蛋白互作网络与作用机制,在植物蛋白与病毒蛋白互作研究中已得到广泛的利用。本文主要综述利用酵母双杂交系统研究植物与病毒蛋白相互作用的国内外进展。     

植物抗病分子机制研究进展

植物抗病机制是目前研究的热点。在长期的进化过程中,植物形成了一系列复杂有效的防御机制来抵御、破坏病原物的侵染。植物抗病基因在植物抗性反应中起着重要的作用,植物一旦监测到病原物马上起始防御反应,并伴随着植物体内一系列细胞和生理生化的变化。近年来,基因沉默作为一个重要的细胞内防御外源核酸的机制,越来越受到科学家重视。综述了植物抗病基因和基因沉默机制在植物抗病反应中的重要作用,并对研究植物抗病机制的前景做了展望。     

植物抗病基因的分子生物学研究进展

植物在长期的进化过程中,需要不断地抵抗病原微生物、昆虫甚至食草动物的侵害。在这种长期相互作用、相互影响的共进化过程中,植物逐渐获得了一系列复杂的防御机制来保护自己。这里既有专一性的抗性,也有非专一性抗性,有的表达是组成型的而有的是诱导型的。在植物抵抗病原侵染的过程中,关键环节是病原与寄主植物间的相互识别及其随后诱发的一系列反应。人们虽然对植物抗病机理及植物抗病性在生产应用等方面做了大量的工作,积累了相当多的资料,但由于一直未能克隆到植物的抗病基因,所以在90年代初期以前有关植物抗病性的分子生物学研究进展一直都很缓慢。而最近的几年里,人们克隆到了一些植物的抗病基因,使得对寄主-病原相互作用分子机理的研究得到迅速的发展,并为抗病基因在生产中的应用带来了新的前景。     

植物系统获得性抗性的信号转导

坏死病原菌（necrotizingpathogen）的侵染或者一些化学因子的处理能诱导植物的非侵染或非处理部位产生对多种病原再侵染产生抗性,即系统获得性抗性（systemicacquiredresistance,SAR）。获得系统抗性的组织中SAR基因产物的累积和防卫反应的潜在诱导增强（potentiation）是其两类抗病机制。SAR至少有通过水杨酸（salicylicacid,SA）或茉莉酸（jasmonicacid,JA）、乙烯（ethylene）为系统信号分子的两类信号转导途径。遗传分析已用于SAR产生的信号转导过程的分析,一些与SAR信号转导相关的基因已经和正在克隆,这些基因具有明显提高植物广谱抗性的潜能。     

植物广谱抗病基因工程策略与研究进展

系统获得性抗性（SAP）是植物防御病原微生物侵染的一条有效途径。利用基因工程技术改造其表达特性可以提高植物的抗病性,从活性氧的代谢,抗病基因的利用、过敏反应的诱导和SAR的组成性表达等方面论述了植物广谱抗病基因工程的研究策略。已取得的成就及今后的研究方向。     

植物抗病基因克隆研究进展

随着分子生物学及其相关技术的飞速发展,人们对植物与病原微生物相互作用的分子机制了解得越来越透彻。本文对植物过敏性反应和系统获得抗性作了简要概述,并着重讨论了植物抗病基因克隆的进展,涉及到转座子标签技术、定位克隆技术、染色体步行、染色体登陆等方法和策略,归纳了克隆到的植物抗病基因及其产物结构,概述了这些基因产物所共有的特点,并简要介绍了植物抗病基因工程的进展。     

植物抗病信号传导研究的现状和展望

植物抗病信号传导研究的现状和展望王钧（中国科学院上海植物生理研究所,上海２０００３２）关键词植物抗病信号传导,抗病基因植物在抵御病原侵染时发生多种防卫反应。感病时这些反应或不发生,或在强度和速度上比抗病时的防卫反应差。感抗反应的差异,不在防卫基因的有...     

植物对病害的防御系统

植物表现出对病害的抗性。这一点已早为育种家所利用,培育出许多抗病的作物品种。在研究植物和病原相互关系的过程中,人们发现植物中存在一种为病原所诱导的抗病机制。即在病原侵染的诱发下,植物产生一系列拮抗的物质,以阻止病害的传播和病原微生物的进     

植物与病原微生物互作分子基础的研究进展

植物在与病原微生物共同进化过程中形成了复杂的免疫防卫体系。植物的先天免疫系统可大致分为两个层面。第一个层面的免疫基于细胞表面的模式识别受体对病原物相关分子模式的识别,该免疫过程被称为病原物相关分子模式触发的免疫(PAMP-triggered immunity,PTI),能帮助植物抵抗大部分病原微生物;第二个层面的免疫起始于细胞内部,主要依靠抗病基因编码的蛋白产物直接或间接识别病原微生物分泌的效应子并且激发防卫反应,来抵抗那些能够利用效应子抑制第一层面免疫的病原微生物,这一过程被称为效应子触发的免疫(Effector-triggered immunity,ETI)。这两个层面的免疫都是基于植物对"自我"及"非我"的识别,依靠MAPK级联等信号网络,将识别结果传递到细胞核内,调控相应基因的表达,做出适当的免疫应答。本文着重阐述了植物与病原微生物互作过程中不同层面的免疫反应所发生主要事件的分子基础及研究进展。     

植物病原物复合侵染的研究进展

自然条件下,植物可能同时遭受多种病原微生物的侵染,这种侵染现象被称为“复合侵染”。随着分子生物学技术的发展,在植物中不断检测到多种病原共存,这些病原同时或相继进入植物,与寄主植物及其内部的其他微生物产生相互作用,对病害发展和流行造成影响。本文综述了复合侵染的形成条件、病原物与寄主植物互作关系以及复合侵染的后果,以便于更好地理解和预测复合侵染,为植物病害防治提供新的思路。     

植物SAR和ISR中的乙烯信号转导网络

乙烯作为重要的信号分子在植物SAR和ISR中发挥重要作用。受病原物和其它激发子处理后,植物体内乙烯被合成,为内质网上一个His激酶类受体家族(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)所感知,在铜离子的转运活性下,乙烯与受体的结合使Raf-类Ser/Thr激酶CTR1失活。在CTR1的下游,EIN2、EIN3、EIN5/AIN1、EIN6、EIN7是乙烯反应的正调节子,负责乙烯信号的传导。EIN2编码功能未知的新的膜整合蛋白,而EIN5/AIN1、EIN6和EIN7尚未从分子水平上进行鉴定。定位在核内的DNA结合蛋白EIN3,直接作用于ERF1,调节乙烯反应基因的转录,激活植物防御素和病程相关蛋白基因的表达,使植物建立抗病性反应。     

Signalling in Rhizobacteria-Induced Systemic Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract: To protect themselves from disease, plants have evolved sophisticated defence mechanisms in which the signal molecules salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene often play crucial roles. Elucidation of signalling pathways controlling disease resistance is a major objective in research on plant-pathogen interactions. The capacity of a plant to develop a broad spectrum, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) after primary infection with a necrotizing pathogen is well-known and its signal transduction pathway extensively studied. Plants of which the roots have been colonized by specific strains of non-pathogenic fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. develop a phenotypically similar form of protection that is called rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR). In contrast to pathogen-induced SAR, which is regulated by salicylic acid, rhizobacteria-mediated ISR is controlled by a signalling pathway in which jasmonic acid and ethylene play key roles. In the past eight years, the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana was explored to study the molecular basis of rhizobacteria-mediated ISR. Here we review current knowledge of the signal transduction steps involved in the ISR pathway that leads from recognition of the rhizobacteria in the roots to systemic expression of broad-spectrum disease resistance in aboveground foliar tissues.     

Characterization of plant immunity-activating mechanism by a pyrazole derivative

ABSTRACT

A newly identified chemical, 4-{3-[(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]propyl}-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-one (BAPP) was characterized as a plant immunity activator. BAPP enhanced disease resistance in rice against rice blast disease and expression of a defense-related gene without growth inhibition. Moreover, BAPP was able to enhance disease resistance in dicotyledonous tomato and Arabidopsis plants against bacterial pathogen without growth inhibition, suggesting that BAPP could be a candidate as an effective plant activator. Analysis using Arabidopsis sid2-1 and npr1-2 mutants suggested that BAPP induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by stimulating between salicylic acid biosynthesis and NPR1, the SA receptor protein, in the SAR signaling pathway.     

Systemic Acquired Resistance of Pepper to Microbial Pathogens

To cope with the challenge of pathogens, plants have evolved a wide variety of resistance mechanisms that rely both on constitutive and on inducible defences. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a form of inducible resistance that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen, provides a long‐lasting systemic immunity against a wide range of pathogens in plants. The great benefits of SAR lead to its practical use in agriculture for plant disease management. Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the economically important crops growing worldwide, and in this review, we summarize the scientific research‐based studies of SAR in pepper during the past decades. Effects of various exogenous inducers of SAR, such as salicylic acid, DL‐β‐amino‐n‐butyric acid, benzothiadiazols and avirulent pathogens on pepper plants have been extensively investigated by different research groups. Biochemical and molecular studies of SAR phenomena also revealed the involvement of radical burst, cell death, endogenous hormonal signalling and defence‐related gene expression during SAR establishment in pepper. New knowledge and understanding emerging from the pepper SAR studies will allow the development of novel approaches to enhance the durable resistance of pepper to pathogens, thereby helping to secure the future supply of safe and nutritious pepper worldwide.     

Expression of tobacco class II catalase gene activates the endogenous homologous gene and is associated with disease resistance in transgenic potato plants

We have previously shown that healthy potato plants respond poorly to salicylic acid (SA) for activating disease resistance against the late blight fungal pathogen Phytophthora infestans. However, SA is essential for the establishment of potato systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against P. infestans after treatment with the fungal elicitor arachidonic acid (AA). To understand the molecular mechanisms through which AA induces SA-dependent SAR in potato, we have recently studied the expression of potato class II catalase (Cat2St) in comparison with its tobacco homologue, Cat2Nt, which has previously been shown to bind SA. In the present study, we show that tobacco Cat2Nt is expressed at high levels and accounts for almost half of total SA-binding activity detected in tobacco leaves. In contrast, potato Cat2St is not expressed in healthy leaves, which is associated with the low SA responsiveness of potato plants for activation of disease resistance mechanisms. Upon treatment with AA, expression of potato Cat2St is induced not only in AA-treated leaves, but also in the upper untreated parts of the plants, concomitant with the establishment of SA -dependent SAR to P. infestans. Moreover, expression of the tobacco Cat2Nt gene in transgenic potato plants leads to constitutive expression of the endogenous potato Cat2St gene and is associated with enhanced resistance to P. infestans. These results collectively indicate that plant SA-binding class II catalases may play an important role in the development of disease resistance, possibly by serving as biological targets of SA.     

Plastid omega3-fatty acid desaturase-dependent accumulation of a systemic acquired resistance inducing activity in petiole exudates of Arabidopsis thaliana is independent of jasmonic acid

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense mechanism that is activated throughout the plant, subsequent to localized inoculation with a pathogen. The establishment of SAR requires translocation of an unknown signal from the pathogen-inoculated leaf to the distal organs, where salicylic acid-dependent defenses are activated. We demonstrate here that petiole exudates (PeXs) collected from Arabidopsis leaves inoculated with an avirulent (Avr) Pseudomonas syringae strain promote resistance when applied to Arabidopsis, tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentum ) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). Arabidopsis FATTY ACID DESATURASE7 ( FAD7 ), SUPPRESSOR OF FATTY ACID DESATURASE DEFICIENCY1 ( SFD1 ) and SFD2 genes are required for accumulation of the SAR-inducing activity. In contrast to Avr PeX from wild-type plants, Avr PeXs from fad7 , sfd1 and sfd2 mutants were unable to activate SAR when applied to wild-type plants. However, the SAR-inducing activity was reconstituted by mixing Avr PeXs collected from fad7 and sfd1 with Avr PeX from the SAR-deficient dir1 mutant. Since FAD7 , SFD1 and SFD2 are involved in plastid glycerolipid biosynthesis and SAR is also compromised in the Arabidopsis monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase1 mutant we suggest that a plastid glycerolipid-dependent factor is required in Avr PeX along with the DIR1- encoded lipid transfer protein for long-distance signaling in SAR. FAD7 -synthesized lipids provide fatty acids for synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA). However, co-infiltration of JA and methylJA with Avr PeX from fad7 and sfd1 did not reconstitute the SAR-inducing activity. In addition, JA did not co-purify with the SAR-inducing activity confirming that JA is not the mobile signal in SAR.     

3-Acetonyl-3-hydroxyoxindole: a new inducer of systemic acquired resistance in plants

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defence mechanism which plays a central role in protecting plants from microbial pathogen attack. Guided by bioassays, a new chemical inducer of SAR was isolated from the extracts of Strobilanthes cusia and identified to be 3-acetonyl-3-hydroxyoxindole (AHO), a derivative of isatin. Tobacco plants treated with AHO exhibited enhanced resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and to the fungal pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum (powdery mildew), accompanied by increased levels of pathogenesis-related gene 1 ( PR-1 ) expression, salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. To study the mode of action of AHO, its ability to induce PR-1 expression and TMV resistance in nahG transgenic plants expressing salicylate hydroxylase, which prevents the accumulation of SA, was analysed. AHO treatment did not induce TMV resistance or PR-1 expression in nahG transgenic plants, suggesting that AHO acts upstream of SA in the SAR signalling pathway. In addition, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry, five AHO-induced plant proteins were identified which were homologous to the effector proteins with which SA interacts. Our data suggest that AHO may represent a novel class of inducer that stimulates SA-mediated defence responses.     

Regulation of Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxy-Pipecolic Acid in Systemic Acquired Resistance

In plants, salicylic acid (SA) is a central immune signal that is involved in both local and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In addition to SA, several other chemical signals are also involved in SAR and these include N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (NHP), a newly discovered plant metabolite that plays a crucial role in SAR. Recent discoveries have led to a better understanding of the biosynthesis of SA and NHP and their signaling during plant defense responses. Here, I review the recent progress in role of SA and NHP in SAR. In addition, I discuss how these signals cooperate with other SAR-inducing chemicals to regulate SAR.     

系统获得性抗性移动信号Pip/NHP研究进展

系统获得性抗性(SAR)是一种因病原微生物初次侵染植物局部叶片而被激活的整株水平上的持久广谱抗性。在初次侵染部位快速产生的抗性信号,可通过韧皮部传输到植物其它部位,从而激活SAR。哌啶酸/N-羟基哌啶酸(Pip/NHP)作为新发现的移动信号分子,在SAR信号通路中具有重要作用。该文综述了Pip/NHP的合成、转运以及对SAR调控作用的最新研究进展。