新疆束颈蝗属一新种：直翅目：蝗总科

本文记述在新疆采到的束颈蝗属新种透翅束颈蝗Sphingonotus hyalopterus Zheng et Chao,该新种近似于黄胫束颈蝗 Sphingonotus savignyi Saussure,主要区别为:(1)后翅顶端无暗斑,(2)后足股节内侧黑色,近端部具一淡色横纹,(3)后足胫节淡青蓝色。     

南疆束颈蝗属二新种：蝗总科：斑翅蝗科

本文记述采自新疆南部地区束颈蝗属二新种,叶城束颈蝗Ｓｐｈｉｎｇｏｎｏｔｕｓｙｅｃｈｅｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及塔克拉玛束颈蝗Ｓｐｈｉｎｇｏｎｏｔｕｓ ｔａｋｒａｍａｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．模式标本保存于陕西范大学动物研究所标本室。     

新疆束颈蝗属二新种记述(直翅目,斑翅蝗科)

记述采自新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐地区的斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae 2新种,即乌鲁木齐束颈蝗Sphingonotuswulumuqiensis sp.nov.和雅玛里克山束颈蝗Sphingonotus yamalikeshanensis sp.nov.,模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室.     

中国束颈蝗属二新种记述(直翅目:斑翅蝗科)

记述采自新疆斑翅蝗科束颈蝗属2新种,即平缘束颈蝗Sphingonotus glabimarginis,sp.nov.及额尔齐斯束颈蝗Sphingonotus erlixensis,sp.nov.。此外首次记录新发现的和布克萨尔束颈蝗Sphingonotus hoboksarensis,Zheng et Ren的雄性。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室。     

陕西束颈蝗属二新种记述(直翅目,斑翅蝗科)

记述采自陕西柞水的斑翅蝗科Qedipodidae束颈属蝗属Sphingonotus Fieber 2新种,即直纹束颈蝗Sphingonotus striatus sp.nov.和张氏束颈蝗Sphingonotus zhangi sp.nov..模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室.     

雀形目10种鸟类线粒体的DNA变异及分子进化

采用14种限制性内切酶（Apa I、BamHI、Bgl Ⅱ、EcoRI、EcoRV、HindⅢ、HpaI、KpnI、PstI、PuvⅡ、SalI、ScaI、XbaI和XhoI）对雀形目3科10种鸟类（蒙古百灵、喜鹊、小嘴乌雅、白腰朱顶雀、锡嘴雀、朱雀、红腹灰雀、灰腹灰雀、红交嘴雀和黄喉Wu）进行限制性片段长度多态分析（RFLP分析）。结果表明：雀形目鸟类基因组大小存在遗传多态性,不同类群在酶切类型上表现出各自的特点,雀形目鸟类与非雀形目鸟类在线粒体DNA的进化速率有着相同的特点,化石记录的地质年代与线粒体DNA分子时钟记录的年代有着惊人的吻合,这两个互为独立事件的统一,提示线粒体DNA作为分子进化的良好工具。     

中国山东束颈蝗属一新种(直翅目,蝗总科,斑翅蝗科,斑翅蝗亚科)

记述采自中国山东斑翅蝗科束颈蝗属Sphingonotus Fieber,18521新种,烟台束颈蝗Sphingonotus yantaiensis sp.nov.。新种同蒙古束颈蝗Sphingonotus mongolicus Saussure,1888近似,其区别特征为:前胸背板沟后区长为沟前区长的1.6倍;中胸腹板中隔宽为长的1.3～1.4倍;后足股节长为最宽处的3.6～3.7倍;后足胫节内侧蓝色;后翅黑纹宽,端部不内弯。模式标本保存于山东农业大学植保学院,泰安。     

新疆3种雅罗鱼线粒体DNA控制区序列的差异和系统进化关系

对分布在新疆的准噶尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscus merzbacheri)、贝加尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis)和高体雅罗鱼(Leuciscus idus)3个鱼种共24尾个体的线粒体DNA D-loop控制区核苷酸序列进行了测定,获得24条长度为667—669bp的同源基因序列。3种雅罗鱼之间的序列差异在6．39％—9．89％之间,贝加尔雅罗鱼与高体雅罗鱼种间序列同源性高,变异程度小;贝加尔雅罗鱼与准噶尔雅罗鱼种间序列同源性最低,变异程度最大。所采集的贝加尔雅罗鱼两个地理群体(赛里木湖和额尔齐斯河)内mtDNA的平均核苷酸碱基序列差异为1．07％和1．08％;两群体间的序列差异为1．07％,显示两个地理群体间无明显分化。DNA序列数据显示,这3种鱼类线粒体DNAD-loop序列变异丰富,24尾个体呈现独自的单倍型。同源基因序列平均含AT碱基64．1％,GC碱基35．9％,显示准噶尔雅罗鱼、贝加尔雅罗鱼、高体雅罗鱼的线粒体DNAD-loop区核苷酸组成的不均一性。分子系统树提示,贝加尔雅罗鱼与高体雅罗鱼亲缘关系较近,准噶尔雅罗鱼是3种雅罗鱼中较古老的鱼种。     

新疆3种雅罗鱼线粒体DNA细胞色素b序列的差异与系统进化

利用鲤科鱼类线粒体DNA细胞色素b通用引物对分布在新疆的准噶尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscusmerzbacheri)、贝加尔雅罗鱼(L .baicalensis)和高体雅罗鱼(L .idus) 3个鱼种共1 5尾个体的线粒体DNACytb部分核苷酸序列进行了测定,获得1 5条长度为41 3bp的同源基因序列。同源基因序列分析显示,在3种雅罗鱼1 5条mtDNACytb基因片段中,A、T、C、G碱基的平均含量分别是:2 7 4%、2 6 7%、1 7 2 %、2 8 7% ,其中A T含量(5 4 1 % )高于G C含量(4 5 9% ) ;共检测到5 2个突变位点;转换比颠换发生频率高,转换颠换比值(R)是3 5。mtDNACytb的进化速率在3种雅罗鱼间表现出不一致性,贝加尔与高体雅罗鱼、贝加尔与准噶尔雅罗鱼种间遗传距离分别是0 1 2 5 1和0 1 2 61 ,保守性较低;高体与准噶尔雅罗鱼种间的遗传距离是0 0 0 0 7,高度保守。mtDNACytb分子系统树显示,在3种雅罗鱼中贝加尔雅罗鱼独立成一枝,高体雅罗鱼和准噶尔雅罗鱼聚成一类。提示了,在mtDNACytb分子水平上,高体雅罗鱼和准噶尔雅罗鱼的亲缘关系十分相近,贝加尔雅罗鱼与准噶尔雅罗鱼的亲缘关系相距较远。我们对准噶尔、贝加尔和高体雅罗鱼mtDNACytb方面的研究与陈星玉对其骨骼类型的研究结果相吻合。     

脊椎动物线粒体DNA的进化遗传学

近年来,在分子进化遗传学研究中又产生出一个新的生长点,这就是线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的进化遗传学研究。因为mtDNA结构简单,与拥有4×10~8到4×10~(11)个碱基对的多细胞动物的核基因组相比,比其最小者小25000倍;在不同物种间,mtDNA上的基因成分相对稳定,很少受到序列重排的影响;另一方面,mtDNA又具有广泛的种内和种间多态性,且为母性遗传,在亲缘关系相近的物种间其进化速度比核基因快,因而它为从分子水平上研究种群遗传学和进化遗传学提供了理想的研究对象。     

高鳍带鱼遗传变异及与近缘种间的系统进化关系

高鳍带鱼Trichiurus lepturusLinnaeus,1758分布广泛、形态多变,与近缘种间辨别困难,在其种群鉴别、物种分类及系统进化上争议较大。本项研究通过测定采自海南三亚外海高鳍带鱼疑似种11个个体的线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列,结合已报道的该物种其它地理种群及其近缘种的同源序列,采用生物软件对碱基组成和序列变异进行分析,计算Kimura双参数净遗传距离和分歧时间,进行分子变异分析(AMOVA)和分化固定指数(FST)计算,并以小带鱼Eupleurogrammus muticus为外群构建NJ、ML系统树,综合探讨世界范围内高鳍带鱼的遗传变异及与近缘种间的系统进化关系。根据所得分子数据并结合形态学研究结果得出如下结论:1)采自海南三亚外海的带鱼是高鳍带鱼T.lepturusLinnaeus,1758,该物种在中国南海和东海南部有分布;2)海南三亚外海、非洲西岸和大西洋西岸的高鳍带鱼是同一个物种的3个地理种群,彼此间遗传分化显著;3)高鳍带鱼是带鱼属中最新演化的种类,与日本带鱼T.japonicus、带鱼未定种Trichiurussp.2具有较近的亲缘关系;短带鱼T.brevis则是比它们原...     

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF BRYDE'S WHALES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC AND ADJACENT WATERS INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES1

To clarify phylogenetic relationships of Bryde's whales, we examined the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b gene in 33 animals: 12 from offshore waters of the western North Pacific, five from off the Solomon Islands, and 16 from the East China Sea and coastal waters of Kochi in southwestern Japan. For reference purposes, homologous sequences from four Balaenoptera species including four Bryde's whales collected in the eastern Indian Ocean were added. We found whales from the three sampling areas to be genetically distinct. The control region sequences suggested that the whales from the three areas separate at higher than the populational level from one another. The cytochrome b data indicated that genetic differences between whales off the Solomon Islands and animals in the other two areas are equivalent to values found among recognized Balaenoptera species, although such a relationship was not observed between the other two areas. We conclude that whales in the East China Sea and coastal waters of Kochi separate from Bryde's whales in offshore waters of the western North Pacific at higher than the populational level but lower than the specific level (i. e., at the subspecific level) and that whales off the Solomon Islands do not belong genetically to the Bryde's whale as previously recognized.     

黑麦属种间叶绿体DNA的变异性和种系发生的关系

为了获得有关黑麦属种间关系、黑麦属与小麦属和山羊草属种系发牛关系的新资料,应用Ban HI等8种限制性核酸内切酶酶解黑麦属5个种的叶绿体DNA,进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,分析其酶解图谱。结果表明,黑麦属种叶绿体基因组的大小与小麦属和山羊草属的叶绿体基因组非常相似。根据黑麦属5个种遗传距离的估算,并与小麦属和山羊草属已知叶绿体基因组间所观察到的遗传距离相比,黑麦属叶绿体基因组的分化很少;这些资料进一步证实黑麦属的近代起源;并表明黑麦属、小麦属和山羊草属间的亲缘关系是非常密切的。     

PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN COASTAL NORTH AMERICAN TIGER BEETLES (CICINDELA DORSALIS SAY) INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES

Genetic variation was assessed in the tiger beetle, Cicindela dorsalis, by sequencing of three regions of the mtDNA genome. Populations of four morphologically distinguishable subspecies were sampled from 28 representative locations covering almost the entire geographic range of the species in coastal North America. In 78 individuals analyzed for 656 base pairs from four different genes, 17 different haplotypes could be distinguished. A cladistic analysis grouped the haplotype sequences into two main lineages, one from the Atlantic Ocean and one from the Gulf of Mexico. Haplotypes within the two clades were very similar to each other. Most of the characters that distinguished these closely related haplotypes were homoplastic. The geographic distribution of haplotypes did not coincide with the distribution of morphological subspecies, but no evidence for hybridization between two subspecies could be inferred from this observation. The implications of these findings for the evolution of gene sequences at and below the species level are discussed.     

依据ITS rDNA序列探讨我国盾腹虫属种类的系统发育关系(英文)

盾腹吸虫为寄生扁形动物中一小的类群。我国已报道7种盾腹吸虫,其中5种隶属于盾腹虫属(Aspidogastridae,Aspidogastrinae)。研究测定了在我国采集到的4种盾腹虫属吸虫的核糖体DNA转录内间隔区(ITSrDNA)序列,并分别采用邻接法和最大似然法构建分子系统发育树。结果显示,这4种盾腹吸虫的ITS-1和ITS-2序列的长度分别在728—877bp和518—645bp之间,其G+C含量分别在50.1%—52.3%和49.2%—52.2%范围内。4种盾腹吸虫的种间遗传距离在0.2%—26.9%之间,其中重庆盾腹吸虫(Aspidogaster chongqingensis)和似螺盾腹吸虫(A.limacoides)间仅为0.2%。所构建的最大似然树和邻接树具有相同的拓扑结构,均支持重庆盾腹吸虫和似螺盾腹吸虫亲缘关系最近,它们与饭岛盾腹吸虫(A.ijimai)亲缘关系较近,而与位于系统树基部的贝居盾腹吸虫(A.conchicola)关系较远。此外,对我国盾腹属种类的宿主特异性进行了讨论。     

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATION AND MATERNAL GENE FLOW AMONG HUMPBACK WHALES OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

Samples of skin tissue were collected by biopsy darting from humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) in six seasonal habitats representing three stocks and four regions: Groups IV (western Australia), V western component (eastern Australia), V eastern component (New Zealand and Tonga) and VI (the Antarctic Peninsula and Gorgona Island, Colombia, South America) of the Southern Hemisphere. A variable section of the mitochondrial DNA control region was amplified and sequenced from 84 of these individuals, distinguishing a total of 48 unique sequences ( i. e. , mtDNA nucleotypes). Phylogenetic reconstructions suggested that these nucleotypes form three clades, corresponding to those previously described in a world-wide survey of humpback whale mtDNA variation, although bootstrap support for two of the clades was relatively low (<50%). An analysis of variance adapted for molecular information showed significant differentiation of nucleotypes among the three Groups (Stocks) and heterogeneity of haplotype diversity among the four regions. A pattern of interchange within and between oceanic basins was demonstrated by the presence of shared identical nucleotypes among humpback whales in regions of the Southern and Northern Hemispheres.     

浙江地方猪种线粒体DNA多态及遗传多样性研究

本实验用ＡｐａＩ、ＡｖａＩ、ＢａｍＨⅠ、ＢｃｌⅠ、ＢｇｌⅠ、ＢｇｌⅡ、ＣｌａⅠ、ＤｒａⅠ、Ｅｃｏ ＲＩ、Ｅｃｏ ＲＶ、Ｈａｅ Ⅱ、Ｈｉｎｃ Ⅱ、ＨｉｎｄⅢ、ＨｐａⅠ、ＫｐｎⅠ、ＰｖｕⅠ、ＰｖｕⅡ、Ｓａｃ Ⅰ、ＳａｌⅠ、ＳｃａⅠ、ＳｍａⅠ、ＳｔｕⅠ、ＸｂａⅠ和ＸｈｏⅠ等２５种识别６个碱基对的限制性内切酶分析了浙江地方品种猪、浙江野猪等３０个个体的线粒体ＤＮＡ,共检出３０种限制性态型,可归结成３种单倍     

基于rDNA ITS序列探讨部分腐霉种的系统发育与其形态特征

基于对73株计58种腐霉和6种疫霉的核糖体DNA的ITS序列分析,以海生疫霉为外围群,按邻接法构建系统发育树,对腐霉的系统发育关系进行了研究。结果表明:在58种腐霉中,Pythium ostracodes,P.chamaehyphon,P.carbonicum,P.montanum和P.vexans归为同一组,介于其它腐霉和疫霉之间,这5种腐霉的孢子囊均为球形;现已归为疫霉属的P.undulatum 单独为一组,它与腐霉的亲缘关系比疫霉更近;其余52种腐霉聚成一大组,这52种腐霉基本上按孢子囊或菌丝膨大体形态分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组:第1组31种腐霉, 其中30种腐霉的孢子囊或菌丝膨大体为球形;第Ⅱ组21种腐霉,其中19种腐霉的孢子囊为丝状、瓣状或裂片状。基于ITS序列分析,腐霉属的其它性状如藏卵器壁是否光滑、卵孢子是否满器、雄器的着生方式和数量、异宗配合等呈多元演化。