长江口强壮箭虫和肥胖箭虫的丰度变化对环境变暖的响应

根据1959年和2002年在长江口28°00′～32°00′N,122°00′～123°30′E海域4个季节8个航次海洋调查资料,分析强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)和肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata)丰度的平面分布和季节变化特征,并结合同步的温度资料分析不同生态类群的强壮箭虫和肥胖箭虫对环境变暖的响应.结果表明:长江口水域春、夏、秋3季强壮箭虫平均丰度均小于1.00 ind/m3,出现率低,无集群性.1959年冬季平均丰度达3.24 ind/m3,出现率较高,有明显的集群性,而2002年冬季平均丰度锐减为0.001 ind/m3,几无分布.肥胖箭虫夏季平均丰度、出现率和集聚强度明显高于其它季节.2002年夏季平均丰度达16.06 ind/m3,较1959年增加3.71 ind/m3,且分布区明显扩大.可见,暖温种强壮箭虫和暖水种肥胖箭虫对长江口海域变暖的响应不同,可作为长江口海洋变暖长期变化的重要指示种.     

中国不同纬度河口春季浮游动物优势种比较

基于2010—2012年春季灌河口、长江口、瓯江口、椒江口、九龙江口和北仑河口等6个典型河口区的海洋调查资料,比较了不同河口区浮游动物优势种的特征以及差异,探究了各河口区优势种构成差异的环境成因。结果表明:中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)是春季各河口最主要的优势种;真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)是灌河口、长江口和椒江口共有优势种;强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)为灌河口特有优势种,河口种虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus)为长江口特有优势种,肥胖箭虫(S.enflata)和鸟喙尖头溞(Penilia avirostris)为北仑河口优势种。从温度适应性上看,各河口春季浮游动物主要以暖温种中华哲水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤等为主,北部灌河口还出现温带种如强壮箭虫,而最南部的北仑河口优势种则出现暖水种——肥胖箭虫和鸟喙尖头溞。就盐度适应而言,各河口区优势种均为广盐种。     

舟山渔场及邻近海域浮游动物数量分布特征

依据2006年8月(夏)、2007年1月(冬)、5月(春)和11月(秋)在舟山渔场及其邻近海域(29°30′-31°30′N,124°30′E以西)开展海洋生态系统综合调查时,用浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物网采集的浮游动物样本资料,分析了浮游动物总丰度及中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)、百陶箭虫(Sagitta bedoti)、肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata)等主要种类的数量分布和季节变化特征。结果表明:调查海域浮游动物平均丰度季节变化明显,春季(555.87ind./m3)夏季(270.87ind./m3)秋季(138.39ind./m3)冬季(127.70ind./m3);其水平分布呈现南部高、北部低的特点。中华哲水蚤为广温广盐种,春季数量最大且分布均匀,大部分海域丰度≥100.00ind./m3;夏季丰度急剧下降,主要分布在30°00′N以南海域;秋、冬季丰度较低,无明显高密集区。精致真刺水蚤为热带种,以夏、冬季丰度较高,主要分布在沿岸水与外海高盐水交汇区和调查海域的南北两端;春、秋季丰度较低且分布均匀。百陶箭虫、肥胖箭虫分别属于暖水种和热带大洋性种,冬、春季丰度都很低,无明显密集区,夏、秋季丰度较大。百陶箭虫主要分布在盐度梯度较大、外海高盐水与沿岸水的交汇区,肥胖箭虫则主要分布在外海高盐水与沿岸水交汇区的靠高温高盐水一侧,其分布与外海高温高盐水的消长有密切关系,可作为暖流指示种。温盐和水系消长变化是影响舟山渔场及邻近海域浮游动物丰度水平分布的重要因素。     

大鼠肥胖抑郁模型建立及肠道菌群多样性的性别差异研究

目的 肥胖抑郁大鼠模型建立并对比研究肠道菌群多样性的变化。方法 采用高脂饲料喂养和CUMS经典造抑郁方法建立肥胖抑郁模型。将SD大鼠随机分为正常组(C组)、单纯肥胖组(F组)、单纯抑郁组(Y组)和肥胖抑郁组(FY组),整个造模持续5个月，通过糖水偏好实验、旷场实验和强迫游泳实验来评估大鼠抑郁样行为，检测模型鼠血清雌激素水平和血脂4项，并采集各组大鼠粪便样品，通过16S rDNA高通量测序法和生物信息分析软件分析测序结果，比较各组大鼠肠道菌群多样性的变化。结果 高脂饮食和CUMS方法成功制作肥胖抑郁鼠模型，肥胖和肥胖抑郁雌性大鼠雌激素水平明显升高，而雄性各组间雌激素水平无显著性差异。雌雄鼠的FY组肠道菌群α多样性具有显著差别，拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门B/F比值下降，且雄鼠肥胖抑郁B/F值只有雌鼠的一半左右。在属水平，研究结果表明雌雄鼠FY组和F组肠道菌群中Blautia等8个菌群变化一致，但是雌性与雄性在拟杆菌属等各有少量菌群的变化不一致。雌雄肥胖抑郁模型中，肠道菌群革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌的组成出现差异，G⁺的构成，雌性和雄性均由由厚壁菌门和放线菌门构成，但构成比例不一样。...     

艾美游仆虫大核基因组与转录组测序及结构特征

为获得艾美游仆虫(Euplotes amieti)大核基因组结构特征、分析基因功能及其表达调控方式,研究采用高通量测序技术对艾美游仆虫进行了大核基因组与转录组测序,结果显示基因组测序最终得到原始reads数据为10.92 Gb,过滤后得到50287条Contigs。GC含量较低,为31%;其中两端同时具有端粒的微染色体数量为27542条,占54.76%,只含有一端端粒的基因数量为6118条。Contigs进行基因结构分析, 96.5%的基因能够被预测出功能,最终得到27650条基因,平均外显子长度为311.69 bp;内含子较短,平均长度为150 bp。转录组测序结果为76219898条,拼接后获得38588条转录组Unigenes,其平均长度为1189 bp。将转录组的38588条Unigenes比对发现有2%—3%基因发生了编程性移码,其中,绝大多数为+1PRF;除此之外,艾美游仆虫的终止密码子还存在重配现象,其终止密码子为UAA和UAG,而UGA编码半胱氨酸或硒代半胱氨酸。这与游仆虫属的编程性移码及终止密码子重配的特点一致。将27650条基因组Contigs与38588条转录组U...     

核糖体小亚基V4和V9区引物扩增大亚湾真核浮游生物的比较研究

对大亚湾水体的环境DNA分别进行18S rDNA的V4和V9区的引物扩增,通过高通量测序技术进行测序,并比较分析二者浮游真核生物基因多样性和相对丰度。18S rDNA V4区引物扩增共检测出浮游动物56纲, 101目,浮游植物52纲, 69目; 18S rDNA V9区引物扩增共检测出浮游动物47纲, 81目,浮游植物56纲, 101目。两对引物对浮游真核生物扩增都具有较高覆盖度,在纲级别上二者的结果相近:颚足纲(Maxillopoda)是浮游动物优势类群;甲藻纲(Dinophyceae)、圆筛藻纲(Coscinodiscophyceae)、小豆藻纲(Mamiellophyceae)是浮游植物优势类群,其中甲藻纲多样性与丰度的结果相近,而18S rDNA V9区引物扩增得到的圆筛藻纲丰度高于18S rDNA V4区引物。分析结果表明, 18S rDNAV4区引物扩增的浮游动物多样性比18SrDNAV9区引物高,而18SrDNAV9区引物扩增的浮游植物多样性比18S rDNA V4区引物高。同时,通过高通量测序技术首次确定大亚湾海区大量存在着寄生型甲藻(Syndiniales),小豆藻目...     

宏基因组研究的生物信息学平台现状

由Handelsman et al(1998)提出的宏基因组(metagenome)泛指特定环境样品(例如:人类和动物的肠道、母乳、土壤、湖泊、冰川和海洋等环境)中微生物群落所有物种的基因组。宏基因组技术起源于环境微生物学研究,而新一代高通量测序技术使其广泛应用成为可能。与基因组学研究相类似,目前宏基因组学发展的瓶颈在于如何高效分析高通量测序产生的海量数据,因此,相关的生物信息学分析方法和平台是宏基因组学研究的关键。该文介绍了目前宏基因组研究领域中主要的生物信息学软件及工具;鉴于目前宏基因组研究所采用的"全基因组测序"(whole genome sequencing)和"扩增子测序"(amplicon sequencing)两大测序方法所获得的数据和相应分析方法有较大差异,文中分别对相应软件平台进行了介绍。     

不同样本前处理方法对高通量测序检测HBV、HCV、TTV结果的影响

目的:探索不同样品前处理方法对于不同类型病毒检测的效果。方法:分别将携带乙肝病毒(双链环状DNA病毒)、丙肝病毒(单正链RNA病毒)、TTV(Torque teno virus)(单链环状DNA病毒)的血清等比例混合,模拟混合感染,然后分别采用多重置换扩增(MDA)和随机锚定PCR扩增并进行高通量测序,同时以原始样品(未扩增)直接高通量测序作为对照。结果:原始样品(未扩增)直接测序,产出的数据大部分为人类的序列;MDA方法中绝大部分数据为TTV、乙肝病毒;随机锚定PCR扩增方法中绝大部分数据为乙肝病毒。结论:MDA方法适合扩增环状病毒,随机锚定PCR扩增适合含量高的病毒,不做任何处理直接高通量测序检测病毒效果最差。本研究可为指导不同类型病原体如何选择扩增方案提供借鉴。     

海洲湾强壮箭虫的生态学特征研究

根据海洲湾2006年8月—2007年11月的强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)调查数据,采用聚集强度指标、Iwao和Taylor模型分析了强壮箭虫的空间分布特征和丰度的时空变化。结果表明:强壮箭虫在调查海域呈聚集分布;强壮箭虫平均丰度的时空变化差异显著,空间上,中、北部海域的平均丰度高于南部海域,时间上,强壮箭虫春、冬季节的平均丰度明显高于夏、秋季节。     

高通量测序分析环保肥料增效剂对马铃薯根际土壤真菌多样性变化影响

【目的】高通量测序技术对研究环境样品中微生物群落组成具有很大的应用价值。土壤微生物群落结构和多样性及其变化在一定程度上反映了土壤的质量。旨在从微生物群落结构的角度阐述环保肥料增效剂对马铃薯根际土壤主要真菌类群结构的影响。【方法】通过高通量测序结果对比分析应用增效剂前后马铃薯根际真菌宏基因组ITS1区,并依据RDP中设置的分类阈值对序列进行物种分类。【结果】测序结果经过质量控制,共获得有效条带437 375条,依据97%的序列相似性做聚类分析,获得全部样品的可分类操作单元(OTUs)共633个。子囊菌的总体数量在所有样品中最多(相对丰度在56.95%-97.23%之间),且处理后呈增加趋势(HY除外),而担子菌门数量在处理后呈下降的趋势。基于真菌ITS1高通量测序结果获得的α指数显示,样品内部处理和对照之间真菌物种多样性有差别。基于真菌ITS1高通量测序获得的β指数显示,处理组与对照组的真菌多样性之间没有差别,这表明真菌多样性之间的差异更多地取决于样品采集地点。【结论】土壤特性是影响真菌种群的重要因素之一,环保肥料增效剂显著改善了土壤真菌的种群结构。     

应用碳氮同位素技术研究重金属在大亚湾食物网中的累积

大亚湾是受人类活动影响严重的典型亚热带半封闭海湾,长期受到重金属污染的压力,但是重金属在大亚湾生态系统中的累积情况尚不清楚.于2015年夏、冬两季(6月和12月)分别采集海水、沉积物和生物样品(包括浮游生物、游泳生物、底栖生物),在通过稳定同位素(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N)构建大亚湾食物网结构的基础上,分析重金属(Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ag、Cd和Pb)在大亚湾食物网中的累积和传递特征.结果表明:大亚湾生物体的主要物质来源于海洋,但也受到淡水输入的影响;大亚湾生态系统的食物链长度较短,最高营养级为3.48;高级捕食者鱼类在夏季摄食广泛,而冬季偏向于底栖食性.大亚湾环境和生物体内重金属浓度整体符合国家标准,仅发现个别站位海水中Zn和Pb超出第一类海水水质标准,口虾蛄和断脊口虾蛄体内Cd超过农产品安全标准.Cr、Co、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb在夏、冬两季沿着食物链的传递其生物累积水平显著降低;Cu在夏季沿着食物链的传递其生物累积水平显著降低,冬季有降低趋势但不显著;Ag与营养级之间并没有显著相关性,但在甲壳动物中有生物放大的潜能.研究表明大亚湾生态系统中重金属基本处于正常状态,而Zn、Ag、Cd、Pb等重金属需要进一步关注.     

浙江三门湾浮游动物优势种空间生态位

生态位与种间竞争、资源利用密切联系,体现了物种在群落中利用资源的能力.为探明三门湾浮游动物分布格局的形成和影响因素,分别采用Shannon公式和Petrailis指数测定了浮游动物优势种生态位宽度和生态位重叠,并通过典范对应分析研究生态位分化状况.结果表明：百陶带箭虫、背针胸刺水蚤、短尾类幼虫等沿岸种的空间生态位较宽,而肥胖软箭虫、中华假磷虾等外海种的空间生态位较窄;具有捕食 被捕食关系的不同类群物种（如箭虫、仔鱼和水母分别与桡足类）有较高的生态位重叠,而同一类群物种（如桡足类及箭虫）间的生态位重叠值较低;浮游动物分布受温度、盐度和叶绿素a的影响较大,受营养盐影响较小.浮游动物空间生态位与生活类型、种间竞争、摄食等多种因素相关.
     

兴化湾浮游动物群落季节变化和水平分布

兴化湾为福建北部最大的海湾,于2006年对该海湾浮游动物群落进行了四季9个站位的调查。共检出浮游动物及幼虫124种,其中春季42种,夏季89种,秋季71种,冬季20种;分属近岸暖温、近岸暖水和广布外海3个生态类群;优势种15种,春季以水母和桡足类占优势,夏季以水母占优势,秋季以水母、桡足类和箭虫占优势,冬季则以桡足类占优势。不同季节兴化湾浮游动物生物量湿重和丰度水平分布特征变化明显,并与温度和盐度呈显著相关。聚类分析显示兴化湾浮游动物群落夏季类群和秋季类群相似度较高;各季节水平分布基本可分为湾口区和湾内区两大类群。与20世纪80年代相比,尽管本次调查浮游动物群落没有表现出显著差异,但随着电厂等大规模工程的投产,兴化湾海域生态系统健康面临着极大威胁,其环境压力需引起持续关注。     

Community characteristics and of zooplankton in Qinzhou Bay

Qinzhou Bay, the biggest bay in Guangxi Province, is very species-rich and is developing a robust marine economy. In recent years, as human impact has increased, problems associated with the environment have become more complicated. Measuring zooplankton diversity and abundance is a way to monitor environmental conditions. According to the data from four ecological surveys of the zooplankton in Qinzhou Bay during 2008 and 2009, a total of 134 species of zooplankton were identified, including 52 Copepoda species, 27 Medusa species, 14 Planktonic larvae, 9 Chaetognatha species, 8 Pteropoda species, 5 Amphipoda species, 4 Cladocera species, 4 Ostracoda species, 3 Thaliacea species, 2 Appendiculata species, 2 Sergestdae species, 2 Protlsta species, 1 Rotiera species and 1 Cumacea species. The fauna was clearly characterized as tropical population. The total species number was highest in autumn, followed by spring, winter and summer. Zooplankton species diversity in Qinzhou Bay has increased compared with the results obtained in 1983–1985 (83 species). However, compared with other bays, the number of zooplankton species in Qinzhou Bay is close to Daya Bay (128), higher than in Zhilin Bay (60), Jiaozhou Bay (81) and Luoyuan Bay (70), and far lower than in the north South Sea (709). We adopted the dominant index Y > 0.02 as the distinguishing standard of dominant species. The number of dominant species in spring, summer, autumn and winter were six, nine, eight and five. There was only one common dominant species (Penilia avirostris) appeared in different seasons, For summer and autumn, the shared dominant species numbered about four. Between other seasons, the shared dominant species varied between two and three. The number of uniquely dominant species was four in summer, three in autumn and one in both spring and winter. The dominant species in different seasons have some overlaps and some differences. The average biomass of zooplankton was 378 mg/m³ at all times of year. The average biomass was largest in autumn, followed by winter, and was the least in spring and summer. The average density of zooplankton for the entire year was 805.11 ind/m³. The average density was largest in summer, followed by winter, and was least in autumn and spring. Copepoda and Planktonic larvae were the major components of zooplankton in spring and summer at Qinzhou Bay, with the other species’ densities under 10%. In autumn, Copepoda, Planktonic larvae and Chaetognatha were the major components of the biomass, and in winter, the major species were Copepoda and Cladocera, with the others species’ density under 10%. The average value of the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) was 3.84 and the evenness index (J′) was 0.77. The zooplankton diversity index and community evenness overall were good and the community organization had a complete and stable state, but the status of the community was relatively weak. The relationship between biomass/density of zooplankton and environmental factors is remarkable. Biomass and density are positively correlated with temperature and nutrient concentration, and are negatively correlated with salinity.     

WINTER FEEDING INTENSITY OF NARWHALS (MONODON MONOCEROS)

Stomach contents from 121 narwhals ( Monondon monoceros ) harvested in the eastern Canadian High Arctic and West Greenland were used to quantify seasonal changes in feeding activity and prey selection. Stomachs collected from summer harvests were mostly empty with little evidence of recent feeding. Stomachs collected in late fall and winter harvests had considerable amounts of undigested material with evidence of recent feeding. In summer, Arctic cod ( Arctogadus glacialis ), polar cod ( Boreogadus saida ), and Gonatus squid spp. constituted the narwhal diet. In fall, Gonatus fabricii was the only prey item observed. In late fall and winter, Greenland halibut ( Reinhardtius hippoglossoides ) and G. fabricii were the dominant prey items, observed in 51% and 73% of stomachs collected, respectively. Greenland halibut taken by narwhals were on average 39 cm (SD 8) and 556 g (306) and G. fabricii were on average 23 g (15) with mean mantle lengths of 85 mm (24). The low diversiry of prey species indicates narwhals have a restricted diet across all seasons. This study presents the first information on the winter diet of the narwhal and suggests Baffin Bay and Davis Strait are heavily utilized for feeding, in contrast to limited food intake during the summer period.     

大亚湾鱼类群落嵌套分布格局

为保护大亚湾渔业资源,2015年4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和12月(冬季)对大亚湾进行了4航次底拖网渔业资源调查,结合距最近大陆距离、距最近大岛距离、水深、水温、盐度、叶绿素a、总氮、总磷、鱼类的最大体长和捕捞努力量(CPUE)这些参数,研究了大亚湾鱼类的群聚特征。结果表明,大亚湾鱼类呈嵌套分布格局,鱼类最大体长对嵌套格局的形成具有显著影响;大亚湾鱼类群落嵌套格局的形成支持选择性迁入假说;大亚湾鱼类全年与四季的嵌套最友好位点均在湾口杨梅坑和大辣甲北部海域,此两海域为大亚湾鱼类的主要群聚区,大辣甲北部海域是鱼类的产卵场繁殖区,杨梅坑海域是鱼类的主要育肥区,均应优先进行保护和管理,是开展大亚湾鱼类增殖放流的最适宜海域。     

中国近海浮游动物群落结构及季节变化

2006年7-8月、12月-2007年2月、2007年4-5月、2007年10-12月,对中国近海进行了4个航次生物、化学和水文等专业综合调查.根据采集的浮游动物样品分析鉴定结果,对中国近海浮游动物群落结构、种类组成及优势种的季节变化进行研究.结果表明,中国近海浮游动物有1330种,隶属于7门19大类群,浮游幼体47类,其中,节肢动物为最优势类群,有782种,占58.80％,其次为刺胞动物,有324种,占24.36％.在浮游动物群落结构中,4个海区均以桡足类和水母类的种类和数量占绝对优势.中国近海4个海区浮游动物种类数有明显季节变化,渤海和黄海,浮游动物种类数夏、秋季多于春、冬季;东海和南海,浮游动物种类数春、夏季多于秋、冬季.中国近海浮游动物群落大体可划分为6个主要生态类群:近岸低盐类群、低温高盐类群、高温高盐类群、低温广盐类群、高温广盐类群和广温广盐类群.结合同步调查的其它生物、水文、化学环境参数的分析结果,对中国近海浮游动物群落种类丰度与环境因子进行生物与环境变量关系分析,结果表明,浮游动物群落结构与水温、盐度、水深、溶解氧、硝酸盐和pH存在明显相关关系.水温和盐度是影响浮游动物群落结构最重要的两个环境因子.     

Lipid‐rich zooplankton subsidise the winter diet of benthivorous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in a subarctic lake

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Winter ecology of Arctic charr (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvelinus alpinus</Emphasis>) and brown trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo trutta</Emphasis>) in a subarctic lake,Norway

We studied habitat choice, diet, food consumption and somatic growth of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) during the ice-covered winter period of a subarctic lake in northern Norway. Both Arctic charr and brown trout predominantly used the littoral zone during winter time. Despite very cold winter conditions (water temperature <1°C) and poor light conditions, both fish species fed continuously during the ice-covered period, although at a much lower rate than during the summer season. No somatic growth could be detected during the ice-covered winter period and the condition factor of both species significantly declined, suggesting that the winter feeding rates were similar to or below the maintenance requirements. Also, the species richness and diversity of ingested prey largely decreased from summer to winter for both fish species. The winter diet of Arctic charr <20 cm was dominated by benthic insect larvae, chironomids in particular, and Gammarus lacustris, but zooplankton was also important in December. G. lacustris was the dominant prey of charr >20 cm. The winter diet of brown trout <20 cm was dominated by insect larvae, whereas large-sized trout mainly was piscivorous, feeding on juvenile Arctic charr. Piscivorous feeding behaviour of trout was in contrast rarely seen during the summer months when their encounter with potential fish prey was rare as the small-sized charr mainly inhabited the profundal. The study demonstrated large differences in the ecology and interactions of Arctic charr and brown trout between the winter and summer seasons.