丛枝菌根真菌与深色有隔内生真菌对姜瘟病的防效及抗病机理初探

【背景】青枯劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum,R.S)引发的姜瘟病是生姜产业发展的瓶颈问题。丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, AMF)与深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytes,DSE)是两类重要的共生微生物。【目的】前期研究发现,AMF与DSE可提高生姜对姜瘟病的抗性,但其抗病机制尚不清楚,极大地限制了利用这两类共生真菌对该病的防治。【方法】在温室条件下做盆栽试验,以生姜组培苗为材料,设立接种AMF、DSE和不接种AMF、DSE的对照(CK)处理,并在上述处理下的植物生长4周后淋入病原菌液,病原菌接种1周后,通过测定菌根侵染率、发病率、叶绿素含量、光合指标、磷(P)含量、防御性酶活性及丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量,研究AMF和DSE互作对病原菌侵染后生姜生长和生理生化指标的影响。【结果】AMF和DSE分别使姜瘟病发病率降低了45.27%和52.04%(P<0.05)。AMF+DSE组合处理抑病效果更好,发病率较对照降低60.87%(P<0.05)。AMF、DSE及...     

汝城小黄姜

在湖南,有两种辣最触及灵魂:一种是辣椒的辣,一种是姜的辣.于当年"白露"前后采收的姜习惯称"新姜""嫩姜";隔年的姜叫"老姜",药用此类较好.生姜有小种姜、大种姜(菜姜)、山姜(野姜)等品种,药用以小种为好.习惯把小种生姜叫"小黄姜",小黄姜切面纯黄色,味辛辣浓,肉细嫩,纤维较细.     

根际真菌对黄瓜土传病害的抑制作用

为了了解根际真菌对黄瓜土传病害的影响,通过平板对峙试验和温室人工接种盆栽试验,对分离自根际土的16株真菌开展了对土传病原真菌的拮抗作用和黄瓜土传病害的抑制作用研究.结果表明: 有4株真菌对一种或多种供试病原真菌表现有拮抗作用,其中经鉴定为土曲霉的菌株JCL143对黄瓜枯萎病菌、立枯病菌和菌核病菌3种供试病原真菌均有较强的拮抗作用.在温室盆栽试验中,接种菌株JCL143对黄瓜3种病害的相对防效均在74%以上;而在不灭菌育苗基质的盆栽试验中,接种菌株JCL143对立枯病和菌核病的防效均在85%以上.在用自然土进行的温室盆栽试验中,接种菌株JCL143对伸蔓期黄瓜枯萎病的相对防效平均达84.1%.菌株JCL143的发酵液对3种供试病原真菌菌落生长都有不同程度的抑制作用,对菌核病菌的菌落生长抑菌率达63.3%.发酵液的抑菌活性随处理温度的升高而下降,对碱性pH值比酸性pH值敏感,而对蛋白酶处理不敏感.说明土曲霉是土壤中抑制植物土传病害的重要因素,菌株JCL143的抑病效果稳定,具有潜在的生防应用价值.     

不同生境马铃薯根际土壤细菌多样性分析

近年来,随着国家对马铃薯产业重视程度的增加,生产的专业化和规模化程度越来越高,化肥农药用量不断加大,加之连作等种植模式,致使以疮痂病为代表的土传病害普遍发生且逐年加重,个别地块发病率达90%以上,给种植业者带来巨大的经济损失。[目的] 为了探索马铃薯疮痂病发生与土壤环境的关系,分析区域性种植方式和施肥量对土壤细菌种群变化的影响,为实现土传病害有效防治提供借鉴。[方法] 本文分别从1年连作土传病害轻的宁夏西吉（西北）、3年连作土传病害严重的河北沽源（华北）、5年轮作未发现土传病害的内蒙古海拉尔（东北）大田马铃薯根际采集土壤,利用高通量测序技术,比较了样品间细菌群落结构差异。[结果] 3组样品共获得有效条带617558条,可分类操作单元（OTUs）3077个。各样品中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）数量最多,含量均在33%以上。与未发病土壤样品相比,土传病害发生严重的样品中细菌数量、物种数、细菌多样性、种类丰富度均有所降低,有害菌数量增加,益生菌数量减少。其中,放线菌（Actinobacteria）数量明显增多,变形菌（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌（Chloroflexi）和酸杆菌（Acidobacteria）数量明显减少,组分及数量差异明显的细菌（尤其是放线菌门）大多与土壤全磷含量呈显著相关。[结论] 过量施用化肥和常年连作改变了土壤细菌群落结构,生态环境恶化,导致土传性病害发生。其中,磷可能是影响土壤微生物群落结构变化最主要的肥料元素。     

马铃薯黄萎病研究现状

马铃薯黄萎病是一种重要的世界性病害之一,为土传兼种传维管束病害,危害大且防治困难。本文将该病害的分布与危害、症状、6种病原的形态学及其生物学特性、发病规律、病原检测技术和病害综合防控措施等方面研究进行了综合概述,可为该病害的相关深入研究提供理论指导。     

根际微生态调控白菜根肿病发生的机制研究进展

白菜根肿病是由芸薹根肿菌(Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron)引起的一种常见土传病害,主要危害白菜的根部。根际是土壤-植物-微生物相互作用最活跃的关键微域,根际微生态系统中的微生物失衡是导致土传病害的重要因素,深入探究根际微生态与土传病害互作机制,有利于从根际微生物、抑病物质和功能代谢等方面挖掘防控土传病害安全高效的方法。本文综述了根际微生态与白菜根肿病的发生机制关系,从该病害的危害、发生的根际微生态机制及生防菌防治研究等方面综合分析了根际微生物调控白菜根肿病发生的机制,以期为白菜根肿病防控、促进土壤健康和维持根际微生态系统稳定提供理论依据。     

多功能菌株的筛选及其在次生盐渍化土壤中的应用

次生盐渍化和土传病害是导致设施栽培连作障碍的主要因素，为了缓解设施栽培的连作障碍，从土壤中筛选多功能菌株并应用于连作障碍土壤中成为一种新的研究思路。文章通过对12株菌株的硝酸盐降解能力、产胞外聚合物（EPS）能力、降碱能力、抑菌能力进行验证，优选出硝酸盐降解能力最强的假单胞菌（Pseudomonas sp.）N11,EPS产量最高的琼氏不动杆菌（A c ine tobacte r junii）S27，抑菌效果最好的解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bac illus amyloliquefacie ns）Y2，并将其制成混合菌剂运用于次生盐渍化土壤中。实验组对土壤中硝酸盐的降解率可达31.71%，而对照组仅为15.28%，说明混合菌剂降盐效果显著。筛选出的多功能菌株，可有效改善连作障碍土壤的次生盐渍化和土传病害问题，为提高设施蔬菜栽培产量提供可靠的技术手段。     

不同栽培条件辣椒疫霉菌ITS序列同源性分析

由疫霉菌引起的辣椒疫病是辣椒生产上的主要病害。明确设施栽培辣椒土传病害和露地栽培条件下辣椒疫病疫霉病菌基因序列和同源性,为制定病害防治措施提供依据。通过病菌形态观察、ITS基因序列测定与同源性分析开展研究。由疫霉菌侵染的辣椒病害在设施和露地不同栽培形式下发生部位略有不同,但在病菌形态上表现一致,ITS基因序列同源性极高,达到了99%以上。设施土传病害和露地栽培条件下辣椒疫病菌属于同一种,均为辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici Leonian)。     

半干旱黄土高原沟垄微型集雨产流特征与马铃薯种植技术

对膜垄和土垄的降雨量和径流量进行直线回归分析,结果表明,粘土夯实集雨垄临界产流降雨量为2.83 mm,产流后的平均集水效率为24.6%,地膜覆盖集雨垄临界产流降雨量为0.23 mm,产流后的平均集水效率为91.1%。在沟垄微型集雨种植马铃薯试验中,30 cm垄宽膜垄、45 cm垄宽膜垄、60 cm垄宽膜垄、30 cm垄宽土垄、45 cm垄宽土垄和60 cm垄宽土垄(沟宽均为60 cm)的经济产量分别比传统耕作高173%、168%、119%、28%、24%和18%,水分利用效率分别比传统耕作高3.98、3.74、2.25、1.10、0.93和0.72 kg.mm-1.hm-2。膜垄种植马铃薯经济产量提高119%~173%,土垄种植马铃薯经济产量提高18%~28%。     

中药材连作障碍原因及防治途径研究

中药材连作障碍严重、产量降低、品质变劣,是中药材生产中亟待研究和解决的“瓶颈“问题.从土壤养分的亏缺、中药材化感物质的自毒作用、土传病害的加重3方面概述了中药材连作障碍的原因,并提出了连作障碍的防治途径.     

Integrated management of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Southwestern Ethiopia

Abstract

Ginger bacterial wilt (GBW) is a destructive disease of ginger in Ethiopia. Field studies were conducted to determine effect of integrated management of GBW, through host resistance and cultural practices, on wilt epidemics at Teppi and Jimma, southwestern Ethiopia in 2017. Treatments were factorial arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance indicated that effect of variety, cultural practices and variety x cultural practice interactions significantly reduced GBW epidemic parameters and enhanced yield at both locations. Boziab recorded lower wilt incidence, area under disease progress curve and wilt progress rates than Local variety. Integration of lemon grass with soil solarisation and fertiliser reduced wilt incidence in Local variety up to 38.3% (Teppi) and 42.05% (Jimma) compared to the control on final wilt assessment date. In Boziab variety, integrated use of lemon grass with soil solarisation and fertiliser reduced wilt incidence up to 42.5% at Teppi and 33.85% at Jimma compared to the control on final date of wilt assessment. The overall results revealed that integrating cultural practices with host resistance are found effective to slow down GBW epidemics and improve ginger productivity; and thus, recommended for the study areas along with other crop management practices.     

生姜共生真菌的分离及其体外抑菌效应初探

为筛选得到优良植物病害生防菌,对广西生姜Zingiber officinale种植区健康生姜根系和叶片中的共生真菌进行了组织分离,以生姜茎腐病菌群结腐霉Pythium myriotylum和香蕉枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4为指示菌,通过平板对峙培养法和发酵液菌落直径法试验进行筛选评价,并结合形态学观察及ITS序列分析对筛选出的生防效果最好的共生真菌进行了鉴定。结果表明,从生姜植株共分离得到34株共生真菌,其中根系分离22株,叶片分离12株;对峙培养发现有6株共生真菌对生姜茎腐病菌和香蕉枯萎病菌均有抑制作用;其中菌株SBM-11拮抗作用最强,对生姜茎腐病菌抑制率达到93%,对香蕉枯萎病菌抑制率达到82%;SBM-11的发酵液对生姜茎腐病菌和香蕉枯萎病菌抑制率分别为82%、73%,与其他菌株发酵液抑制效果相比差异明显;结合形态和分子鉴定结果表明SBM-11菌株为绿色木霉Trichoderma viride,极具生防潜力。     

Bacterial wilt of tomato in Karnataka and its management by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas fluorescens</Emphasis>

Field surveys undertaken in major tomato growing districts of the Karnataka state, located in southern part of India, revealed a high incidence of bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and it is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of economically important crops. Across all the tomato cultivars under evaluation, the disease incidence in plants ranged from 9% to 39% whereas the incidence in seeds ranged from 4% to 18%. The effects of tomato seed treatments with Pseudomonas fluorescens in the control of bacterial wilt under greenhouse conditions revealed that the treatments protected plants against soil-borne infections of the bacterial wilt organism. Seed treatment with antagonistic P. fluorescens strain significantly improved the quality of seed germination and seedling vigour. The disease incidence was significantly reduced in plants raised from P. fluorescens treated seeds followed by challenge inoculation with R. solanacearum. Periodic field surveys for the incidence of bacterial wilt of tomato could be recommended to monitor the populations of the bacterial wilt pathogen. Workable measures are presented that could lead to the reduction of the prevalence of this serious disease in affected fields of the small farm-holders.     

Evaluation of the strains of Acinetobacter and Enterobacter as potential biocontrol agents against Ralstonia wilt of tomato

Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, causes a considerable amount of damage to tomato in Southern China. Biological control is one of the more promising approaches to reduce the disease incidence and yield losses caused by this disease. Based on antagonistic activity against R. solanacearum and three soil-borne fungal pathogens as well as biocontrol efficacy in the greenhouse, two bacterial strains Xa6 (Acinetobacter sp.) and Xy3 (Enterobacter sp.) were selected out of fourteen candidates as potential biocontrol agents. In order to find a suitable antagonist inoculation method, we compared the methods of root-dipping with soil-drenching in the aspects including rhizocompetence, biocontrol efficacy, and effect of promoting plant growth under greenhouse conditions. The drenching treatment resulted in a higher biocontrol efficacy and plant-yield increase, and this method was also easier to operate in the field on a large scale. Field trials were conducted for further evaluation of these two antagonistic strains. In both greenhouse and field experiments, the strain Xy3 had a better control effect against bacterial wilt than Xa6 did, while Xa6 caused higher biomass or yield increases. As recorded on the 75th day after treatment in two field experiments, biocontrol efficacy of Xy3 was about 65% in both field trials, and the yield increases caused by Xa6 were 32.4 and 40.7%, respectively, in the two trials. This is the first report of an Acinetobacter sp. strain used as a BCA against Ralstonia wilt of tomato.     

生姜根系不同生态位细菌群落多样性特征、组成及结构差异

生姜作为常见的调味品和传统中药材,是我国重要的经济作物之一。作为取食部分的生姜块茎与根系直接相连,其产量、品质与根相关细菌群落密切相关。然而,关于生姜根系微环境中细菌群落的特点仍鲜有报道,土壤环境能否衍生出宿主特异性内生菌群落尚不清楚。以生姜根系不同生态位细菌群落为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,对非根际、根际及根内细菌进行16S rRNA基因测序。结果表明,不同生态位细菌群落多样性存在显著差异,其中非根际及根际细菌群落多样性(Shannon index, Observed species, Faith′s PD)显著高于内生菌群落。同时,各生态位共现网络稳定性和复杂度表现为非根际>根际>根内细菌群落。而在组成上,细菌群落在不同生态位差异显著(R²=0.57,P=0.001)。其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是根内的优势门,该门类下假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)及泛菌属(Pantoea)在根内显著富集。在根际细菌中,拟杆菌门(Bacteroid...     

Evaluation of rhizosphere bacteria and derived bio-organic fertilizers as potential biocontrol agents against bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) of potato

Aims

Potato bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) is a soil-borne disease that affects the potato plant (Solanum tuberosum) worldwide and causes serious economic losses in southern China. The objective of this study is to study the effect of bacterial antagonists and bio-organic fertilizers on potato bacterial wilt and rhizosphere soil microbial population.

Methods

In the present study, pot and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the LH23 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and LH36 (Bacillus subtilis) strains and their derived bio-organic fertilizers (BIO23 and BIO36) as potential biocontrol agents against potato bacterial wilt.

Results

BIO23 and BIO36 decreased the incidence of bacterial wilt disease and increased potato yields. In pot experiments, the disease incidence of BIO23 and BIO36 was 8.9 % and 11.1 % respectively, much lower than the control (57.7 %). The biocontrol efficiency of BIO23 was 84.6 %, which was the most successful treatment and BIO36 was the second with a biocontrol efficiency of 80.8 %. The increased percentages of potato yields when compared with the control were 63.5 % (BIO23), 64.7 % (BIO36) 34.8 % (LH23), 33.6 % (LH36) and 20.7 % (OF). The counts of antagonists, bacteria and actinobacteria in the rhizosphere soil were significantly increased in BIO23 and BIO36 treatments, whereas the counts of R. solanacearum and fungi in the soil in the both treatments decreased. In field experiments, 70 days after treatment, the biocontrol efficacies of BIO23 and BIO36 treatments were 92.0 % and 84.0 %, and the yield increases of BIO23 and BIO36 treatments were 42.3 % and 28.8 %, respectively, when compared with the organic fertilizer treatment. In addition, the changes in the microbial populations were the same as those observed in the greenhouse experiment.

Conclusions

Potato bacterial wilt could be well controlled by the application bio-organic fertilizer containing a specific antagonist, mainly through the alternation of soil microbial community     

腐植酸钾对生姜根系生长发育及活性氧代谢的影响

采用池栽试验方法研究了腐植酸钾对生姜根系生长发育及活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明：施用腐植酸钾显著地提高了生姜根系鲜质量和根系活力,促进了根系的生长发育,尤其在生育后期表现明显.施用腐植酸钾明显地提高了生育后期根系的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,降低了膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量,延缓了根系衰老.根系的可溶性蛋白质含量分别比空白对照、等量腐植酸和等量氧化钾对照增加49.18%、25.89%和13.26%,生姜产量分别增加61.29%、48.13%和9.92%.     

Bactericidal activity of some plant essential oils against Ralstonia solanacearum infection

Potato plants and their tubers in Egypt are affected by one of the most renowned soil-borne pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum, that caused brown rot in potato tubers and wilt in plants. There is no efficient therapeutic bactericide so; control of bacterial wilt is very rough.The study investigated three different concentrations of seven essential plant oils under in vitro and in vivo conditions as a result of their effects on Ralstonia solanacearum growth and their possibility use as potato seed pieces dressing for controlling bacterial wilt disease incidence. In vitro, anise oil at the three tested different concentrations (0.04, 0.07, and 0.14% vol/vol) was the most effective one inhibiting the growth of T4 and W9 isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum then pursued by thyme, lemongrass, and clove oils. On the other hand, rocket oil at the tested concentration was the least effective one followed by fennel oil. However, wheat germ oil was not completely effective. In vivo, experiment revealed that anise oil at the three concentrations significantly reduced disease incidence and severity in sponta and hermes potato cultivars and their effect was associated with increase of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, phenols and the foliar fresh weight of treated plants as well as the weight of tubers/plant followed by thyme and lemongrass oils compared to the infected untreated control.Morphological differences in bacterial cell structure have been observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Anise oil at higher concentration caused of cell wall rupture and degraded cellular components.     

产紫篮状菌的生防潜力及其对土壤微生物群落的调控

产紫篮状菌Q2菌株是一株分离自健康黄瓜根际的有益微生物。本文通过平皿对峙培养、温室盆栽试验和田间试验评估了Q2菌株对4种土传病害的生防潜力及其与土壤熏蒸技术结合对苦瓜枯萎病的防治效果,并通过平皿稀释培养法、高通量技术和定量PCR技术对其防治苦瓜枯萎病及调控土壤微生物群落的机制进行研究。结果表明: 在温室条件下,Q2菌株对苦瓜枯萎病、烟草黑胫病、烟草根黑腐病和马铃薯茎基腐病具有明显的预防效果,对烟草黑胫病和苦瓜枯萎病防治效果分别达到75.3%和63.4%。在苦瓜枯萎病人工病圃中,单一产紫篮状菌Q2制剂对苦瓜枯萎病的防治效果为51.0%,其结合威百亩土壤熏蒸技术在相同试验条件下对枯萎病的防治效果则达到80%以上。威百亩土壤熏蒸显著降低了土壤中苦瓜枯萎病病原菌即尖镰孢菌的丰度,而Q2菌株有效地抑制了尖镰孢菌数量的恢复趋势。施用Q2菌株显著富集了土壤中的青霉菌、芽孢杆菌和Gaiella等有益微生物,抑制了尖镰孢菌的恢复。土壤熏蒸后,施用产紫篮状菌Q2菌株有助于土壤有益微生物菌群的形成,从而抑制尖镰孢菌,实现对苦瓜枯萎病的防治。