基于多源数据的城市住区生态宜居性评价——以深圳市为例

作为反映城市生态环境的重要指标,城市生态宜居性受到学术界越来越多的关注。结合遥感与兴趣点（POI）数据生成分类特征,利用文档主题生成模型进行特征重表达,采用随机森林模型提取住区,为后续的生态宜居性评价提供基本单元;随后,依据多源数据生成多个生态宜居性评价指标,使用基于熵权的TOPSIS方法构建生态宜居评价模型,得出每个住区综合得分;以深圳市为实验区对研究提出的方法进行了验证,并对深圳市的住区生态宜居性进行了空间分析。结果表明：（1）机器学习方法与多源数据结合可得到精细的城市功能分区图,总体精度可达82.1%;（2）基于TOPSIS方法构建的生态宜居评价框架能够对住区生态宜居性进行有效量化,综合得分高的住区多为片区绿化率高、空气质量好、建筑密度较小的住宅区,而得分较低的住区主要集中在城中村等生态环境较差的区域,结果符合客观事实;（3）深圳市内的住区及其评价得分呈现出明显的空间分异,南山、福田、罗湖区域的住宅小区较多;宝安、龙华、龙岗区内部同时包含较多的住宅小区与城中村,导致三个区内部各评价单元的得分差异较为明显;因住区数量少、绿地面积大、空气质量高等客观条件,坪山、盐田和大鹏区生态宜居得分情况较好。以上结果展示了研究方法的有效性,可为城市生态宜居建设及城市规划等提供案例参考和数据支撑。     

基于公共安全的城市广场步行空间景观设计研究—以重庆市三峡广场为例

物质空间和人口的高密度发展促进城市快速发展,广场的更新速度与城市发展不同步,步行空间安全系数降低,安全事故发生的概率增大,公共景观作为广场步行空间的构成要素影响步行空间的安全。以重庆市三峡广场为研究对象,基于层次分析法—模糊综合评价法从绿化、道路、水景设计以及景观小品等方面开展景观安全评价,明确景观安全性设计的重点,发现其存在的安全隐患,实现安全评价定性分析与定量计算的有机结合,为广场步行空间公共景观安全性设计与评价提供参考。     

浙江青山湖绿道小气候要素与游人游憩行为的关系探析

选择青山湖绿道湖心广场、大草坪公园和水上森林3个不同空间特征的游憩点, 分别于夏秋两季的3个晴天、3个多云天气同步监测小气候因子, 同时观察记录单位时段的游人数量和行为特征, 分析比较3个游憩点小气候因子的差异与游憩行为的关系, 旨在为绿道未来游憩空间与景观服务设施的完善提供参考依据。结果表明: (1)水上森林日平均气温在夏季低于大草坪公园1.6℃, 低于湖心广场3.2℃; 在秋季低于大草坪公园1.5℃, 低于湖心广场相差2℃; 水上森林日平均相对湿度在夏季高于大草坪公园8.88%, 高于湖心广场相差11.92%; 在秋季高于大草坪公园7.92%, 高于湖心广场10.48%; 湖心广场与大草坪公园风速变化幅度较大, 水上森林基本处于无风状态; 日平均紫外线辐射强度与光量子均呈单峰型, 于12: 00达到峰值后下降; (2)大草坪公园在夏季8: 00时刻与秋季12: 00—16: 00时刻、湖心广场在秋季12: 00—16: 00时刻、水上森林在夏季8: 00—10: 00与秋季12: 00时刻小气候舒适指数低于4.55, 达到I级; (3)夏季水上森林游客量最大, 主要进行穿行等必要性活动; 秋季大草坪公园游客量最大, 主要进行野餐等社会性活动; (4)游客数量在夏季与空气相对湿度、紫外线辐射强度、光量子呈显著负相关; 在秋季与光量子呈显著负相关。综上可知, 在青山湖绿道不同季节中, 小气候差异会影响游人的停留时间, 对游人的游憩内容影响并不明显, 可根据3个样地不同特征进行相应的空间改善。     

城市滨水景观的视觉环境质量评价——以合肥市为例

滨水景观是城市景观的重要组成部分,以合肥市为例评价城市滨水景观的视觉环境质量。综合"基于公众感知"和"基于专家/设计"的评价方法,选取22张滨水景观照片作为研究对象,评价这些滨水景观的视觉环境质量和各物理要素等级,对评价数据进行了相关和回归分析。评价结果表明环境质量得分较高的滨水景观比得分较低的滨水景观拥有更多的自然式驳岸和适当的园林小品。统计分析结果表明"有利的人工景观"、"驳岸类型"和"树群轮廓线"对滨水景观视觉环境质量有着非常显著的积极影响。另外,将研究结果与其他学者研究结论进行了对比分析,并对未来城市滨水景观的规划和管理提出一些建议。     

草坪型扁穗牛鞭草种质资源的坪用价值初步评价

采用景观-性能-应用适合度的综合评价体系,以暖季型狗牙根和冷季型高羊茅为对照,分春季、夏季、秋冬季对西南地区扁穗牛鞭草坪用性状和使用性能进行评价,结果表明：春季草坪景观质量H050、H049的坪用性状好于对照;夏季H036、H049、H011坪用性状好于对照;秋冬季H036、H049表现好于对照;综合一年的表现进行指标权重分析,H036、H049得分分别为17．60和18．08,可作为过渡性气候区建植观赏草坪、游憩草坪、运动草坪、保土草坪的优质材料进行开发利用。     

纵向岭谷区植被景观多样性的空间格局

基于中国1∶100万植被类型数据,采用GIS空间分析方法,分析了纵向岭谷区主要植被景观多样性指数的空间格局及其与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明:研究纵向岭谷区植被景观多样性的理想粒度是2000m;纵向岭谷区植被景观多样性指数的空间格局具有明显的区域分异特征,表现为南北方向延伸、东西方向分异的"通道-阻隔"空间格局;植被景观多样性与环境因子的相关性较好,环境因子在空间上的分异格局是影响植被景观多样性指数在空间格局上变化的主要因素.纵向岭谷特殊地形的"通道-阻隔"作用对该区的水热空间分布进行了再分配,是该区植被景观多样性的特殊空间格局的主要成因.     

北京市海淀区景观特征类型识别及评价

景观特征评价是当前中国城镇化背景下识别地域景观特征、防止景观同质化、促进景观保护与发展的一种有效手段。本研究基于景观的自然组成要素及其空间分布格局特征,利用GIS空间分析和多种数量统计分析手段对北京市海淀区景观进行了定量聚类分析,识别出46种三级景观特征类型、15种二级景观特征类型和5种一级景观特征类型,并从景观分割指数、斑块密度和景观形状指数3个方面对一级景观特征类型斑块的空间分布特征进行了评价。结果显示,距城市中心10~12 km处是城市景观与乡村景观的交错带;超过12 km则开始出现彼此镶嵌的田园景观与乡村景观特征;当超过32 km时,山林景观则成为主导特征;而休闲景观则孤立且均匀分散在研究区各处。     

基于地理探测器和随机森林模型的区域景观游憩服务潜在供应评估方法研究——以亚热带湿润淮阳低山景观区为例

游憩服务(RS)是自然对人类的贡献(NCP)之一,也是区域尺度下主要的人类需求,由于其具有无形、主观、非物质等特点,量化RS一直是当前研究的难点与热点。既往研究的评估方法依赖于利益相关者的认知,缺乏通用性,并多为对各类土地类型或植被的RS潜在供应能力进行"一刀切"式直接赋值,鲜有考虑地域特征。研究旨在探究景观特征及其要素如何影响RS供给,从而提出一种因地制宜的RS潜在供应量客观评估方法。以"亚热带湿润淮阳低山景观区"为例,首先将风景资源点分为5类,利用核密度分析量化各类RS实际供应;然后利用地理探测器分类评估景观特征的RS贡献度;再基于随机森林模型对景观特征要素与RS潜在供应能力进行关联量化分析;最后测算出各景观类型的RS潜在供应量。研究结果表明:(1)不同景观特征的RS贡献度具有差异,不同景观特征要素具备不同的RS潜在供应能力;(2)景观特征的RS贡献度和景观特征要素的RS潜在供应能力在不同地理气候条件下具有空间分异特征,应当因地制宜进行评估;(3)景观特征的贡献度和景观特征要素的RS潜在供应能力取决于RS的类型,在评估RS潜在供应量时,应对RS进行分类探讨;(4)由于景观类型是景观特征要素的聚类簇,基于景观类型测算RS潜在供应量可以反映出若干景观特征要素RS潜在供应能力的协同性。强调了景观特征及其要素在RS评估方面的关键作用,所提出的量化方法突破了主观性的局限,具有客观优势,最终可为全域旅游规划和风景资源点建设选址提供参考。     

城市住区绿化生态效益及其可控影响因素的量化分析

基于杭州城西2007年1 m×1 m高分辨率航空遥感图像和夏季30 m×30 m LandsatTM数据,应用GIS和遥感图像解译方法定量计算了代表杭州城西30个典型城市住区总体生态效益的归一化植被指数(NDVI),以及各样本住区6个可控生态效益的影响指标(复层结构高度、软硬比、绿化覆盖率、容积率、绿地面积、建筑密度),并采用多元线性回归和对应分析方法得出6个影响因素对绿化生态效益的贡献度排序,以及提升住区生态效益的措施,分析了城市住区生态效益与典型可控影响因素间的定量关系.结果表明:各影响因素对城市住区生态效益贡献度依次为复层结构高度＞软硬比＞绿化覆盖率＞容积率＞绿地面积＞建筑密度;复层结构高度的贡献率远超过其他因素,建筑密度对住区生态效益的影响极微弱.利用对应分析法所得的各影响因素改进二维图,可方便地用来制定提升住区绿化生态效益的决策方案.     

北京海淀区绿色空间PM2.5滞尘服务模拟

绿色空间能够有效吸附空气中的颗粒悬浮物,具有极其重要的PM_2.5滞尘作用.本研究基于植被的PM_2.5滞尘机理,提出了绿色空间的滞尘服务量化方法,并对北京市海淀区绿色空间的PM_2.5单日累积滞尘量,以及不同景观类型冬季、夏季和年滞尘总量进行了空间量化和对比研究.结果表明:海淀区绿色空间冬季的滞尘服务频率和最大单日滞尘量均低于夏季.全年来看,海淀区西部山林景观平均滞尘服务值最高;北部平原区由零散的林地斑块和农田斑块构成的田园景观年滞尘服务总量则最大;而南部城区除几个零星的公园绿地斑块外,大部分区域的滞尘服务是全区的最低水平.PM_2.5滞尘服务模型能够快速定量化绿色空间的滞尘量及其空间分布,对城市绿化建设及PM_2.5大气污染治理具有重要作用.     

An analysis of influential factors on outdoor thermal comfort in summer

A variety of research has linked high temperature to outdoor thermal comfort in summer, but it remains unclear how outdoor meteorological environments influence people's thermal sensation in subtropical monsoon climate areas, especially in China. In order to explain the process, and to better understand the related influential factors, we conducted an extensive survey of thermally comfortable conditions in open outdoor spaces. The goal of this study was to gain an insight into the subjects' perspectives on weather variables and comfort levels, and determine the factors responsible for the varying human thermal comfort response in summer. These perceptions were then compared to actual ambient conditions. The database consists of surveys rated by 205 students trained from 6:00 am to 8:00 pm outdoors from 21 to 25 August 2009, at Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, China. The multiple regression approach and simple factor analysis of variance were used to investigate the relationships between thermal comfort and meteorological environment, taking into consideration individual mood, gender, level of regular exercise, and previous environmental experiences. It was found that males and females have similar perceptions of maximum temperature; in the most comfortable environment, mood appears to have a significant influence on thermal comfort, but the influence of mood diminishes as the meteorological environment becomes increasingly uncomfortable. In addition, the study confirms the strong relationship between thermal comfort and microclimatic conditions, including solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, maximum temperature, wind speed and relative humidity, ranked by importance. There are also strong effects of illness, clothing and exercise, all of which influence thermal comfort. We also find that their former place of residence influences people's thermal comfort substantially by setting expectations. Finally, some relationships between thermal perception and amount of exercise, thermal experience, mood, clothing, illness and microclimate, etc., are established. Our findings also shed light on how to resist or adapt to outdoor hyperthermic conditions during summer in subtropical monsoon climate areas.     

Ecological processes in urban landscapes: mechanisms influencing the distribution and activity of insectivorous bats

Urbanisation affects indigenous fauna in many ways; some species persist and even increase in urban areas, whereas others are lost. The causative mechanisms determining changes in distributions and community structure remain elusive. We investigated three hypothesized mechanisms, which influence success or failure of the insectivorous bat assemblage across the urban landscape of Sydney, Australia; landscape heterogeneity (diversity of land uses), productivity (as indexed by landscape geology) and trait diversity. We present data on species richness and activity (bat passes per night) collected systematically using ultrasonic bat detectors from randomly selected landscapes (each 25 km²). Landscapes were categorized into classes including ‘urban’, ‘suburban’ and ‘vegetated’, where suburban sites were additionally stratified based on geology, as a proxy for productivity. Four landscape elements were sampled within each landscape, including remnant bushland (>2 ha), riparian areas, open space/parkland and residential/built space. We found that there was significantly greater bat activity and more species of bat in areas on fertile shale geologies (p<0.05), supporting the productivity, rather than the heterogeneity hypothesis. Within landscapes, there was no significant effect of the landscape element sampled, although bushland and riparian sites recorded greater bat activity than open space or backyard sites. Using general linear mixed models we found bat activity and species richness were sensitive to landscape geology and increasing housing density at a landscape scale. Using an RLQ analysis a significant relationship was found between these variables and species traits in structuring the community present (p<0.01). Specifically, open‐adapted bats were associated with areas of greater housing density, while clutter‐adapted bats were uncommon in urban areas and more associated with greater amounts of bushland in the landscape. Overall we found greater support for the productivity and traits hypotheses, rather than the heterogeneity hypothesis. The degree of urbanisation and amount of bushland remaining, in combination with landscape geology, influenced bat activity and mediated the trait response. Our findings reflect global trends of species diversity and abundance in urban landscapes, suggesting that processes affecting bat species distribution in urban ecosystems may be predictable at a landscape scale.     

The diversity of insectivorous bat assemblages among habitats within a subtropical urban landscape

We investigated the bat (Microchiroptera) diversity of four major habitat types within a large Australian subtropical city (Brisbane, Australia) to determine whether species richness was affected by habitat changes associated with urbanization, as suggested from studies elsewhere. Forty sites, ten in each habitat type (remnant bushland, parkland, low‐density residential and high‐density residential) were surveyed using acoustic bat detectors on six non‐consecutive occasions. Fourteen bat species were recorded. The species accumulation curve of the entire Brisbane bat assemblage reached a plateau at 14 species. The total numbers of species in bushland, parkland, low‐density residential and high‐density residential habitats were 14, 13, 14 and 11 species, respectively. Asymptotic estimates of species richness for each habitat were close or equal to these totals. Mean asymptotic estimated species richness differed significantly among habitats, being lowest in high‐density residential sites and highest in low‐density residential sites. Evenness profiles were similar across habitats, and were not strongly dominated by a few species. Partitioning of diversity components showed that landscape (γ) diversity was mainly determined by the high species richness of low‐density residential and bushland habitats (α diversity), rather than high beta (β) diversity among habitats. These findings contradict those of other studies on bat diversity in which species richness was highest within ‘natural’ areas of the urban landscape and assemblages were dominated by one or two species. This highlights the need for caution in making generalizations based on existing information, which is dominated by studies in temperate regions.     

Air movement preferences observed in naturally ventilated buildings in humid subtropical climate zone in China

Occupants’ preferences for air movement in naturally ventilated buildings have been extracted from a database of three thermal comfort surveys conducted in the humid subtropical climate zone in China, during winter, spring, and summer seasons. The distribution of draft sensation shows that only 25.7, 38.5, and 28.7% of the subjects in winter, spring, and summer, respectively, felt that the available air movement was just right, suggesting that indoor air velocity may be a big problem in naturally ventilated buildings in humid subtropical China. Air movement preferences show that 15.8, 61.3, and 80.6% of subjects in winter, spring, and summer, respectively, wanted more air movement. Only a handful of subjects wanted less air movement than they were actually experiencing in any season, suggesting that draft was not much of an issue for thermal comfort. Occupants’ preference for air movement is strongly related to thermal sensation, showing that people want to control air movement as a means of improving their comfort. The demand for less air movement under cool sensation is much smaller than the overwhelming demand for more air movement when the sensation was warm. The above results indicate that air movement might have a significant influence over the respondents’ comfort sensation and that people required a high level of air movement in order to be comfortable during the summer season. Thus, one efficient way to improve the thermal environment in summer in humid subtropical China could be to provide occupants with effective natural ventilation and allow personal control of the air movement. Our findings are also applicable to other buildings, to encourage designers to provide air movement as a low energy cooling strategy and to ensure that sufficient levels of air movement are available.     

植被结构对严寒地区城市居住区冬夏微气候的影响研究

城市绿地对于改善城市微气候、缓解城市热岛效应有重要作用,且不同的植物配置、绿地形态以及植被结构所产生的效果不同。以严寒地区典型城市哈尔滨为例,采用现场实测的方法,针对不同植被结构的居住区绿地进行冬夏两季微气候现场实测,对不同植被结构的微气候调节性能进行深入研究,比较分析不同植被结构影响下的空气温度、相对湿度和风速。结果表明：随着植被结构趋于复杂,植被对于冬季冷风的遮挡作用和夏季的降温增湿作用均随之增强。该研究为严寒地区城市居住区景观设计提供参考依据。     

DMS dynamics in the most oligotrophic subtropical zones of the global ocean

The influences of physico-chemical and biological processes on dimethylsulfide (DMS) dynamics in the most oligotrophic subtropical zones of the global ocean were investigated. As metrics for the dynamics of DMS and the so-called ‘summer DMS paradox’ of elevated summer concentrations when surface chlorophyll a (Chl) and particulate organic carbon (POC) levels are lowest, we used the DMS-to-Chl and DMS-to-POC ratios in the context of three independent and complementary approaches. Firstly, field observations of environmental variables (such as the solar radiation dose, phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton and bacterial growth) were used alongside discrete DMS, Chl and POC estimates extracted from global climatologies (i.e., a ‘station based’ approach). We then used monthly climatological data for DMS, Chl, and POC averaged over the biogeographic province wherein a given oligotrophic subtropical zone resides (i.e., a ‘province based’ approach). Finally we employed sensitivity experiments with a new DMS module coupled to the ocean general circulation and biogeochemistry model PISCES to examine the influence of various processes in governing DMS dynamics in oligotrophic regions (i.e., a ‘model based’ approach). We find that the ‘station based’ and ‘province based’ approaches yield markedly different results. Interestingly, the ‘province based’ approach suggests the presence of a ‘summer DMS paradox’ in most all of the oligotrophic regions we studied. In contrast, the ‘station based’ approach suggests that the ‘summer DMS paradox’ is only present in the Sargasso Sea and eastern Mediterranean. Overall, we found the regional differences in the absolute and relative concentrations of DMS between 5 of the most oligotrophic regions of the world’s oceans were better accounted for by their nutrient dynamics (specifically phosphorus limitation) than by physical factors often invoked, e.g., the solar radiation dose. Our ‘model based’ experiments suggest that it is the limitation of phytoplankton/bacterial production and bacterial consumption of DMS by pervasive phosphorus limitation that is responsible for the ‘summer DMS paradox’.     

Direct and indirect effects of land use on floral resources and flower‐visiting insects across an urban landscape

Although urban areas are often considered to have uniformly negative effects on biodiversity, cities are most accurately characterized as heterogeneous mosaics of buildings, streets, parks, and gardens that include both ‘good’ and ‘bad’ areas for wildlife. However, to date, few studies have evaluated how human impacts vary in direction and magnitude across a heterogeneous urban landscape. In this study, we assessed the distribution of floral resources and flower‐visiting insects across a variety of land uses in New York City. We visited both green spaces (e.g. parks, cemeteries) and heavily developed neighborhood blocks (e.g. with high or low density residential zoning) and used structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of median income, vegetation, and development intensity on floral resources and insects in both settings. Abundance and taxonomic richness of flower‐visiting insects was significantly greater in green spaces than neighborhood blocks. The SEM results indicated that heavily‐developed neighborhoods generally had fewer flower‐visiting insects consistent with reductions in floral resources. However, some low‐density residential neighborhoods maintained high levels of floral resources and flower‐visiting insects. We found that the effects of surrounding vegetation on floral resources, and thus indirect effects on insects, varied considerably between green spaces and neighborhood blocks. Along neighborhood blocks, vegetation consisted of a mosaic of open gardens and sparsely distributed trees and had a positive indirect effect on flower‐visiting insects. In contrast, vegetation in urban green spaces was associated with increased canopy cover and thus had a negative indirect effect on flower‐visiting insects through reductions in floral resources. In both neighborhood blocks and green spaces, vegetation had a positive direct effect on flower‐visiting insects independent of the influence of vegetation on floral resources. Our results demonstrate how inter‐related components of an urban ecosystem can vary with respect to one another across a heterogeneous urban landscape, suggesting that it is inappropriate to generalize about urban systems as a whole without first addressing differences among component land use types.     

浅香山医院——普通内外科

建于1922年的浅香山医院是一个具有悠久历史的医院。该项目主要分为占地约9 000m2的一楼户外景观设计、三楼屋顶康复庭园以及四楼护理庭园。浅香山医院除了普通科223个床位以外,还有精神科的840个床位,以及街道对面的福利设施。1922年创立之时,是将一个叫做“香之丘”的丘陵凿开后建造的,但是如今周边都变成了住宅区。白塔作为以堺市一个重要的文化遗产,现场葱郁的植物作为一种景观标志,让人们想起这里曾经的山丘。该项目旨在继承医院的历史,同时将建设社区重点医院、增加可持续性、提供诊疗服务、打造一个使员工心情愉悦并且富有魅力的工作环境作为目标,同时优化周边环境,让附近居民更加信赖和接受浅香山医院。     

120 Years of U.S. Residential Housing Stock and Floor Space

Residential buildings are a key driver of energy consumption and also impact transportation and land-use. Energy consumption in the residential sector accounts for one-fifth of total U.S. energy consumption and energy-related CO₂ emissions, with floor space a major driver of building energy demands. In this work a consistent, vintage-disaggregated, annual long-term series of U.S. housing stock and residential floor space for 1891–2010 is presented. An attempt was made to minimize the effects of the incompleteness and inconsistencies present in the national housing survey data. Over the 1891–2010 period, floor space increased almost tenfold, from approximately 24,700 to 235,150 million square feet, corresponding to a doubling of floor space per capita from approximately 400 to 800 square feet. While population increased five times over the period, a 50% decrease in household size contributed towards a tenfold increase in the number of housing units and floor space, while average floor space per unit remains surprisingly constant, as a result of housing retirement dynamics. In the last 30 years, however, these trends appear to be changing, as household size shows signs of leveling off, or even increasing again, while average floor space per unit has been increasing. GDP and total floor space show a remarkably constant growth trend over the period and total residential sector primary energy consumption and floor space show a similar growth trend over the last 60 years, decoupling only within the last decade.     

Ecology and conservation of insectivorous bats in fragmented areas of macadamia production in eastern Australia

Microbats perform important ecological services in agro‐ecosystems, but several species are globally threatened by loss of roosting and breeding habitats. The successful conservation of bats in agricultural land requires adequate knowledge of their ecology. Using ultrasonic recorders, we studied the activity of insectivorous bats in areas of macadamia production in eastern Australia at two spatial scales: across woodland‐orchard transects at the local scale and across three levels of fragmentation at the landscape scale. At the local scale, activity patterns of ‘clutter’ and ‘edge’ specialists were consistently higher in woodland patches, gradually decreasing towards isolated orchards, where only a few ‘open’ specialists were active. At the landscape scale, bat community activity was affected by the level of fragmentation, partly because three of the most recorded taxa (Austronomus australis, Saccolaimus flaviventris and Miniopterus australis) had their highest activity in less‐fragmented areas. A distance‐based model explained 24% of the bat community activity based on a combination of six environmental variables. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that a number of bat taxa were associated with open areas of macadamia, whereas other taxa were associated with increasing values of landscape composition, and arthropod and water availability. In addition, total bat activity was highly correlated with foraging rate. These results suggest that most bat taxa were influenced by proximity to woodland and the degree of fragmentation, and only few taxa were able to exploit isolated orchards. Environmental factors that promote bat activity could be exploited to strengthen conservation efforts. Preserving remnant woodland and promoting habitat heterogeneity will benefit several bat species. In particular, the foraging activity of ‘edge’ specialists could be fostered by increasing landscape connectivity and maintaining unobstructed water bodies near macadamia orchards. Considering that bats forage as they navigate these areas, conservation efforts could also bring benefits to farmers through pest‐reduction services.