贵州产耳蕨属（鳞毛蕨科）一新种—韭菜坪耳蕨

描述了贵州耳蕨属一新种,即韭菜坪耳蕨(Polystichum jiucaipingense P. S. Wang et Q. Luo)。新种与栗鳞耳蕨(P. castaneum(Clarke) Nayar et Kaur)相近,但植株较小,叶柄、叶轴上的鳞片淡棕色,孢子囊群着生于全部羽片上而不同。     

Periodicity of reproductive growth in lycopsids: An example from the Upper Devonian of Zhejiang Province,China

Monilistrobus Wang et Berry is a fossil lycopsid reported from the Upper Devonian Wutong Formation of Jiangsu Province, China, and includes only the type species Monilistrobus yixingensis Wang et Berry. Along a single fertile axis, Monilistrobus has cone-like structures separated by and alternated with a length of vegetative region, which is an important character here termed as periodicity of reproductive growth. The alternation of fertile and vegetative growth occurs regularly and produces repeated intercalary (non-terminal) fertile zones. New specimens, identified as Monilistrobus cf. yixingensis, from the same formation but of Zhejiang Province extend the geographic distribution of this genus. These new specimens demonstrate morphological variations within this genus, such as the lack of spiny appendages on the leaves, different measurements of leaf bases, and different shapes and positions of cone-like structures. The distribution of intercalary fertile zones, as summarized for the first time in this paper, occurs in the Drepanophycales, the Protolepidodendrales, the Isoëtales, the Lycopodiales, the Selaginellales, and Wuxia Berry, Wang et Cai and Monilistrobus of uncertain affinities. Thus, this peculiar trait might have evolved in the very early evolutionary stage of the lycopsids, as indicated in the basal group Drepanophycales. However, the presence of repeated, two or more intercalary fertile zones along a single fertile axis is demonstrated only in Monilistrobus and the extant Huperzia Bernhardi.     

On the taxonomy of the Genus Coenosia Meigen, 1826 (Diptera,Muscidae) in the Russian Fauna,with a Description of Coenosia tschernovi sp. n.

Coenosia tschernovi sp. n. is described and illustrated from the Altai and Tuva republics. Coenosia nigrotincta Hennig, 1961 and C. xuei Cui et Li, 1996, are redescribed; the latter species is recorded from Russia for the first time. The new “apukaensis” group is erected for several similar Asian species. Coenosia altaica Sorokina, 2009 is considered a junior synonym of C. subgracilis Xue et Cui, 2001. Supplements to the key to the Siberian representatives of Coenosia Meigen, 1826 (Sorokina, 2009), to include new and recently found species, are given.     

Development and cultivation of F2 hybrid between Undariopsis peterseniana and Undaria pinnatifida for abalone feed and commercial mariculture in Korea

The kelp Undariopsis peterseniana (Kjellman) Miyabe et Okamura is warm water tolerant and consequently there is currently considerable interest in developing commercial cultivation techniques for this species in Korea. Undaria is an important species for both the abalone industry and for commercial seaweed mariculture. In an attempt to extend the culture period of Undaria we bred and cultured hybrid kelp that is a cross between free-living gametophytes of U. peterseniana and Undariopsis pinnatifida. The morphological characteristics of the F₁ hybrid sporophytes were intermediate between those of the parent plants having shallow pinnated blades and forming both sorus and sporophyll. A F₂ generation was produced by isolating zoospores from sorus and sporophyll separately from a F₁ hybrid thallus. Using free-living gametophyte seeding and standard on-growing techniques, F₀ (female U. pinnatifida and male U. peterseniana), F₁, and F₂ gametophytes were cultured from December 2011 to May 2013. The morphological differences between the F₁ and F₂ generations were assessed. The F₂ hybrids were found to have longer pinnate blades and narrower midribs than the F₁ hybrid and only formed sporophylls. Growth and morphology of F₂ hybrids originating from the sporophyll or sorus of the F₁ hybrids were not morphologically different from each other. Both of the F₂ hybrids exhibited late maturation, with the early stages of sporophylls appearing in April. This late maturation of F₂ hybrids is beneficial in the development of hybrid strains that extend the period of availability of Undaria for abalone feed and cultivation in Korea.     

中国厕蝇属二新种记述(双翅目:厕蝇科)(英文)

本文记述分别采自山西省和湖南省厕蝇属2新种,多突厕蝇FanniapolystylataWangetXue,sp.nov,新种与FanniaFuscinataChillcott,1961近缘,但触角第3节长为宽的2．5倍,盾片具暗褐色纵条,前中鬃呈2列,腋瓣淡黄色,各足股、胫节黄色,后股无后腹鬃列等即可区别。正模♂,山西省沁水,1991－06－16,王明福采、裂叶厕蝇FanniascissifoliaXue,WangetHuang,sp．nov.,新种与FanniaedentulaNishda,1973近缘,但复眼裸,触角第3节长为宽的2．5倍,盾片无纵条,腋瓣黄色,中胫后背鬃3,后面观侧尾叶上枝较直,其内侧具齿状利等即可区别。正模♂,湖南省常德,1984－03－11,黄耀明采;副模3♂♂,同正模。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

Chemical Structures of Reniformin A,B, and C

Three new cytotoxic diterpenoids reniformin A, B and C, have been isolated from the leaves of Rabdosia latifolia var. reniformis Z. W. Xue et X. W. Wang. Their structures were established as (1), (2), and (3) by spectroscopic and chemical data respectively.     

On the Limitations of Using Ribosomal Genes as References for the Study of Codon Usage: A Rebuttal

In a recent paper published in PLOS ONE, Wang et al. challenge our finding that the identity of optimal codons in different genomes follows a set of clear rules. Here we provide a rebuttal of their paper and demonstrate that the results of our original PLOS Genetics paper stand. This provides us with an opportunity to bring up an aspect of how codon usage has been studied that should be of general interest. The Wang et al. study, as well as many other studies, used ribosomal genes as a reference set for the study of patterns of codon usage. We discuss here the assumptions that are made in order to justify using ribosomal genes to study codon bias, suggest that this practice can at times be problematic, and discuss its limitations.     

Harnischia Kieffer from China,with Emendations to the Diagnosis of the Genus (Diptera: Chironomidae)

The genus Harnischia from China is revised. Harnischia cultriata sp.nov. is described as new to science from the male imago. H. hamata Wang et Zheng is recognized as new synonym of H. angularis Albu et Botnariuc and H. longispuria Wang et Zheng is recognized as a new synonym of H. curtilamellata (Malloch). A key to male imagines is presented. The distribution of the six known Chinese species is mapped. An emended generic diagnosis is given and discussed. Variation in the phallapodeme as an important specific diagnostic character within the genus is furnished.     

Addenda to the Revisions of the Genera <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gergithus</Emphasis> Stål and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hemisphaerius</Emphasis> Schaum (Hemiptera,Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoroidea: Issidae)

The genus Gnezdilovius Meng, Webb et Wang, 2017 is revised. Maculergithus Constant et Pham, 2016, which was described as a subgenus of Gergithus Stål, 1870, is upgraded to a genus. Ishiharanus Hori, 1969 is reinstalled from synonymy with Gergithus and considered a valid name. Two new genera are erected, Ceratogergithus Gnezdilov, gen. n. (type species: Gergithus spinosus Che, Zhang et Wang, 2007) and Ophthalmosphaerius Gnezdilov, gen. n. (type species: Hernisphaerius trilobulus Che, Zhang et Wang, 2006). Hernisphaerius bistriatus Schumacher, 1915, Gergithus carbonarius Melichar, 1906, G. rosticus Chan et Yang, 1994, G. nummarius Chan et Yang, 1994, and G. rotundus Chan et Yang, 1994 are transferred to the genus Epyhemisphaerius Chan et Yang, 1994, Gergithus quinquemaculatus Che, Zhang, Wang, 2007—to the genus Maculergithus, Gergithus chelatus Che, Zhang, Wang, 2007 and G. pseudotessellatus Che, Zhang, Wang, 2007—to the genus Ceratogergithus, Hernisphaerius binocularis Chen, Zhang, Chang, 2014—to the genus Ophthalmosphaerius, and Gergithus robustus hoozanensis Schumacher, 1915—to the genus Gnezdilovius. The male genitalia of Gergithus herbaceus (Kirby, 1891) and Hernisphaerius interclusus Noualhier, 1896 are illustrated for the first time.     

Factors affecting the production of sporophylls in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C.Ag.

The effects of variation in vegetative biomass, stand density, and stand location on sporophyll production in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C.Ag. were examined in a multifactorial experiment off the coast of Santa Barbara, California. Results indicate that vegetative biomass greatly influences zoospore production in this kelp, since the removal of 75% of vegetative fronds led to a drastic decrease in sporophyll production. Sporophyll biomass was shown to be closely correlated to zoospore production (r = 0.995). Plants growing offshore produced significantly less sporophyll biomass per plant than those inshore. Site differences in sporophyll production may have been caused by differential shading resulting from the persistence of the surface canopy offshore and the senescence of it inshore. As a possible result, increased plant density significantly decreased sporophyll biomass offshore and had no effect inshore. The timing of events such as storms which remove vegetative biomass could affect the local population dynamics of this kelp by decreasing zoospore production.     

Anatomically preserved lepidodendralean plants from lower permian coal balls of northern China: Achlamydocarpon intermedium sp. nov.

Lepidodendralean lycopsids, a dominant component in Late Palaeozoic wetland plant communities, possess a diversity of reproductive structures that are primarily known from the Late Palaeozoic floras of Europe and North America. Here we document an anatomically preserved lepidodendralean lycopsid sporophyll with attached megasporangium from the Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation in Shanxi Province, northern China. The sporophyll has a pedicel onto which the sporangium is attached, and the sporangium is dorsiventrally flattened, proximally dehiscent and longitudinal ridged. The megasporangial wall comprises three zones: an outer uniseriate layer of columnar cells, a middle layer 1–3 cells thick comprising isodiametric parenchymatous cells, and an inner zone 1–3 cells thick of thick-walled cells. The vascular system comprises a single xylem strand surrounded by zone of parenchyma that continues through the pedicel into the lamina. Within the megasporangium a single functional megaspore and three abortive megaspores occur. Features of this specimen conform to Achlamydocarpon Schumacher-Lambry, and comparisons with other species show it shares similarities with A. takhtajanii (Sni.) Schumacher-Lambry and A. varius Taylor and Brack-Hanes. Although the morphology and anatomy of the specimen we describe overlaps with these two species, it is distinct from both leading to the erection of the new species A. intermedium sp. nov. The evolutionary significance of A. intermedium sp. nov. and the identity of its parent plant are considered, and the status and systematic position of “Oriental lepidophytes” from the Cathaysian floras are discussed.     

Spicules and microspheres in the heliolitid tabulates from the Silurian strata of Gorny Altai,Siberia

Calcareous spicules closely similar to those previously reported in several species of Heliolites, have been found in another heliolitid species, Squameolites junggarensis Lin et Wang, from a clayey limestone of the lower part of Kuimov Formation, of Homerian (Wenlock) age, in the western part of the Gorny Altai, Siberia. The sclerites are associated with ‘microspheres’, identified also in colonies of an unidentified species of Propora. It is suggested that the microspheres associated with the tabulate corals were their photoautotrophic symbionts.     

An anatomically preserved lycopsid from the Upper Devonian of South China

An anatomically preserved lycopsid, Lobodendron fanwanensegen. et sp. nov. Liu, Wang, Xue & Meng, is described from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) Wutong Formation of Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China. The fossil plant bears slender, dichotomously branched axes. The vascular strand consists of solid terete primary xylem and lobed secondary xylem, which implies the result from the activity of possibly discontinuous cambium. The new plant has character combinations that do not conform to any branches in the canopy of the tree-lycopsids known previously, but resemble those of the basal part of some pseudoherbaceous lycopsids. This new plant may exemplify a Late Devonian lycopsid with a pseudoherbaceous growth habit.     

A new subspecies and a new synonym of the genus Coladenia (Hesperiidae,Pyrginae) from China

The second subspecies of Coladenia buchananii (de Nicéville, 1889), viz. Coladenia buchananii separafasciata Xue, Inayoshi & Hu, ssp. n., is discovered from south Jiangxi Province and west Fujian Province, southeast China. External and genital characters of both male and female of this new subspecies are illustrated and described. Coladenia neomaeniata Fan & Wang, 2006, syn. n. is proposed to be a junior synonym of Coladenia maeniata Oberthür, 1896, and the distribution of this species is briefly discussed.     

关于筇竹属和筇竹名称及命名模式的讨论

筇竹属(Qiongzhuea Hsueh et Yi)建立于1980年,模式种基于(Q. tumidinoda Hsueh et Yi)。由于竹子是多年生植物,不是年年都开花结实,且一生只开一次花。我们当时考虑到竹子开花生物学的这种特点,以及为更方便准确鉴定该属及属以下种群,分别选用了王芳瑜、熊执权和杨开泰11563号有花、果枝标本和易同培73001号营养体标本作为(Q. tumidinoda Hsueh et Yi)的共同模式。根据《国际植物命名法规》的相关条款规定,在命名一个新种或种以下新分类群时只能是一份标本。但当时法规（Leningrad Code, Art. 7. 5. 1975; St. Louis Code, 2000 and Vienna Code, Art. 37.3. 2006）明确规定有这种情况出现时,可以从它们之中选取后选模式（Art.7.5.）。有鉴于此,我们从发表时的两号标本之中选取王芳瑜、熊执权和杨开泰11563号有花、果枝标本作为筇竹的后选模式,使筇竹和筇竹属得到合格发表。     

Striking case of convergence — Alleged marine gastropods in Cretaceous Burmese amber are terrestrial cyclophoroids. Comment on Yu et al.

Yu et al. (2019) recently described two new species of gastropods from the Cretaceous Burmese amber and attributed them to the marine family Epitoniidae. A close inspection of the images provided by Yu et al. indicates however that the species in question do not belong to that family or any marine gastropod group. In contrast, the two species are attributed here to the terrestrial operculate family Pupinidae (Cyclophoroidea) and tentatively to the genus Pseudopomatias. We briefly review the fossil record of the Cyclophoroidea and Pupinidae and discuss implications of the present revision. After all, Pseudopomatias? lyui (Yu, Wang and Jarzembowski, 2019) and P.? zhuoi (Yu, Wang and Jarzembowski, 2019) belong to the oldest members of the Pupinidae.     

Two new species and one new record of Parakiefferiella Thienemann, 1936 from China (Diptera,Chironomidae)

Two new species of the genus Parakiefferiella Thienemann, 1936 (Parakiefferiella fasciata Liu & Wang, sp. n. and Parakiefferiella liupanensis Liu & Wang, sp. n.) are described as adult males from China. Parakiefferiella tamatriangulata Sasa is recorded from China for the first time. A key to the known adult males of Parakiefferiella from China is presented. The generic diagnosis of male Parakiefferiella given by Cranston et al. (1989) is emended.