Nitrogen mineralization dynamics in grass monocultures

Although Wedin and Tilman (1990) observed large differences in in situ N mineralization among monocultures of five grass species, the mechanisms responsible were unclear. In this study, we found that the species did not change total soil C or N, and soil C: N ratio (range 12.9–14.1) was only slightly, but significantly, changed after four years. Nor did the species significantly affect the total amount of N mineralized (per g soil N) in year-long aerobic laboratory incubations. However, short-term N mineralization rates in the incubations (day 1–day 17) differed significantly among species and were significantly correlated with annual in situ mineralization. When pool sizes and turnover rates of potentially mineralizable N (N_o) were estimated, the best model treated N_o as two pools: a labile pool, which differed among species in size (N_l, range 2–3% of total N) and rate constant (h, range 0.04–0.26 wk^–1), and a larger recalcitrant pool with a constant mineralization rate across species. The rate constant of the labile pool (h) was highly correlated with annual in situ N mineralization (+0.96). Therefore, plant species need only change the dynamics of a small fraction of soil organic matter, in this case estimated to be less than 3%, to have large effects on overall system N dynamics.     

Nitrogen mineralization and its controlling factors in various kinds of temperate humid-zone soils

The N mineralization capacity of 41 temperate humid-zone soils of NW Spain was measured by aerobic incubation for 15 days at 28°C and 75% of field capacity. The main soil factors affecting organic N dynamics were identified by principal components analysis. Ammonification predominated over nitrification in almost all soils. The mean net N mineralization rate was 1.63% of the organic N content, and varied according to soil parent materials as follows: soils on basic and ultrabasic rocks < soils over acid metamorphic rocks < soils developed over sediments < soils over acid igneous rocks < soils on limestone. The N mineralization capacity was lower in natural soils than in cropped soils or pastures. The accumulation of organic matter (C and N) seems to be due to poor mineralization which was caused, in decreasing order of importance, by high exchangeable H-ion levels, high Al and Fe gel contents and, to a lesser extent (though more markedly in cropped soils), by silty clay texture and exchangeable Al ions.     

长白山两种主要林型下土壤氮矿化速率与温度的关系

在实验室条件下,控制土壤的温度与含水量,测定长白山两种森林类型,阔叶红松林和云冷杉林土壤的氮净矿化速率。将含水量适度和饱和的原样土柱置于5℃、15℃、25℃和35℃恒温箱中培养30d。分析培养前后的NH^ 4-N和NO^-3-N含量,确定土壤有机氮的矿化速率。结果表明,对于不同的土壤和不同的含水量,土壤的净的净矿化速率与温度呈正相关;而净硝化速率在低温段与温度正相关,在高温段则呈负相关,而且整个培养期硝态氮的变化不大。建立两种森林类型土壤氮净矿化速率与温度的一次线性和指数回归方程,发现指数回归效果较好,用回归方程模拟两种森林类型土壤的年矿化量分别为111．8kg/(hm^2.a)和57．4kg/(hm^2.a),与实测值1217．36kg(hm^2.a)和47．41kg/(hm^2.a)很接近。     

黄土高原不同土壤微生物量碳、氮与氮素矿化势的差异

以采自于黄土高原差异较大的25个农田石灰性耕层土壤为供试土样,对黄土高原主要类型土壤中微生物量碳(Bc)、微生物量氮(BN)和氮素矿化势(NO)的差异性进行了比较研究.结果表明,Bc、BN和NO在不同类型土壤间存在显著差异,由关中平原至陕北风沙区,BC、Bn和NO总体呈现下降趋势,其中以土垫旱耕人为土最高,简育干润均腐土最低,黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土居中:土垫旱耕人为土、简育干润均腐土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土等各土类平均BC分别为305.2μg·g-1,108.4μg·g-1,161.7μg·g-1和125.4μg·g-1,BN分别为43.8μg·g-1,20.3μg·g-1,26.0μg·g-1和30.6μg·g-1,NO分别为223μ·g-1,75μg·g-1,163μg·g-1和193μg·g-1.土壤氮素矿化速率(k)则以简育干润均腐土最大,干润砂质新成土最低,土垫旱耕人为土和黄土正常新成土居中:土垫旱耕人为土、简育干润均腐土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土的k分别为0.039w-1,0.044w-1,0.031w-1和0.019w-1.不同类型土壤BC、BN与NO的差异,主要与土壤形成过程、输入土壤的植物同化产物和土壤有机质的差异等有关,从较大尺度进一步证明了在黄土高原,土壤有机质是影响BC、BN的主要因子.研究结果对分析黄土高原土壤生产力形成过程具有一定参考价值.     

四种温带森林土壤氮矿化与硝化时空格局

利用PVC管原位培养连续取样法测定了东北地区4种具有代表性的森林生态系统(硬阔叶林、蒙古栎林、红松林、落叶松林)土壤氮素矿化、硝化的时间动态及氮矿化的空间分布格局.结果表明:4种森林土壤氮素矿化存在明显的时空变异.蒙古栎和红松林土壤在6月份表现出强烈的氮矿化和硝化作用,而硬阔叶林及落叶松林7月份氮素矿化强烈.4种森林生态系统上层土壤的氮净矿(硝)化率显著高于下层土壤.4种林型土壤的硝化过程在氮矿化过程中占有重要地位,其NO-3-N在无机氮中的比例分别为:79.9%～91.1%(硬阔叶林)、50.7%～80.5%(蒙古栎林)、54.1%～92.0%(红松林)、63.7%～86.5%(落叶松林).生态系统构成决定了土壤氮素的矿化能力.阔叶林和针阔混交林生态系统矿化率大于纯针叶林生态系统.硬阔叶林、红松林、蒙古栎林、落叶松林的平均净矿化率分别为:(0.58±0.01) mg · kg-1 · d-1、(0.47±0.19) mg · kg-1 · d-1、(0.39±0.11) mg · kg-1 · d-1和(0.23±0.06) mg · kg-1 · d-1.4种林型氮素矿化作用与地下5 cm温度呈正相关,并受土壤表层 (0～10 cm)水分显著影响.土壤微生物量氮与土壤氮矿化呈显著正相关.     

Nitrogen mineralization,groundwater dynamics,and forest growth on a Minnesota outwash landscape

We measured aboveground biomass and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), groundwater depth and fluctuation, andin situ nitrogen (N) mineralization in 13 upland and 4 wetland forest stands at Cedar Creek Natural History Area (CCNHA). The area, in east central Minnesota (45°25 N, 93°10 W), is on well-sorted glacial outwash of very uniform fine sand. Uplands are interspersed with peadands and the area has shallow groundwater. Stands were aggregated into six ecosystem types based on overstory composition: oak, pine-oak, mesic hardwoods, northern white-cedar, lowland hardwoods, and savanna. Aboveground overstory biomass ranged from 35 to 250 Mg ha^–1; lowest in the savanna and highest in the pine-oak. The ANPP ranged from about 2 to 7.5 Mg ha^–1; also lowest in the savanna but highest in the white-cedar. Over all types, the annual aboveground uptake of N was poorly related to available N measured byin situ mineralization (r ² = 0.01), but the relationship was better (r ² = 0.88) if N availability in the wetland stands was assumed to be a fixed proportion of N in the surface soil (1.5%). Over all types,in situ N mineralization was poorly related to ANPP (r ² = 0.05) and biomass (r ² = 0.38). Both ANPP and overstory biomass were more closely related to groundwater fluctuation (r ² = 0.87 and 0.28, respectively) than to depth (r ² = 0.01 and 0.21, respectively)). The strength of all relationships varied with the inclusion or exclusion of data from the wetland types or the savanna. Total soil N and rates of mineralization were inversely related (r² = 0.42) because of data from wetland stands. Results demonstrate that the positive relationships between aboveground productivity and measuredin situ N mineralization observed in upland forests are not valid for the landscape that includes wetland forests either becausein situ measurements do not indicate N availability in wetlands or because of the presence of other limiting factors. The north temperate landscape includes an abundance of wetland forests with potentially strong linkages to uplands. This study suggests that the commonly-used measure of N availability provides inconsistent information about controls on ecosystems processes in this diverse landscape.Abbreviations ANPP aboveground net primary productivity - CCNHA Cedar Creek National History Area     

Nitrogen dynamics in humus and soil beneath Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) planted in pure stands and in mixture with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Sitka spruce planted on nutrient-poor soils in mixture with pine or larch, unlike pure spruce, does not become N deficient and does not require N fertilizer. To test the hypothesis that N availability in the soil is enhanced beneath mixed species, the seasonal changes in different N forms were compared in humus (L+F+H) and soil beneath 15-year-old Sitka spruce (SS) and mixed Sitka spruce-Scots pine (SS and SP) planted on a gleyed heathland soil. Amounts of mineral and organic N extracted from humus in spring were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in SS and SP than in SS. Larger amounts were measured in the underlying soil, which favoured the deeper-rooting spruce and pine in SS and SP plots. Annual net N mineralization, measured by in-situ incubation, was 32 and 47 kg N ha^-1 in the surface 10 cm beneath SS and (SS and SP), respectively. In spring, readily mineralized organic N (waterlogged incubation at 30°C) was higher in humus and soil from (SS and SP) than from SS by 15 kg N ha^-1. The larger N pools beneath (SS and SP) were consistent with the higher total N content of the humus beneath (SS and SP), 446 compared with 255 kg N ha^-1 beneath SS. This indicated that beneath (SS and SP) N had been transferred from the underlying soil.     

丹江口库区覆膜耕作土壤净氮矿化随夏玉米生长期的变化

农田土壤净氮矿化对土壤氮素流失和农业非点源污染有重要影响.以丹江口库区五龙池小流域夏玉米黄棕壤为例,进行原位矿化试验,通过与无覆膜耕作土壤相比较,研究覆膜耕作条件下土壤净氮矿化在夏玉米生长期内的变化.结果表明: 夏玉米整个生长期内,覆膜耕作土壤净氨化量、净硝化量和净氮矿化量均明显高于无覆膜土壤,分别高6.63、12.96和19.59 mg·kg^-1;覆膜耕作土壤净氨化速率表现为在苗期较高、抽穗期最低、成熟期增至最高的变化特征,而土壤净硝化和净氮矿化速率均呈现苗期较高、拔节期最低、成熟期升至最高的变化过程;覆膜耕作土壤净氮矿化速率均与土壤全氮和NO₃^--N含量、土壤含水量之间呈显著线性关系.覆膜可有效调节土壤水热条件,促进土壤净氮矿化.     

原始红松林退化演替后土壤氮矿化特征变化

土壤氮矿化是氮素生物地理化学循环的重要环节,表征着土壤的供氮潜力,其变化过程会影响森林生态系统生产力。从小兴安岭典型的原始红松林及其退化形成的次生阔叶林样地采集土壤样品,采用好气室内培养法,研究在不同培养温度(4℃、12℃、20℃、28℃和36℃)和湿度(20%、40%、60%、80%和100%饱和持水量,WHC)下,2种林地土壤氮转化速率的变化。结果表明:与原始红松林相比,次生阔叶林表层土(0—20 cm)的有机质、全碳、全氮、硝态氮、碳/氮比、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、pH值均显著升高,铵态氮显著降低(P0.05)。采用方差分析结果表明:原始红松林表层土壤的净矿化速率、净硝化速率均显著低于次生阔叶林,但净氨化速率的变化则相反;培养温度和湿度及两者的交互作用均对土壤氮转化速率影响显著(P0.001)。原始红松林和次生阔叶林净矿化速率对温度和湿度变化的响应存在一定差异,最适温度和湿度分别为28℃—36℃和60%(WHC)。原始红松林土壤氮矿化温度敏感性指数(Q_(10))显著高于次生阔叶林(P0.05),均值分别为2.08和1.80,Q_(10)与基质质量指数(A)呈负相关,与土壤有机质呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。     

华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林不同深度土壤氮矿化及酶活性对模拟氮沉降的响应

在森林土壤中,无机氮的垂直移动速率较快,因此大气氮沉降极有可能对下层森林土壤造成较大影响,且表层土壤往往与下层土壤的物理化学特性和所处环境差异较大,因此土壤剖面中不同深度的土壤对大气氮沉降的响应可能存在较大差异。以往研究表明,"华西雨屏"区的年均氮湿沉降量高达95 kg N hm^-2 a^-1,处于中国最高水平,该森林生态系统出现一定氮饱和特征。基于以上背景,研究华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林不同深度土壤氮矿化及相关酶活性对模拟氮沉降的响应,从2014年1月起进行野外定位模拟氮沉降试验,分别设置对照（CK,+0 g N hm^-2 a^-1）、低氮（LN,+5 g N hm^-2 a^-1）和高氮（HN,+15 g N hm^-2 a^-1）3个氮添加水平。在氮沉降进行5年后进行土壤采样,测定不同深度土壤（上层0-15 cm、中层15-30 cm、下层30-45 cm）全氮（TN）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量及氮矿化相关酶活性。结果表明：（1）该常绿阔叶次生林不同深度土壤TN有显著差异;（2）模拟氮沉降对该系统土壤氮矿化总体表现出极显著抑制作用,其中中层土壤抑制作用最为强烈,净氮矿化速率主要受硝化过程的影响;（3）氮矿化相关酶活性均随土壤深度的加深而降低,模拟氮沉降对土壤脲酶活性有极显著促进作用,对土壤硝酸还原酶活性有显著抑制作用。由于无机氮在土壤剖面中的高度可移动性,深层土壤氮循环和特征对氮沉降的响应需要更加密切的关注。     

石灰性土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤颗粒组成和氮矿化势的关系

以黄土高原土壤类型和土壤肥力差异较大的25个农田石灰性耕层土壤为供试土样,研究了土壤微生物量碳（BC）、微生物量氮（BN）与土壤氮素矿化势（NO）、全氮（TN）、有机碳（OC）及土壤颗粒组成的关系．结果表明：BC、BN与TN、OC呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）,表明BC、BN与土壤肥力关系密切,可作为评价土壤质量的生物学指标．BC、BN与NO均呈高度正相关,相关系数分别为0．665和0．741（P〈0．01）．BC、BN、TN、OC、NO与土壤物理性粘粒（〈0．01mm）呈显著或极显著正相关,而与物理性砂粒（〉0．01mm）呈显著或极显著负相关,与物理性粘粒和砂粒比值呈显著或极显著正相关,表明土壤有机质主要通过与土壤物理性粘粒复合而形成有机无机复合体．     

Microbes drive global soil nitrogen mineralization and availability

Soil net nitrogen mineralization rate (N_min), which is critical for soil nitrogen availability and plant growth, is thought to be primarily controlled by climate and soil physical and/or chemical properties. However, the role of microbes on regulating soil N_min has not been evaluated on the global scale. By compiling 1565 observational data points of potential net N_min from 198 published studies across terrestrial ecosystems, we found that N_min significantly increased with soil microbial biomass, total nitrogen, and mean annual precipitation, but decreased with soil pH. The variation of N_min was ascribed predominantly to soil microbial biomass on global and biome scales. Mean annual precipitation, soil pH, and total soil nitrogen significantly influenced N_min through soil microbes. The structural equation models (SEM) showed that soil substrates were the main factors controlling N_min when microbial biomass was excluded. Microbe became the primary driver when it was included in SEM analysis. SEM with soil microbial biomass improved the N_min prediction by 19% in comparison with that devoid of soil microbial biomass. The changes in N_min contributed the most to global soil NH₄⁺‐N variations in contrast to climate and soil properties. This study reveals the complex interactions of climate, soil properties, and microbes on N_min and highlights the importance of soil microbial biomass in determining N_min and nitrogen availability across the globe. The findings necessitate accurate representation of microbes in Earth system models to better predict nitrogen cycle under global change.     

Treeline shifts in the Ural mountains affect soil organic matter dynamics

Historical photographs document that during the last century, forests have expanded upwards by 60–80 m into former tundra of the pristine Ural mountains. We assessed how the shift of the high‐altitude treeline ecotone might affect soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. On the gentle slopes of Mali Iremel in the Southern Urals, we (1) determined the differences in SOM stocks and properties from the tundra at 1360 m above sea level (a.s.l.) to the subalpine forest at 1260 m a.s.l., and (2) measured carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization from tundra and forest soils at 7 and 20 °C in a 6‐month incubation experiment. C stocks of organic layers were 3.6±0.3 kg C m^?2 in the tundra and 1.9±0.2 kg C m^?2 in the forest. Mineral soils down to the bedrock stored significantly more C in the forest, and thus, total soil C stocks were slightly but insignificantly greater in the forest (+3 kg C m^?2). Assuming a space for time approach based on tree ages suggests that the soil C sink due to the forest expansion during the last century was at most 30 g C m^?2 yr^?1. Diffuse reflective infrared spectroscopy and scanning calorimetry revealed that SOM under forest was less humified in both organic and mineral horizons and, therefore, contained more available substrate. Consistent with this result, C mineralization rates of organic layers and A horizons of the forest were two to four times greater than those of tundra soils. This difference was similar in magnitude to the effect of increasing the incubation temperature from 7 to 20 °C. Hence, indirect climate change effects through an upward expansion of forests can be much larger than direct warming effects (Δ0.3 K across the treeline). Net N mineralization was 2.5 to six times greater in forest than in tundra soils, suggesting that an advancing treeline likely increases N availability. This may provide a nutritional basis for the fivefold increase in plant biomass and a tripling in productivity from the tundra to the forest. In summary, our results suggest that an upward expansion of forest has small net effects on C storage in soils but leads to changes in SOM quality, accelerates C cycling and increases net N mineralization, which in turn might stimulate plant growth and thus C sequestration in tree biomass.     

In situ soil net nitrogen mineralization in coastal salt marshes (Suaeda salsa) with different flooding periods in a Chinese estuary

Flooding periods can be one of the most important factors influencing nitrogen (N) biogeochemical processes in wetlands ecosystem. We conducted a field study using in situ incubation method to investigate the seasonal dynamics of soil net N mineralization in three coastal salt marshes (Suaeda salsa) with different flooding periods (i.e., short-term (STF), seasonal (SF), and tidal (TF) flooding wetland) in the Yellow River Delta. Selected soil inorganic N pools (ammonium, nitrate and inorganic N) and N transformation (mineralization, nitrification and ammonification) rates in the top 0–10 cm soils were repeatedly quantified from April to October. Clear seasonal patterns in inorganic N pools and transformation rates were observed in accord with the seasonal variations of temperature and moisture. Generally, higher levels of soil inorganic nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^－-N) occurred in the early-growing season (April), and NH₄⁺-N contents got a small accumulative peak in midsummer (September). The lower rates (negative) of net mineralization (R_min), nitrification (R_nit) and ammonification (R_amm) were observed in the early-growing season (April–June) and fall (September–October), whereas higher values (positive) in midsummer (August–September). Flooding had a significant influence on inorganic N pools (except for NH₄⁺-N) and transformation rates (p < 0.05). R_min values in SF wetland were significantly higher in the August-September period than those in other incubation periods. R_nit values in TF wetland exhibited a small variation and the highest value occured in the June–August period. The results of principal component analysis showed that soil samples were clearly divided into two groups before and after flow-sediment regulation. After flooding events, the R_min and R_amm values generally increased in the three wetlands, whereas a significant decrease in R_nit values was observed in SF wetland (p < 0.05), thus the differences in NO₃^－-N among these wetlands were eliminated. These results suggested that seasonal variations in temperature and moisture are important factors influencing inorganic N pools and transformation rates.     

不同土壤水分条件下华美新小杆线虫对枯草芽孢杆菌数量、活性及土壤氮素矿化的影响

采用悉生培养微缩体系,探讨了不同土壤含水量条件下,华美新小杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)数量和活性及土壤氮素矿化的影响.结果表明：在试验设置的不同含水量条件下,线虫对细菌的取食活动均促进了细菌的增殖 ,并明显提高了土壤呼吸强度; 不同含水量条件对细菌的增殖促进作用总体表现为23%含水量处理>17%含水量处理>28%含水量处理.线虫与细菌的相互作用显著提高了土壤铵态氮和矿质氮含量,促进了土壤氮的矿化.接种线虫对土壤氮素矿化的促进作用表现为23%含水量处理的矿质氮含量显著高于其它两个含水量处理.     

氮硅添加对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响

为了解全球气候变化背景下氮沉降对土壤氮矿化的影响及硅添加对土壤氮矿化的促进作用, 该试验设置不同浓度的氮肥单独添加(0、20、40、60 g·m ^-2, 分别为对照CK、N20、N40、N60)以及与硅肥配施(硅酸4 g·m ^-2, Si4), 测定不同处理下0-20、20-40、40-60 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量、净硝化速率、净氨化速率以及净矿化速率。结果显示: (1)单独添加氮肥, 各土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量均随处理浓度的增加而增加, 0-20 cm土层N20、N40、N60处理下土壤硝态氮和铵态氮分别较CK增加63.48%、126.04%、247.03%和80.66%、152.52%、244.56%; 随着土层深度增加, 土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量均有下降, 20-40、40-60 cm土层较0-20 cm土层硝态氮含量分别平均减少53.90%、76.05%, 铵态氮含量分别平均减少48.62%、68.23%。(2)土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率及净矿化速率随着氮肥浓度增加均呈上升趋势。相同氮肥添加浓度下, 土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率和净矿化速率随着土层深度增加逐渐下降(除CK外)。(3)与单独添加氮肥比较, 氮硅肥配施, 土壤氮含量有显著提高, 在0-20 cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮较CK分别增加98.78%、192.62%、330.16%和99.96%、195.82%、306.32%, 20-40、40-60 cm土层也有类似趋势。同时, 氮硅配施促进了土壤氮矿化行为, 在0-20 cm土层, N60Si4处理下的土壤净硝化速率、净氨化速率较单独施氮时分别增加35.88%、27.41%。以上结果表明, 与单独氮肥添加相比, 氮硅配施不但能提高土壤氮含量, 而且能促进土壤氮的矿化作用, 对大气氮沉降有一定的缓解作用。     

沙地不同树种人工林土壤氮素矿化过程及其有效性

土壤氮素（N）转化是生态系统重要的生态过程之一,可作为生态恢复评价的重要指标。以位于科尔沁沙地东南缘的章古台地区草地、30年生的樟子松（Pinus sylvestris vat．mongolica）、赤松（P.densiflora）和杨树（Populus simonii）人工林为对象。采用PVC顶盖埋管法和离子交换树脂袋法研究了土壤N矿化特征及其有效性。结果表明,生长季内土壤N净矿化量表现为草地（8.06μg／g）和赤松林（9．06μg／g）低于樟子松林（18．36μg／g）和杨树林（17．88μg／g）（P〈0．05）;树脂吸附的无机N表现为草地（283．50μg／g dry resin）和杨树林（297.00μg／g dry resin）最低,樟子松林（440．10μg／g dry resin）居中,而赤松林（835．65μg/g dry resin）最高（P〈0．05）。综合分析林地土壤理化特性、矿化特征和N有效性,表明樟子松、赤松和小叶杨均可作为固沙造林选择树种,其表现为赤松〉樟子松〉小叶杨。认为深入开展生态系统N平衡研究有利于更好地评价固沙林的功能。     

温度和湿度对我国内蒙古羊草草原土壤净氮矿化的影响

土壤氮素的矿化是反映土壤供氮能力的重要因素之一 ,也是目前国内外研究的热点。通过测定内蒙古典型羊草草原自由放牧地土壤净氮矿化量和净氮矿化速率 ,揭示影响草地生态系统土壤氮循环过程的有关机理 ,为草地生态系统建模提供理论依据。在实验室条件下 ,运用恒温恒湿培养箱控制土壤的温度与湿度 ,测定羊草草原长期自由放牧地土壤氮素矿化量的积累。将不同水分含量的土柱分别放在温度为 - 10℃、0℃、5℃、15℃、2 5℃和 35℃的恒温恒湿培养箱中培养 ,培养 1、2、3、5周后取出 ,分析培养前后的 NH 4- N和 NO- 3- N含量 ,以确定土壤净氮矿化 (NH 4- N NO- 3- N)的累积和不同时间段内的矿化速率。结果表明 :不同处理温度和水分之间的差异均达到显著水平 (p<0 .0 0 0 1)。温度和水分之间具有显著的交互作用 (p<0 .0 0 0 1)。随着培养时间的延长 ,矿化氮累积量增加 ,但是矿化速率下降     

土壤水分和氮添加对华北平原高产农田有机碳矿化的影响

通过105 d的恒温(25℃)控湿室内培养方法,探讨了华北平原高产粮田土壤有机碳矿化特征以及水分和有机、无机氮输入对其影响。试验设4个肥料添加水平和4个水分梯度,分别为对照(S0)、仅添加无机氮(尿素)(S1)、无机氮和有机氮(鸡粪)配施(S2)以及仅添加有机氮(S3)和25%(田间持水量;M0)、50%(M1)、75%(M2)和100%(M3)共16个处理,每处理3次重复。结果表明,各处理有机碳矿化速率均在培养后1 d达第1高峰,之后直线下降,培养7 d时下降幅度达57.2%—75.0%,培养20—30 d时出现第2高峰。有机碳累积矿化量有208.8—1161 mg/kg,主要集中在前30 d,可占整个培养期的59.1%—69.9%,105 d的净矿化率为0.07%—2.01%。根据双指数方程模拟结果,研究了土壤潜在矿化碳库(C1+C2),其中活性碳库(C1)和惰性碳库(C2)分别为53.0—135.1 mg/kg和156.9—1069 mg/kg,潜在矿化率为1.75%—9.66%。土壤含水量显著影响有机碳矿化,且与潜在矿化碳库呈二次函数关系(P0.05)。田间持水量25%—100%范围内,随着土壤含水量的升高,有机碳矿化速率呈增加趋势,但增幅降低,其中M2(田间持水量75%)的有机碳净矿化率最高。有机碳矿化量与土壤微生物碳和矿质氮含量呈线性正相关(P0.05),保持氮水平(200 kg N/hm2)相同,有机氮(鸡粪)和无机氮(尿素)均显著促进土壤有机碳矿化,但两者间差异不显著(P0.05),且有机氮和无机氮对有机碳矿化的影响均与土壤含水量有显著交互作用(P0.05)。     

Comparison between a chemical and a biological method to determine the N mineralization potential of temperate-humid region soils

The potentially mineralizable organic N of 33 different soils was estimated by a chemical test (hot extraction with 2N KCl) and the values compared with those previously obtained by a biological method (aerobic incubation in the laboratory). On average, the organic N solubilized by the chemical procedure was significantly lower than that mineralized by a two weeks aerobic incubation for all the soils as a whole. The same was true for soils developed over acid rocks and over sediments. However, the values obtained for the soils developed over limestone and basic rocks were similar by both methods. The values obtained by both methods were not significantly correlated neither when considering all soils together nor when considering different groups according to soil management or parent material. Significant correlations between both methods were only found when the soils were separated into two groups according to their organic N content: soils with less than 400 mg N 100 g^–1 soil and soils with more than 400 mg N 100 g^–1 soil. The organic N solubilized by the chemical procedure was significantly correlated with the hexosamine-N content; however, it was not correlated with the factors that control the biological mineralization of the organic N, except with the soluble Al content. Therefore, the chemical extraction did not seem to address the biologically active N pool in a selective way.