Combining ability for the traits of stem branching and plant height in linseed lines

Combining ability for the traits of stem branching and plant height has been studied in ten pure lines of flax under complete and incomplete diallel crosses. High heritability of the traits "plant height", "the number of lateral stems" and "the number of lateral shoots" and essential role of genes with dominant effects of interaction in genetic control of the traits of stem branching and plant height have been shown. On the basis of combining ability indexes the ways for usage of certain genotypes and crossing combinations in flax breeding were defined. As a result of individual selection from hybrid combinations some new complexes of habit traits and agriculturally valuable plant characteristics were obtained.     

甘蓝型油菜若干农艺性状与单株产量的关系分析

以38个甘蓝型油菜品种为材料,对单株产量、有效分枝部位高度、主轴花序长度等11个农艺性状进行了方差分析、通径分析和聚类分析．结果显示:所有调查性状在品种间存在显著的差异;主花序长度、主序有效角果数与单株产量都有显著的遗传相关性,两者都通过有效分枝部位高度对单株产量产生较大的正向间接作用;有效分枝部位高度对单株产量的影响也较显著,高产品种具有相对较高的有效分枝部位高度;总角果数对单株产量的直接遗传通径系数虽小,但它具有最大的直接表型通径系数,它通过主序有效角果数和有效分枝数对单株产量产生了两个较大的间接作用;要获得3130kg/hm~2的产量,重点应具备果多、枝多的特征,总角果数不少于657个,有效分枝数不少于18个．     

Genetic mapping of QTLs affecting productivity and plant architecture in a full-sib cross from non-inbred parents in Cassava (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Manihot esculenta</Emphasis> Crantz)

An attempt was made to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for several productivity and plant architecture traits in a full-sib progeny of 144 individuals from two non-inbred parents in cassava. A molecular linkage map of this cross constructed previously with over 250 markers was the source of molecular markers. The progeny were grown under field conditions at two locations (Palmira and Quilichao) in Colombia and evaluated in 2 years (1998 and 1999) for architecture and productivity traits. Architecture traits evaluated were plant height (PH), branching height (BH), branching levels (BL), branching index (BI), stem portion with leaves (SPL) and leaf area index (LAI). Productivity traits were those related to total dry matter production and distribution, namely fresh root yield (FRY), fresh shoot yield (FSY), harvest index (HI) and the number of storage roots (NR). Phenotypic evaluation of the traits in this population revealed continuous variation for all traits. Broad-sense heritability estimates, ranged from 36% (for NR) to 94% (for BH). Several significant phenotypic correlations were observed between architecture and productivity traits. Primary QTLs, using the single-QTL model, and secondary QTLs, by a primary QTL interaction model, were detected by interval mapping. A total of 30 primary QTLs and 84 secondary QTLs were detected. We identified 35% of detected QTLs in two or more trials, the other QTLs were environment-specific. These results underscore the significant genotype × environment interactions found for most of the traits. Several genomic segments affecting multiple traits were identified and were in agreement with correlation among traits. All QTLs identified for FRY were found associated with either component traits of productivity or architecture traits. This study suggests that QTLs for plant architecture can be used to improve productivity. However an exhaustive search and analysis of QTLs controlling architecture is required before marker-assisted selection (MAS) for increasing productivity can be initiated.Communicated by H. C. Becker     

西藏和周边地区芥菜型油菜农艺性状比较研究

利用113份芥菜型油菜,运用典范相关分析方法,对西藏及周边地区芥菜型油菜的产量性状、主茎性状、分枝性状、角果性状等4组性状间的典范相关关系进行了比较研究。结果表明：(1)所研究的18个性状中,西藏芥菜型油菜的均值为周边地区芥菜型油菜的1.88倍,总体变异系数比周边省份芥菜型油菜高10.22%;(2)西藏芥菜型油菜单株产量主要取决于每株角果数和千粒重,而周边省份芥菜型油菜单株产量主要取决于每株有效角果数,中国周边国家芥菜型油菜单株产量主要取决于每株有效角果数、千粒重;(3)影响西藏芥菜型油菜产量性状最重要的因素是角果性状,其次是分枝性状和主茎性状,而影响周边省份和中国周边国家芥菜型油菜产量性状最重要的因素则是主茎性状,其次是分枝性状和角果性状;(4)西藏芥菜型油菜4组性状间极显著或显著相关的典型变量累计有9对性状,周边省份芥菜型油菜有8对性状,中国周边国家芥菜型油菜有5对性状,西藏与周边省份和中国周边国家芥菜型油菜生态性状间既有密切联系,亦略不同。     

Genomic regions underlying agronomic traits in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) as revealed by association mapping OA简

The extreme climate of the Canadian Prairies poses a major challenge to improve yield. Although it is possible to breed for yield per se, focusing on yield‐related traits could be advantageous because of their simpler genetic architecture. The Canadian flax core collection of 390 accessions was genotyped with 464 simple sequence repeat markers, and phenotypic data for nine agronomic traits including yield, bolls per area, 1,000 seed weight, seeds per boll, start of flowering, end of flowering, plant height, plant branching, and lodging collected from up to eight environments was used for association mapping. Based on a mixed model (principal component analysis (PCA) + kinship matrix (K)), 12 significant marker‐trait associations for six agronomic traits were identified. Most of the associations were stable across environments as revealed by multivariate analyses. Statistical simulation for five markers associated with 1000 seed weight indicated that the favorable alleles have additive effects. None of the modern cultivars carried the five favorable alleles and the maximum number of four observed in any accessions was mostly in breeding lines. Our results confirmed the complex genetic architecture of yield‐related traits and the inherent difficulties associated with their identification while illustrating the potential for improvement through marker‐assisted selection.     

Genomic regions underlying agronomic traits in linseed （Linum usitatissimum L.） as revealed by association mapping

The extreme climate of the Canadian Prairies poses a major chal enge to improve yield. Although it is possible to breed for yield per se, focusing on yield-related traits could be advantageous because of their simpler genetic architecture. The Canadian flax core col ection of 390 accessions was genotyped with 464 simple sequence repeat markers, and phenotypic data for nine agronomic traits including yield, bol s per area, 1,000 seed weight, seeds per bol , start of flowering, end of flowering, plant height, plant branching, and lodging col ected from up to eight environments was used for association mapping. Based on a mixed model （principal component analysis （PCA） t kinship matrix （K））, 12 significant marker-trait associations for six agronomic traits were identi-fied. Most of the associations were stable across environments as revealed by multivariate analyses. Statistical simulation for five markers associated with 1000 seed weight indicated that the favorable al eles have additive effects. None of the modern cultivars carried the five favorable al eles and the maximum number of four observed in any accessions was mostly in＆amp;nbsp;breeding lines. Our results confirmed the complex genetic architecture of yield-related traits and the inherent difficulties associated with their identification while il ustrating the potential for improvement through marker-assisted selection.     

植物茎秆性状形成与发育的分子基础

株型是作物品种改良的重要目标性状, 其中茎秆是最重要的株型性状。植物发育分子生物学研究表明, 茎秆性状的形成和发育受多个重要基因的严格调控。本文从茎秆的发生、形状和分枝的形成等方面对茎秆发育的分子机理进行概述, 以期为植物株型的改良提供理论依据。     

植物茎秆性状形成与发育的分子基础

株型是作物品种改良的重要目标性状,其中茎秆是最重要的株型性状。植物发育分子生物学研究表明,茎秆性状的形成和发育受多个重要基因的严格调控。本文从茎秆的发生、形状和分枝的形成等方面对茎秆发育的分子机理进行概述,以期为植物株型的改良提供理论依据。     

放牧强度对内蒙古典型草原糙隐子草功能性状的影响

研究糙隐子草株高、丛幅等11个性状指标对不同强度放牧(不放牧;5、7月两次放牧;全生长季5次放牧)的响应.结果表明:以不放牧为对照,经过连续5年的放牧处理,糙隐子草的生殖枝数、株高、茎质量、比叶面积和总叶面积显著降低,5、7月放牧处理各指标降幅分别为61.7％、21.5％、33.3％、21.6％、26.7％,全生长季放...     

播种季节和种植方式对多年生苦荞主要农艺性状的影响

该研究选取六个多年生苦荞新品系,对春季、秋季直播与秋季再生其主要农艺性状进行调查。结果表明:(1)不同播种季节对多年生苦荞新品系主花序的花粉可育率、总结实率、有效结实率、植株株高、主茎粗、主茎分枝数、主茎节数、籽粒百粒重、单株粒数、单株产量的影响均达到显著或极显著水平;秋播主花序花粉可育率、总结实率、有效结实率、植株主茎分枝数、籽粒百粒重、单株粒数、单株产量均极显著高于春播;植株株高、主茎粗、主茎节数均极显著低于春播;主花序花朵大小、籽粒种子长宽比无显著差异。(2)不同种植方式对主花序花粉可育率、有效结实率、植株主茎节数及籽粒百粒重的影响达到显著或极显著水平;秋季再生主花序花粉可育率、籽粒单株粒数显著高于秋季直播;主花序有效结实率、植株主茎粗、主茎节数、籽粒百粒重显著低于秋季直播;主花序花朵大小、总结实率、植株株高、主茎分枝数、籽粒种子长宽比、单株产量无显著差异;相关分析表明,各生长季节下主花序有效结实率及单株粒数与单株产量的相关系数均最高。(3)所有参试品系中,1612-241秋季直播的单株产量显著高于其他品系; 1612-16、1612-33秋季再生单株产量较正季优势显著。该研究结果有助于筛选出适宜一季播种两季收获的优良品系,为今后多年生苦荞的选择育种提供线索基础。     

亚麻主要农艺与品质相关性状的QTL定位

为了全面了解亚麻产量和品质相关性状的遗传基础,为亚麻基因克隆和分子标记辅助育种提供理论依据,在已构建SNP连锁遗传图谱的基础上,以LH-89为父本,R43为母本构建F2:3家系QTL定位群体,用R/QTL软件采用复合区间作图法对13个农艺和品质性状进行QTL定位。结果表明:(1)该研究共检测出35个QTL位点,与粗脂肪及其组成成分相关的QTL有20个,与农艺性状相关的QTL有15个;其中:亚油酸和粗脂肪各5个,亚麻酸、千粒重各4个,棕榈酸、株高、工艺长度各3个,硬脂酸、分枝数各2个,单株果数、果粒数、单株粒重、油酸各1个。(2)共有18个QTL的表型贡献率超10%(主效基因),其中农艺性状定位8个主效基因,品质性状定位10个主效基因。     

大豆小区产量及其相关性状QTL间的上位性和环境互作效应

以晋豆23栽培大豆(Glycine max)为母本、灰布支黑豆(ZDD2315,半野生大豆)为父本衍生出447个RIL群体,通过构建SSR遗传图谱及利用混合线性模型分析方法,对2年大豆小区产量及主要植物学性状进行QTL定位,并作加性效应、加性×加性上位互作效应及环境互作效应分析。结果显示,共检测到12个与小区产量、单株粒重、单株茎重、单株粒茎比、有效分枝、主茎节数、株高和结荚高度相关的QTL,分别位于A1、A2、H_1、I、J_2和M连锁群上。其中小区产量、株高、单株粒重、有效分枝和主茎节数均表现为遗传正效应,即增加其性状的等位基因来源于母本晋豆23。同时,检测到11对影响小区产量、单株粒重、单株茎重、株高和结荚高度的加性×加性上位互作效应及环境互作效应的QTL,发现22个QTL与环境存在互作。实验结果表明,上位效应和QE互作效应对大豆小区产量及主要农艺性状的遗传影响很大。进行大豆分子标记辅助育种时,既要考虑效应起主要作用的QTL,又要注重上位性QTL,这样有利于性状的稳定表达和遗传。     

典型草原围封后羊草地上功能性状对枯落物累积的响应

植物功能性状反映植物适应环境变化过程中在不同器官形态与功能间的资源权衡与分配策略。典型草原围封后枯落物累积导致群落光照、热量和水分的重新分配并改变微环境特征。在此过程中植物地上功能性状将通过怎样的变化来适应新的环境,目前尚不清楚。2015—2017年每年8月对内蒙古地区3种典型草原共有物种羊草（Leymus chinensis）的植株、叶片和茎干功能性状进行了测量与分析。结果表明：枯落物累积显著增加了羊草的植株高度、单株重量、茎叶比和总叶面积;枯落物累积显著增加了羊草的叶片长度、叶片重量、单叶面积、节间长度和茎干重量,这些性状属于敏感性状;枯落物累积对羊草的叶片数量和节间数量无显著影响,相对而言,这些性状属于惰性性状;羊草的单株重量与植株高度、叶片重量呈极显著的正相关关系（P<0.0001）;羊草的植株高度与节间数量、节间长度呈极显著的正相关关系（P<0.0001）。本研究结果从植物地上功能性状的角度阐明了典型草原植物对环境变化的适应方式,可为围封草原的合理管理提供基础数据与理论依据。     

Genetic modification of plant architecture and variety improvement in rice

The structure of the aerial part of a plant, referred to as plant architecture, is subject to strict genetic control, and grain production in cereal crops is governed by an array of agronomic traits. Rice is one of the most important cereal crops and is also a model plant for molecular biological research. Recently, significant progress has been made in isolating and collecting rice mutants that exhibit altered plant architecture. In this article we summarize the recent progress in understanding the basic patterning mechanisms involved in the regulation of tillering (branching) pattern, stem structure and leaf arrangement in rice plants. We discuss the relationship between the genetic modification of plant architecture and the improvement of pivotal agronomic traits in rice.     

有机肥对羊草营养生长期功能性状变化的影响

本文研究不同有机肥水平下羊草（Leymus chinensis）营养生长期功能性状的变化规律、响应机制及其相关性的变化,试图为资源环境与植物功能性状的动态研究和草地生态系统的恢复提供参考。结果显示：（1）有机肥会使羊草叶长、叶面为了探讨不同有机肥施用水平下羊草（Leymus chinensis）营养生长期功能性状的变化规律、响应机制及其相关性的变化,为资源环境与植物功能性状的动态研究和草地生态系统的恢复提供参考。选择中国农业科学院呼伦贝尔草原生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站附近,割草利用超过20 a未施用过肥料的固定草场作为试验场地,围封并划分若干小区,设置对照以及低、中、高4个有机肥施用水平（有N效养分用量分别为0、 63、127和 190 kg/hm2）,在羊草主要营养生长的前、中、后期采集样品,测定相关功能性状。分别采用二次曲线方程拟合、单因素多元方差分析、Pearson相关分析和积分（逐步）回归等方法分析羊草功能性状的变化趋势、差异性、相关性及影响系数。结果显示：（1）有机肥会使羊草叶长、叶面积、自然叶宽、展开叶宽、比叶面积、茎长、茎质量、株高由先升后降的变化趋势变为逐渐增加的趋势,同时使叶干物质含量和茎干物质含量有所下降;（2）有机肥会改变羊草功能性状之间的相关性,增强叶面积与比叶面积、茎长与茎质量、茎长与单株质量的相关性,降低叶质量与单株质量、叶宽与株高的相关性;（3）有机肥会改变羊草表型性状（叶、茎、株高）对单株质量的贡献率,随施肥水平的提高,叶、茎、株高的贡献率逐渐趋于均衡。羊草表型性状影响单株质量的大小顺序为叶性状＞株高＞茎性状。研究发现,短期施用有机肥对羊草功能性状变化影响显著,且作用效果主要发生在羊草营养生长后期,尤其对单株质量提升效果显著。叶长、展开叶宽、叶面积、株高对羊草单株质量影响较大,其中株高是驱动羊草单株质量变化的最稳定因子。同时,羊草功能性状之间的相关性也受施肥水平的影响,施肥在增强部分功能性状相关性的同时减弱了其他性状之间的相关性,整体存在着一定的平衡。     

Analysis of form and function in North American columnar cacti (tribe Pachycereeae)

Simple and multivariate linear models were used to demonstrate the influence of mechanical design and climate on stem morphology and branching architecture in 25 species of North American columnar cacti. The effect of phyletic inertia was tested by the method of independent contrasts. Stem girth was found to increase significantly slower with increased height within taxa (cross-sectional stem area ;ps [plant height] 0.603), than across taxon (cross-sectional stem area ;ps [plant height] 1.451). Juveniles are shown to be mechanically overbuilt and subsequently grow into more slender adult forms determined in part by structural limitations and the optimization of other stem functions. We make a structural analogy of relatively rigid columnar cacti to concrete columns and compare plants and models with similar growth forms lacking woody skeletons (barrel cacti). Taxa with woody support achieved a surface-to-volume ratio six times greater than taxa without woody support. Across taxon, cooler winter temperatures were associated with larger stem girths, and greater annual precipitation was associated with less frequent branching. The relationship between total plant surface and volume approaches isometry within taxa, but across taxon average individuals are scaled replicates. We hypothesize that architecture and average plant height are adjusted, in an evolutionary sense, to maintain geometric similitude between surface and volume along a climatic gradient.     

转TaLEA基因小黑杨无性系生长性状变异研究

以6年生的10个转TaLEA基因和1个非转基因小黑杨无性系为材料,对其生长量、干形、叶片性状、皮孔性状等15个指标进行测定分析。方差分析与遗传参数计算结果表明：11个小黑杨无性系间各性状达极显著差异水平（P＜0.01）,各指标表型变异系数处于1.92%~39.98%,遗传变异系数与表型变异系数接近,重复力处于0.621~0.987,表明基因的转入对无性系各性状的生长有一定的影响,但这种影响主要由遗传因素控制。表型相关分析结果表明转基因小黑杨生长量与干形性状、叶片性状、皮孔性状均呈不同程度的相关性,表明多指标共同作用,控制植株生长发育;利用综合评定法,当入选率为10%,初步选出XL-1和XL-9等2个优良无性系,2个无性系的树高、胸径分别比CK高16.55%和15.38%,比平均值高13.38%和19.46%,遗传增益分别为12.18%和17.42%。本研究为转基因杨树的良种选育提供重要的理论依据。     

Genetic mapping of agronomic traits in false flax (Camelina sativa subsp. sativa).

The crucifer oilseed plant false flax (Camelina sativa subsp. sativa) possesses numerous valuable agronomic attributes that make it attractive as an alternative spring-sown crop for tight crop rotations. The oil of false flax is particularly rich in polyunsaturated C18-fatty acids, making it a valuable renewable feedstock for the oleochemical industry. Because of the minimal interest in the crop throughout the 20th century, breeding efforts have been limited. In this study, a genetic map for C. sativa was constructed, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, in a population of recombinant inbred lines that were developed, through single-seed descent, from a cross between 'Lindo' and 'Licalla', 2 phenotypically distinct parental varieties. Three Brassica simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were also integrated into the map, and 1 of these shows linkage to oil-content loci in both C. sativa and Brassica napus. Fifty-five other SSR primer combinations showed monomorphic amplification products, indicating partial genome homoeology with the Brassica species. Using data from field trials with different fertilization treatments (0 and 80 kg N/ha) at multiple locations over 3 years, the map was used to localize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seed yield, oil content, 1000-seed mass, and plant height. Some yield QTLs were found only with the N0 treatment, and might represent loci contributing to the competitiveness of false flax in low-nutrient soils. The results represent a starting point for future marker-assisted breeding.     

Genetic-statistical characterization of the novel different-height donors of the stem shortness in winter rye

Three donors for the dominant stem shortness in winter rye were developed. The genetic determination of the difference in a plant height for each donor was revealed. There were additive genes for the stem shortness in the donors Gnom 1 and Gnom 2 and dominant-epistatic ones in the donor Gnom 3. The investigation of genetic correlation between the number of quantitative traits and the plant height was carried out. On the basis of the data obtained, the strategy of using each donor for stem shortness in rye breeding was determined.