城市污泥中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的厌氧微生物降解

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是城市污泥中普遍存在的一类具有内分泌干扰性作用的有机污染物.研究污泥厌氧生物处理过程中PAEs的微生物降解对保障污泥农用的安全性十分必要.本文以污泥中两种主要的PAEs——邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己)酯(DEHP)为研究对象,通过比较PAEs在污泥厌氧消化系统与发酵产氢系统中降解过程的差异及系统污泥特性的变化,分析不同污泥厌氧生物处理系统中影响PAEs降解的可能因素.结果表明: 在污泥厌氧发酵系统中,DBP在6 d内降解率达99.6%, DEHP在整个14 d的培养期间也降解了46.1%;在发酵产氢系统中,在14 d培养过程DBP的降解率仅为19.5%,DEHP则没有明显的降解.与厌氧消化系统相比,PAEs在发酵产氢系统中的降解受到明显抑制,这与发酵产氢过程中微生物量下降、革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌(G⁺/G^-)和真菌/细菌变小及挥发性脂肪酸(包括乙酸、丙酸及丁酸)浓度升高有关.     

光合细菌对芳香族化合物厌氧降解的研究进展

许多被有毒性的芳香族化合物污染的环境实际上是缺氧的 ,因此芳香族化合物的厌氧降解逐渐引起人们的兴趣。芳香族化合物的厌氧还原降解机制从根本上不同于好氧条件下的氧化降解机制 ,而光合细菌一直以来是研究芳香族化合物厌氧降解的模式菌株。因此 ,从生理学、酶学及分子生物学角度出发概括了对光合细菌厌氧降解芳香族化合物的研究动态。     

球形红细菌厌氧降解2,4-二硝基甲苯

【目的】研究不同环境条件对2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)生物降解的影响。【方法】采用光合细菌球形红细菌在温度为30 °C的光照培养箱中厌氧降解2,4-DNT,并用高效液相色谱仪测定其浓度。【结果】去除2,4-DNT的最佳条件是初始浓度40 mg/L、初始pH 7.0和接种量15%。另外,2,4-DNT在菌体延滞期被细胞吸收,然后在指数期作为碳源被降解。2,4-DNT的去除率在72 h达到98.8%。从液相色谱图中观察到有2种中间代谢产物,但在120 h内产物被逐渐降解。2,4-DNT的去除动力学符合一级速率模型。【结论】不同条件下2,4-DNT的去除率表明球形红细菌能有效降解2,4-DNT。     

污染土壤中苯并(a)芘的微生物降解途径研究进展

苯并(a)芘(BaP)是一种具有强致癌、致畸和致突变的多环芳烃(PAHs)。为了修复BaP污染的土壤,探索其降解途径是很重要的。为此,综述了国内外有关污染土壤中苯并(a)芘的微生物降解情况,对不同真菌、细菌降解苯并(a)芘的能力、代谢途径、共代谢底物以及环境影响因素进行了介绍和比较,提出了苯并(a)芘中间代谢产物的累积及其环境毒性方面的研究是修复苯并(a)芘污染土壤的重要方向。     

升流厌氧污泥层反应器动力学模型

用碘离子作示踪剂,采用矩形脉冲示踪法测定升流厌氧污泥层(UASB)反应器的流动分布。建立了申级返混加沟流模型。模型简单,能够反映反应器流动分布,具有较强的拟合能力和良好的适用性。运用流动模型和Monod方程,建立了UASB反应器稳态模型,并对模型参数进行了估计。通过灵敏度分析,进水基质浓度S。,废水流量Q,最大比基质降解速率,μmax 对出水基质浓度有较大影响。在稳态模型的基础上又建立了UASB反应器动态模态,利用此模型,对出水基质浓度序列Se,和产气量序列Qg进行计算预测,平均偏差分别5．40％和7．46％,标准偏差分别为7．02％和9．66％。     

对-氯代苯胺(PCA)在填充床生物反应器中的降解作用

以氯代苯胺(PCA)为选择基质,用驯化技术从降解对二氯苯(p-DCB)的富集培养物中得到了以同化PCA为唯一碳源和氮源的混合微生物。将这种固定在填充床反应器中的微生物用于PCA的降解作用研究中。在该反应器里,PCA的生物降解遵循Logistic方程q=q_max/(1+e^α-βU_v).由方程求出了主要的动力学常数,K_s(半速率常数)和q_max(最大比基质降解速率).于PCA降解的同时,释放氯离子到培养基中。在水力停留时间3h, 进水PCA浓度为360mg·L^-1情况下,基质的体积降解率达到125mg·L^-1·h^-1;基质的百分去除率为91%.     

煤矿污染土壤降解苯并(a)芘微生物多样性及降解能力研究

以苯并(a)芘(50 mg/L)为唯一碳源,对新疆芦草沟煤矿开采区土壤微生物进行3代胁迫培养(每代60 d);采用PCR-DGGE方法了解不同污染程度土样中降解苯并(a)芘的微生物类群和多样性特点;利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定胁迫培养每代培养物混合菌群对苯并(a)芘的降解能力。PCR-DGGE结果显示:不同污染程度原始样品与苯并(a)芘胁迫培养第3代培养物的微生物香浓指数(H)、丰度(S)和均匀度(E)有所不同,其中重度污染培养物降解苯并(a)芘的微生物类群最丰富。对优势条带进行克隆,其主要归属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。经HPLC检测发现重度污染样品中的群体微生物对苯并(a)芘的降解率明显高于轻度和中度污染样品,达到78.4%。研究表明新疆芦草沟煤矿开采区污染的土壤中可能蕴藏着降解苯并(a)芘的微生物资源。     

纳米铁氧化物对Pelotomaculum schinkii培养系丙酸厌氧降解产甲烷的影响

微生物能利用导电材料进行电子传递,提高种间电子传递效率。铁基纳米导电物质可以加速土壤及厌氧消化系统中微生物间的种间电子传递,促进有机废弃物的产甲烷过程。前期获得了厌氧丙酸富集培养系,互营丙酸氧化菌（Pelotomaculum schinkii）在培养系中占优势,本研究考察了10~4 000 mg/L 纳米铁氧化物对丙酸降解产甲烷过程的作用及微生物的影响。结果表明,低浓度的铁基纳米材料对丙酸降解有一定的促进作用,而高浓度会抑制产甲烷：10~1 000 mg/L纳米Fe₃O₄对产甲烷无明显影响,1 500~4 000 mg/L最大产甲烷速率抑制了26%~80%,延滞期增加了174%~222%;10~200 mg/L纳米Fe₂O₃使最大产甲烷速率提高了21%~29%,1 500~4 000 mg/L最大产甲烷速率抑制了48%~58%,延滞期增加了29%~85%。微生物群落解析结果表明,与对照相比,10~1 000 mg/L纳米Fe₂O₃使P. schinkii相对丰度略有增加,而4 000 mg/L纳米₃O₄/Fe₂O₃使P. schinkii的相对丰度下降了70.7%和55.9%,说明高浓度纳米铁氧化物会抑制P. schinkii的活性,导致丙酸降解及产甲烷速率降低。     

紫金牛叶杆菌RC6b及其诱变菌株对二苯砷酸的降解特征

【目的】阐明紫金牛叶杆菌Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum RC6b及其诱变菌株对二苯砷酸(Diphenylarsinic acid,DPAA)的降解特征与代谢产物。【方法】以紫金牛叶杆菌RC6b为出发菌株,分别以蔗糖、葡萄糖和乙酸钠为外加碳源,优化共代谢降解条件;采用亚硝基胍(N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine,NTG)对出发菌株进行化学诱变,比较诱变前后菌株对DPAA降解能力的变化,鉴定诱变菌株对DPAA的降解代谢产物。【结果】以DPAA为唯一碳源时,培养28 d后RC6b菌株对DPAA的降解率低于2%;分别添加蔗糖、葡萄糖和乙酸钠为外加碳源培养28 d后,DPAA的降解率显著提高,分别达到14.08%、15.21%和15.05%;采用250μg/m L的NTG诱变后获得3株诱变菌,在以DPAA为唯一碳源培养28 d后,3株诱变菌对DPAA的降解率与出发菌株相比均显著提高,其中N-RC6b2对DPAA的降解率最高,达36.71%;代谢产物鉴定结果表明,诱变菌株N-RC6b2对DPAA的代谢产物中有单羟基化DPAA的生成。【结论】RC6b出发菌株难以直接利用DPAA为唯一碳源生长,外加蔗糖、葡萄糖和乙酸钠等共代谢碳源可显著提高菌株RC6b对DPAA的降解率;NTG化学诱变可进一步提高RC6b菌株对DPAA的降解效果,代谢产物为单羟基化DPAA。     

新疆石油污染土壤苯并(a)芘降解微生物多样性研究

为研究新疆石油开采区污染土壤中苯并(a)芘降解微生物的群落结构特点,采集克拉玛依石油开采区受污染程度不同的土壤样品, 以苯并(a)芘为唯一碳源、氮源的无机盐培养基五代富集培养, 采用PCR-DGGE 技术对第五代富集培养物的微生物群落结构开展研究, 根据DGGE 指纹图谱分析它们的遗传多样性。研究显示: 三个不同污染样品微生物多样性指数(H) 丰度(S)和均匀度(EH)均有所不同, 重度污染土样降解苯并(a)芘的微生物类群最为丰富, 其次是中度污染土样, 最少的是轻度污染土样; 并且三个样品微生物类群种类差异较大, 菌落相似性低。对 DGGE 的优势条带序列分析, 同源性最高的微生物分别属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。研究表明新疆石油开采区污染程度不同土壤中降解苯并(a)芘的微生物群落结构不同, 提示污染严重的环境里可能蕴藏着高效降解苯并(a)芘的微生物资源。     

生物转化对二甲苯生成对苯二甲酸的初步研究

对苯二甲酸是生产聚酯的主要原料,其生产方法主要是采用化学合成法。随着生物转化与生物催化研究的深入,其高效、环保、节能等优势越来越明显。筛选能够生物转化对二甲苯生成对苯二甲酸的菌株将会为生物催化法生产对苯二甲酸打下基础。通过建立筛选模型,利用唯一碳源法从土壤中分离筛选得到微生物16,经鉴定为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌的混合菌株,该微生物可以利用对二甲苯为底物生物转化生成对苯二甲酸。实验中对诱导剂进行了选择,表明甲苯对该反应有明显的诱导作用,最佳诱导剂加入量为200mg／L。发酵液中对苯二甲酸及中间产物采用高效液相色谱法测定。     

Growth Kinetics of Microbacterium lacticum and Nitrate-Dependent Degradation of Ethylbenzene under Anaerobic Conditions

A pure strain of Microbacterium lacticum DJ-1 capable of anaer-obic biodegradation of ethylbenzene was isolated from soil contaminated with gasoline. Growth of the strain and biodegradation of ethylbenzene in batch cultures led to stoichiometric reduction of nitrate. M. lacticum DJ-1 could degrade 100 mg L^?1 of ethylbenzene completely, with a maximum degradation rate of 15.02 ± 1.14 mg L^?1 day^?1. Increasing the initial concentration of ethy-lbenzene resulted in decreased degradative ability. The cell-specific growth rates on ethylbenzene conformed to the Haldane–Andrew model in the substrate level range of 10–150 mg L^?1. Kinetic parameters were determined by nonlinear regression on specific growth rates and various initial substrate concentrat-ions, and the values of the maximum specific growth rate, half saturation constant, and inhibition constant were 0.71 day^?1, 34.3 mg L^?1, and 183.5 mg L^?1, respectively. This is the first report of ethylbenzene biodegradation by a bacterium of Microbacterium lacticum under nitrate-reducing conditions.     

Anaerobic Immobilized Yeast Cell Fermentation and Anaerobic Remediation in Hybrid Reactor for Mineralization of Dicarboxylic Acid Solid Waste

Summary The solid resinous product (SRP) containing unsaturated/saturated dicarboxylic acid residues, phthalic acid and maleic acid is discharged as a solid waste during cracking of benzene over vanadium at temperatures above 500°C in the dicarboxylic acid manufacturing industry. In the present study the solid waste was diluted with water to a concentration of 0.5% w/v for microbial degradation. The waste was fermented in a reactor containing mesoporous activated carbon on which was immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae at an optimum residence time of 24 h at pH 6.5. The immobilized-yeast-treated samples were further treated in an upflow anaerobic reactor at an hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.1038 days at a hydraulic flow rate of 7.34 × 10⁻³ m³/day and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading rate of 2.19 kg/m³/day. The pathway followed in the degradation of dicarboxylic acid into end products by anaerobic metabolism in the yeast cell fermentor and in the upflow anaerobic reactor was confirmed through HPLC, Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy and proton and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.     

柠檬酸发酵过程的动力学

发酵动力学是微生物培养过程研究中的一个重要部分,它让人们从理论和定量的角度了解和分析微生物的培养过程,是过程设计和控制的基础．柠檬酸发酵过程的动力学．Chemiel^[1]、Kristiansen^〔2〕、Khan^〔3〕、Rohr^〔4〕、Vaija^〔5〕等曾作过研究。本文在考察前人工作的基础上．结合实验研究．进行如下探索。     

Inhibition of Biogas Production by Alkyl Benzene Sulfonates (LAS) in a Screening Test for Anaerobic Biodegradability

The effect of the inoculum source on the digestion of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) under anaerobic conditions has been investigated. The potential for primary and ultimate LAS biodegradation of anaerobic sludge samples obtained from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of different geographical locations was studied applying a batch test system. It was found that only 4–22% of the LAS added to the batch anaerobic digesters was primarily transformed suggesting a poor primary degradation of the LAS molecule in anaerobic discontinuous systems. Regarding ultimate biodegradation, the addition of LAS to the batch anaerobic digesters caused a reduction on the extent of biogas production. Significant differences in the inhibition extent of the biogas production were observed (4–26%) depending on the sludge used as inoculum. Effect of the surfactant on the anaerobic microorganisms was correlated with its concentration in the aqueous phase. Sorption of LAS on anaerobic sludge affects its toxicity by depletion of the available fraction of the surfactant. LAS content on sludge was related to the total amount of calcium and magnesium extractable ions. The presence of divalent cations promote the association of LAS with anaerobic sludge reducing its bioavailability and the extent of its inhibitory effect on the biogas production.     

Hyaluronic Acid Degradation by Ascorbic Acid and Influence of Iron

The effects of ascorbic acid, iron and ADP on hyaluronic acid, a compound present in inflamed joints, were investigated in an in vitro system. Ascorbic acid induces degradation of hyaluronic acid which increased in the presence of FeCl, and which is additionally stimulated by ADP chelated ferric ions. The hyaluronic acid degrading reactions induced by the Fe-III/ADP/ascorbic acid system were inhibited by catalase and formate to various extents whereas the presence of superoxide dismutase did not exert any inhibitory effect. Desferrioxamine, a specific iron chelator, completely inhibited hyaluronic acid depolymerisation by ascorbic acid as well as in combination with FeCl₃ or FeCl₃/ADP, respectively. We suggest that the ultimate hyaluronic acid degrading species is OH', generated via the Fe-III/ADP catalysed Haber Weiss reaction. There is also an indication for the involvement of perferryl or/and ferryl species in the degradation process.     

Hyaluronic Acid Degradation by Ascorbic Acid and Influence of Iron

The effects of ascorbic acid, iron and ADP on hyaluronic acid, a compound present in inflamed joints, were investigated in an in vitro system. Ascorbic acid induces degradation of hyaluronic acid which increased in the presence of FeCl, and which is additionally stimulated by ADP chelated ferric ions. The hyaluronic acid degrading reactions induced by the Fe-III/ADP/ascorbic acid system were inhibited by catalase and formate to various extents whereas the presence of superoxide dismutase did not exert any inhibitory effect. Desferrioxamine, a specific iron chelator, completely inhibited hyaluronic acid depolymerisation by ascorbic acid as well as in combination with FeCl₃ or FeCl₃/ADP, respectively. We suggest that the ultimate hyaluronic acid degrading species is OH', generated via the Fe-III/ADP catalysed Haber Weiss reaction. There is also an indication for the involvement of perferryl or/and ferryl species in the degradation process.     

一株人肠源性高效尿酸降解菌的分离、鉴定及降尿酸条件优化

摘要 目的：肠道作为人体的重要消化器官，其内定植的微生物在尿酸合成和代谢过程中发挥着重要作用，本研究利用含尿酸靶向培养基筛选正常人群肠道内具有降尿酸功能的细菌并鉴定。方法：依据尿酸的摩尔质量制备含不同浓度尿酸的BHI培养基，液体培养基扩增并驯化肠道粪便微生物，固体培养基分离和纯化具有尿酸降解功能的细菌。挑取固体培养基上形态一致的单个菌落进行革兰氏染色和镜检，筛选出已纯化菌株，在需氧和厌氧培养条件下测定尿酸降解率，选取降解率≥50%以上的菌株为高效尿酸降解菌的候选菌株，再测定不同温度和pH值条件下的尿酸降解率，进行降尿酸条件优化。利用16S rDNA序列测定法对尿酸降解菌进行鉴定，药敏实验测定该菌对抗生素的敏感性。结果：正常人群粪便微生物中分离获得一株高效尿酸降解菌B5C，第5天需氧条件下的尿酸降解率均>50%，与初始尿酸浓度相比具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。优化降尿酸条件后，在37℃、pH7.0时，降解率可达88.7%，经鉴定为粪肠球菌，对常见的抗生素如阿莫西林、氨苄西林和青霉素G等具有较高的敏感性。结论：本研究利用含不同尿酸浓度的靶向培养基驯化、分离和鉴定出一株人肠源性细菌，在需氧条件下也具有较高的尿酸降解率，可为今后临床降尿酸微生物制剂的开发和利用提供新的菌种资源。     

Potential for Aerobic and Anaerobic Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Boreal Subsurface

We studied the role of aerobic and anaerobic petroleum hydrocarbon degradation at a boreal, light-weight fuel and lubrication oil contaminated site undergoing natural attenuation. At the site, anoxic conditions prevailed with high concentrations of CH4 (up to 25% v/v) and CO2 (up to 18% v/v) in the soil gas throughout the year. Subsurface samples were obtained mainly from the anoxic parts of the site and they represented both the unsaturated and saturated zone. The samples were incubated in microcosms at near in situ conditions (i.e. in situ temperature 8 degrees C, aerobic and anaerobic conditions, no nutrient amendments) resulting in the removal of mineral oil (as determined by gas chromatography) aerobically as well as anaerobically. In the aerobic microcosms on average 31% and 27% of the initial mineral oil was removed during a 3- and 4-month incubation, respectively. In the anaerobic microcosms, on average 44% and 15% of the initial mineral oil was removed during a 12- and 10-month anaerobic incubation, respectively, and e.g. n-alkanes from C11 to C15 were removed. A methane production rate of up to 2.5 microg CH4 h(-1) g(-1) dwt was recorded in these microcosms. In the aerobic as well as anaerobic microcosms, typically 90% of the mineral oil degraded belonged to the mineral oil fraction that eluted from the gas chromatograph after C10 and before C15, while 10% belonged to the fraction that eluted after C15 and before C40. Our results suggest that anaerobic petroleum hydrocarbon degradation, including n-alkane degradation, under methanogenic conditions plays a significant role in the natural attenuation in boreal conditions.