拟南芥膜联蛋白2的亚细胞定位研究

膜联蛋白(annexin)是一类依赖钙离子的多功能磷脂结合蛋白家族,在进化上高度保守,但不同的膜联蛋白基因的表达模式和蛋白质的亚细胞定位具有特异性。拟南芥中已经鉴定出8个编码膜联蛋白的基因,在生长发育和对逆境胁迫响应过程中起作用。已知拟南芥膜联蛋白2参与根的分泌活动和生长素介导的根的向地性反应,但作用机制不清楚。蛋白质的亚细胞定位能为研究其功能和作用机制提供重要参考信息。将编码膜联蛋白2的序列克隆到植物双元表达载体p CAMBIA1300-m Cherry上,在拟南芥中表达Ann At2-m Cherry。利用荧光蛋白技术、m Cherry与绿色荧光蛋白标记的细胞器标记物共定位技术以及细胞器特异性荧光染料染色技术,作者研究了膜联蛋白2的亚细胞定位。结果显示,膜联蛋白2定位于细胞质、细胞核、高尔基体和内质网中,表明该蛋白质可能具有非常重要的功能和复杂的蛋白质翻译与转运调控机制。更多结果发现,转基因拟南芥中膜联蛋白2与绿色荧光蛋白标记的微丝骨架存在共定位现象,推测该蛋白可能通过微丝骨架调节及微丝骨架介导的囊泡运输参与细胞分泌活动。该文为进一步研究膜联蛋白2蛋白质的翻译与转运调控以及作用机制提供了实验依据。     

膜联蛋白A2对脑心肌炎病毒在BHK-21细胞中增殖的影响

膜联蛋白A2是一种参与调节多种病毒增殖的重要宿主蛋白。本研究通过构建过表达膜联蛋白A2的BHKAnxa2细胞系及瞬时敲低膜联蛋白A2,探讨膜联蛋白A2对脑心肌炎病毒在BHK-21细胞中增殖的影响。通过RT-PCR从BHK-21细胞中扩增膜联蛋白A2全长cDNA,测序正确后克隆入pcDNA3.1整合表达载体中;用重组载体pcDNA3.1-Anxa2转染BHK-21细胞,经G418筛选获得抗性克隆,qRT-PCR和Western blot试验证明BHKAnxa2过表达膜联蛋白A2;EMCV感染试验证明BHK-Anxa2细胞中病毒滴度高于对照组。通过siRNA降低BHK-21细胞中膜联蛋白A2表达,EMCV感染试验证明膜联蛋白A2表达下降后EMCV增殖也随之下降。以上试验结果表明鼠膜联蛋白A2表达改变可导致病毒在BHK-21细胞中的增殖发生变化,提示膜联蛋白A2与EMCV在BHK-21细胞中的增殖相关。     

植物膜联蛋白(Annexin)的研究进展

植物膜联蛋白属于D类膜联蛋白是在植物中的一类钙和磷脂结合蛋白。植物膜联蛋白约占植物总蛋白含量的0.1%,与动物膜联蛋白在分子量、氨基酸序列及Ca~(2+)与磷脂结合的能力上,都拥有较高的同源性。植物膜联蛋白的亚细胞定位具有多样性,与胞质Ca~(2+)浓度、细胞所处pH、植物组织及外界环境有关。植物膜联蛋白的表达具有组织特异性,且受到各种生物及非生物因子在转录及翻译后水平的调控。植物膜联蛋白具有与植物肌动蛋白结合、参与钙离子通道形成、膜动力学功能、具有ATPase/GTPase及过氧化物酶活性等生物功能,在植物生长发育及响应逆境胁迫过程中起重要作用。本综述从植物膜联蛋白的进化、结构、亚细胞定位、表达调控和生物学功能方面进行综述,旨在为深入研究植物膜联蛋白的功能及其应用提供参考。     

膜联蛋白-1与肿瘤

膜联蛋白-1(annexin Ⅰ,ANXA1,lipocortin Ⅰ)是膜联蛋白超家族中的一员,它参与细胞生长,增殖及凋亡等重要的生命过程.其表达在多种类型组织的癌前病变及肿瘤组织中与相应的正常组织中相比均有明显差异,与肿瘤细胞的恶性生长和多药耐药等表型密切相关.深入研究ANXA1的功能有助于完善人们对肿瘤发生发展机制的认识,并有助于肿瘤的诊断、治疗和预后.     

膜联蛋白A1在恶性肿瘤中的研究进展

膜联蛋Al(Annexin Al,Anx Al)是一类细胞中广泛存在的钙磷脂结合蛋白,具有高度保守的C端中心结构域和独特的N末端,参与多种重要的细胞生理过程.其作为蛋白激酶C及酪氨酸蛋白激酶的底物参与MAPK/ERK信号传导通路,并作为PLA2的抑制剂调节细胞活动.近来多项研究表明膜联蛋白Al通过调节MAPK/ERK信号传导通路参与多种肿瘤的发生,并且参与肿瘤的分化与转移等.本文就膜联蛋白Al与恶性肿瘤发生、发展与转移之间的关系做一综述.     

膜联蛋白的功能与调控研究进展

膜联蛋白是一类广泛分布于动植物各种组织和细胞中的依赖钙离子的磷脂结合蛋白家族。膜联蛋白具有与磷脂膜可逆结合及与钙离子结合的能力。本文从膜联蛋白的结构与功能的关系出发,阐述其在动植物膜架构、细胞发育和细胞凋亡等多种生命过程中的调节作用。     

人膜联蛋白Ⅴ在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化与鉴定

目的:构建人膜联蛋白Ⅴ的原核载体并诱导其表达.方法:以IPTG诱导His融合人膜联蛋白Ⅴ的表达,并应用Ni-NTASuperflow纯化.结果:PCR扩增产物碱基数量与目的片段大小一致,插入片段的序列与发表的人膜联蛋白Ⅴ基因编码序列一致.在IPTG诱导下,重组大肠杆菌DH5α高效表达分子量约36 kDa的目的产物.结论:人膜联蛋白Ⅴ编码序列已被克隆至His融合表达载体pET-28a( )上,并在大肠杆菌DH5α中表达.     

膜联蛋白VcDNA的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术成功地从人胎盘组织中克隆了膜联蛋白Ｖ的ｃＤＮＡ,测序分析表明,与文献报道的核苷酸序列完全一致,交膜联蛋白Ｖ的ｃＤＮＡ克隆进Ｔ７启动子控制下的表达质粒ｐＥＴ－２４ａ（＋）中,经大肠杆菌ＢＬ１（ＤＥ３）后,经ＩＰＴＧ诱导可高效表达分子量为３６ｋＤ的膜联蛋白Ｖ蛋白,表达产物以可溶形式存在。表达产物占菌体总蛋白的３８％左右。表达产物经肝素亲和层析纯化后具有明显的延长部分凝血活酶时间的作     

草莓果实膜联蛋白基因（annfaf）全长cDNA克隆及序列分析

采用RACE技术从草莓（Franaria ananassa Duch)成熟果实中分离克隆了膜联蛋白（annexin)基因的cDNA5'-端未知序列,并通过测序确定了翻译的起始密码位点,终止密码位点及完整的读码框,从而首次获得了草莓果实膜联蛋白基因的cDNA全序列,命名为annfaf9annexin of Fragaria anananssa fruit)基因。     

小鼠胚胎干细胞中MT—Ⅱ基因的定位改变

构建了小鼠MT－Ⅱ基因的定位整合载体pMT－Ⅱ6.7,这是一个置换型载体,它包含了6．7kb的与MT－Ⅱ基因及其旁侧序列同源的序列。用电穿孔方法将这一载体转化入小鼠ES细胞Mespu22中,在G418R、GancR的双抗性克隆中,用PCR方法进行筛选,从104个克隆中获得26个阳性克隆;对这26个克隆进行核型分析表明,其中有2个克隆,即克隆5－2和8-4的核型（2n=40,XY）正常率很高,达到84％和88％;进一步用Southern杂交分析,结果证明,在MT－Ⅱ基因位点确实发生了定位整合事件。利用这两个克隆的细胞进行体内、体外分化实验表明,它们具有体内、体外分化能力,进一步进行了嵌合体的制作,现已获得用克隆8-4细胞制作的嵌合体小鼠。     

Annexin VI regulation of cardiac function

Annexins are a family of membrane binding proteins that are characterized by a hypervariable amino terminus followed by a series of highly conserved Ca2+-phospholipid binding domains. Annexins function by binding to anionic phospholipid surfaces in a Ca2+-dependent manner. They self-associate to form trimers which further assemble into sheets that cover the membrane surface and alter properties such as fluidity and permeability. This submembranous skeleton alters integral protein functions such as ion transport properties and shields the surface from phospholipid binding proteins such as phospholipases and protein kinase C. Transgenic mouse hearts overexpressing wild type annexin VI (AnxVI673), a dominant-negative truncated annexin VI (residues 1-129, Anx129) and an annexin VI-null mouse (AnxVI-/-) have implicated the protein as a regulator of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis which affects cardiac function.     

Annexin A4 self-association modulates general membrane protein mobility in living cells

Annexins are Ca2+-regulated phospholipid-binding proteins whose function is only partially understood. Annexin A4 is a member of this family that is believed to be involved in exocytosis and regulation of epithelial Cl- secretion. In this work, fluorescent protein fusions of annexin A4 were used to investigate Ca2+-induced annexin A4 translocation and self-association on membrane surfaces in living cells. We designed a novel, genetically encoded, FRET sensor (CYNEX4) that allowed for easy quantification of translocation and self-association. Mobility of annexin A4 on membrane surfaces was investigated by FRAP. The experiments revealed the immobile nature of annexin A4 aggregates on membrane surfaces, which in turn strongly reduced the mobility of transmembrane and plasma membrane associated proteins. Our work provides mechanistic insight into how annexin A4 may regulate plasma membrane protein function.     

Retinoic acid stimulates annexin-mediated growth plate chondrocyte mineralization

Biomineralization is a highly regulated process that plays a major role during the development of skeletal tissues. Despite its obvious importance, little is known about its regulation. Previously, it has been demonstrated that retinoic acid (RA) stimulates terminal differentiation and mineralization of growth plate chondrocytes (Iwamoto, M., I.M. Shapiro, K. Yagumi, A.L. Boskey, P.S. Leboy, S.L. Adams, and M. Pacifici. 1993. Exp. Cell Res. 207:413-420). In this study, we provide evidence that RA treatment of growth plate chondrocytes caused a series of events eventually leading to mineralization of these cultures: increase in cytosolic calcium concentration, followed by up-regulation of annexin II, V, and VI gene expression, and release of annexin II-, V-, VI- and alkaline phosphatase-containing matrix vesicles. Cotreatment of growth plate chondrocytes with RA and BAPTA-AM, a cell permeable Ca2+ chelator, inhibited the up-regulation of annexin gene expression and mineralization of these cultures. Interestingly, only matrix vesicles isolated from RA-treated cells that contained annexins, were able to take up Ca2+ and mineralize, whereas vesicles isolated from untreated or RA/BAPTA-treated cells, that contained no or only little annexins were not able to take up Ca2+ and mineralize. Cotreatment of chondrocytes with RA and EDTA revealed that increases in the cytosolic calcium concentration were due to influx of extracellular calcium. Interestingly, the novel 1,4-benzothiazepine derivative K-201, a specific annexin Ca2+ channel blocker, or antibodies specific for annexin II, V, or VI inhibited the increases in cytosolic calcium concentration in RA-treated chondrocytes. These findings indicate that annexins II, V, and VI form Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane of terminally differentiated growth plate chondrocytes and mediate Ca2+ influx into these cells. The resulting increased cytosolic calcium concentration leads to a further up-regulation of annexin II, V, and VI gene expression, the release of annexin II-, V-, VI- and alkaline phosphatase-containing matrix vesicles, and the initiation of mineralization by these vesicles.     

Annexin B12 is a sensor of membrane curvature and undergoes major curvature-dependent structural changes

The regulation of membrane curvature plays an important role in many membrane trafficking and fusion events. Recent studies have begun to identify some of the proteins involved in controlling and sensing the curvature of cellular membranes. A mechanistic understanding of these processes is limited, however, as structural information for the membrane-bound forms of these proteins is scarce. Here, we employed a combination of biochemical and biophysical approaches to study the interaction of annexin B12 with membranes of different curvatures. We observed selective and Ca(2+)-independent binding of annexin B12 to negatively charged vesicles that were either highly curved or that contained lipids with negative intrinsic curvature. This novel curvature-dependent membrane interaction induced major structural rearrangements in the protein and resulted in a backbone fold that was different from that of the well characterized Ca(2+)-dependent membrane-bound form of annexin B12. Following curvature-dependent membrane interaction, the protein retained a predominantly alpha-helical structure but EPR spectroscopy studies of nitroxide side chains placed at selected sites on annexin B12 showed that the protein underwent inside-out refolding that brought previously buried hydrophobic residues into contact with the membrane. These structural changes were reminiscent of those previously observed following Ca(2+)-independent interaction of annexins with membranes at mildly acidic pH, yet they occurred at neutral pH in the presence of curved membranes. The present data demonstrate that annexin B12 is a sensor of membrane curvature and that membrane curvature can trigger large scale conformational changes. We speculate that membrane curvature could be a physiological signal that induces the previously reported Ca(2+)-independent membrane interaction of annexins in vivo.     

Annexin II tetramer: structure and function

The annexins are a family of proteins that bind acidic phospholipids in the presence of Ca²⁺. The interaction of these proteins with biological membranes has led to the suggestion that these proteins may play a role in membrane trafficking events such as exocytosis, endocytosis and cell-cell adhesion. One member of the annexin family, annexin II, has been shown to exist as a monomer, heterodimer or heterotetramer. The ability of annexin II tetramer to bridge secretory granules to plasma membrane has suggested that this protein may play a role in Ca²⁺-dependent exocytosis. Annexin II tetramer has also been demonstrated on the extracellular face of some metastatic cells where it mediates the binding of certain metastatic cells to normal cells. Annexin II tetramer is a major cellular substrate of protein kinase C and pp60^src. Phosphorylation of annexin II tetramer is a negative modulator of protein function.Supported by a grant from the Medical Research Council of Canada     

Annexin II enhances cytomegalovirus binding and fusion to phospholipid membranes

A number of studies have suggested that the anionic phospholipid (anPL)-binding protein annexin II may play a role in cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Since annexin II has been shown to mediate aggregation and fusion of certain membranes, we investigated whether these properties could be exploited by CMV directly. The experiments showed that purified annexin II, but not the homologous protein annexin V (AnV), can mediate the binding of 35S-CMV (strain AD169) to anPL-coated microtiter wells. This association required Ca2+, could be titrated by varying either annexin II (apparent Kd = 4 x 10(-)8 M) or 35S-CMV, was inhibited by unlabeled CMV, and was observed for the heterotetrameric or monomeric form of annexin II. In experiments utilizing the fluorescence dequenching of octadecyl rhodamine incorporated into the CMV envelope, annexin II was furthermore found to enhance the rate of virus-anPL vesicle fusion. The observed fusion was dependent on the concentration of annexin II, Ca2+, and anPL and was mediated principally by the heterotetramer. Interestingly, AnV was observed to inhibit the effects of annexin II on CMV fusion but not binding to anPL, which indicates that annexin II enhances these processes by distinct mechanisms. The results presented here provide the first direct evidence that annexin II has the capacity to bridge CMV to a phospholipid membrane and to enhance virus-membrane fusion. These observations furthermore suggest that AnV may regulate the fusogenic function of annexin II.     

The subcellular distribution of early endosomes is affected by the annexin II2p11(2) complex

The tyrosine kinase substrate annexin II is a member of a multigene family of Ca2+ and lipid-binding proteins which have been implicated in a number of membrane-related events. We have analyzed the subcellular distribution of annexin II in relation to other cellular components in normal and specifically manipulated MDCK cells. In a polarized monolayer of MDCK cells annexin II and its cellular ligand p11 are restricted almost exclusively to the cortical regions of the cells which also contain peripheral early endosomes. Treatment of the polarized cells with low Ca2+ medium leads to a disintegration of the cortical cytoskeleton and a translocation of both, the annexin II2p11(2) complex and early endosomes, to the cytoplasm. A similar translocation which is however specific for the annexin II2p11(2) complex and early endosomes and does not affect other elements of the cell cortex is observed in cells expressing a trans-dominant annexin II- p11 mutant. This chimeric mutant protein causes the aggregation of endogenous annexin II and p11 and the simultaneous detachment of early endosomes from the cell periphery resulting in the binding of the early endosomes but no other components of the endocytotic or biosynthetic pathways to the annexin II/p11 aggregates. The specificity of this effect argues for the association of the annexin II2p11(2) complex with early endosomes and suggests that this association contributes to establish the peripheral localization of early endosomal structures.     

Annexin 5 mediates a peroxide-induced Ca(2+) influx in B cells

Annexin 5 is a Ca(2+)-binding protein, the function of which is poorly understood. Structural and electrophysiological studies have shown that annexin 5 can mediate Ca(2+) fluxes across phospholipid membranes in vitro [1]. There is, however, no direct evidence for the existence of annexin 5 Ca(2+) channels in living cells. Here, we show that annexin 5 inserts into phospholipid vesicle membranes at neutral pH in the presence of peroxide. We then used targeted gene disruption to explore the role of annexin 5 in peroxide-induced Ca(2+) signaling in DT40 pre-B cells. DT40 clones lacking annexin 5 exhibited normal Ca(2+) responses to both thapsigargin and B-cell receptor stimulation, but lacked the sustained phase of the response to peroxide. This late phase was due to Ca(2+) influx from the extracellular space, demonstrating that annexin 5 mediates a peroxide-induced Ca(2+) influx. Thus, peroxide induces annexin 5 membrane insertion in vitro, and peroxide-induced Ca(2+) entry in vivo in DT40 cells requires annexin 5. Our results are consistent with a role for annexin 5 either as a Ca(2+) channel, or as a signaling intermediate in the peroxide-induced Ca(2+)-influx pathway.     

Annexin A8 displays unique phospholipid and F-actin binding properties

Annexin A8 is a poorly characterized member of the annexin family of Ca2+-regulated membrane binding proteins. Initially only identified at the cDNA level it had been tentatively linked to acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) due to its high and regulated expression in APL-derived cells. Here we identify unique properties of the annexin A8 protein. We show that it binds Ca2+-dependently and with high specificity to phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) and is also capable of interacting with F-actin. In line with these characteristics annexin A8 is recruited to F-actin-associated PtdIns(4,5)P2-rich membrane domains formed in HeLa cells upon infection with non-invading enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. These properties suggest a role of annexin A8 in the organization of certain actin-associated membrane domains.     

Annexin II regulates multivesicular endosome biogenesis in the degradation pathway of animal cells

Proteins of the annexin family are believed to be involved in membrane-related processes, but their precise functions remain unclear. Here, we have made use of several experimental approaches, including pathological conditions, RNA interference and in vitro transport assays, to study the function of annexin II in the endocytic pathway. We find that annexin II is required for the biogenesis of multivesicular transport intermediates destined for late endosomes, by regulating budding from early endosomes-but not the membrane invagination process. Hence, the protein appears to be a necessary component of the machinery controlling endosomal membrane dynamics and multivesicular endosome biogenesis. We also find that annexin II interacts with cholesterol and that its subcellular distribution is modulated by the subcellular distribution of cholesterol, including in cells from patients with the cholesterol-storage disorder Niemann-Pick C. We conclude that annexin II forms cholesterol-containing platforms on early endosomal membranes, and that these platforms regulate the onset of the degradation pathway in animal cells.