潜蝇属六种的摩擦发音器(双翅目：潜蝇科)(英)

本文对我国潜蝇属Agromyza 6种(其中2种为国内 新纪录)的摩擦发音器特征作了扫描电镜观察。首次提出了多个形态用语，并试以音锉分类 为6种潜蝇作出检索表。对潜蝇科内两类音锉型的关系作了图解。     

中国角潜蝇属莎草潜蝇亚属分类研究(双翅目,潜蝇科)

对中国角潜蝇属莎草潜蝇亚属进行了分类研究,确认我国现知2种：即福建角潜蝇C.(B.)fujianisca sp.nov和苔角潜蝇Cerodontha(Butomomyza)cornigera(dc Meijcrc)。除新种描述并附特征图外,还提供该亚属中国种类分种检索表。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国热潜蝇属一新种(双翅目,潜蝇科)

记述了热潜蝇属Tropicomyia Spencer1新种：云南热潜蝇T．yunnanensis sp．nov,附形态特征图,并提供该属中国现知6种的分种检索表。模式标本存放于中国科学院动物研究所。     

福建省双翅目潜蝇科昆虫的初步研究

作于1997－2000年对福建省主要蔬菜和花卉作物上潜蝇科昆虫进行了调查,经研究发现福建省现知潜蝇各类计有12属20种;其中,南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobensis(Blanchard）和蒿萼潜蝇Calycomyza artemisiae(Kalt.）为福建省新记录种。本详细报道福建省潜蝇科昆虫的各类、分布和寄主,并就某些潜蝇害虫在省内的发生危害情况作一简要分析。     

美洲斑潜蝇等重要潜蝇的鉴别

双翅目中的潜蝇科、花蝇科、果蝇科、实蝇科和水蝇科等类群虽然都含有潜叶种类,但只有潜蝇科绝大部分种类以潜叶为主,其潜叶种类包含不少农作物和花卉害虫。在潜蝇科的这些害虫种类中,又以豌豆彩潜蝇ＣｈｒｏｍａｔｏｍｙｉａｈｏｒｔｉｃｏｌａＧｏｕｒｅａｕ,番茄斑潜蝇Ｌｉｒｉｏｍｙｚａｂｒｙｏｎｉａｅ（Ｋａｌｔｅｎｂａｃｈ）,拉美斑潜蝇Ｌ．ｈｕｔｈｅｂｒｅｓｉｓ（Ｂｌａｎ－ｃｈａｒｄ）,美洲斑潜蝇Ｌ．ｓａｔｉｖａｅ　Ｂｌａｎｃｈａｒｄ和三叶斑潜蝇Ｌ．ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉｉ（Ｂｕｒｇｅｓｓ）最为重要,造成较大的损失,…     

潜蝇姬小蜂属寄生蜂对潜叶蝇的控害特性及应用

潜蝇姬小蜂属Diglyphus寄生蜂是潜叶蝇类害虫的重要天敌。本文对其种类、 分布、 田间发生和优势度、 优势种的控害特性和生态适应性, 以及优势种的人工繁殖和田间应用等进行总结和展望, 以期为更好地应用该属寄生蜂防控我国潜叶蝇的研究和应用提供指导。迄今已鉴定该属寄生蜂36种, 全为抑性外寄生蜂, 其中针对豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂D. isaea、 贝氏潜蝇姬小蜂D. begini和中带潜蝇姬小蜂D. intermedius的研究较多。雌蜂不仅可通过繁殖型的寄生方式而且还可通过非繁殖型方式（取食寄主和产卵器插入直接杀死）致死寄主。雌蜂偏好寄生大个体寄主和取食相对较小个体的寄主, 且雌蜂对寄主幼虫的偏好具有“寄主大小依赖型性别分配”现象（host-size-dependent sex allocation）。从温度适应范围和控害潜力首推为豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂。优势种的规模饲养技术已经被研发并得到了较广泛的田间应用。未来研究可主要集中于： （1）加强优势种尤其是温度适应范围广或较为耐热的种群或地理品系的研究, 以增加对三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii和美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae的控效; （2）加强雌蜂寄主取食行为特性及其生理机制的研究, 以更高效利用; （3）因地制宜研发规模化饲养技术和释放技术; （4）加强潜蝇姬小蜂同其他潜叶蝇寄生蜂的协同控害及竞争共存机制的研究, 已提升对潜叶蝇的生防控制效果。     

中国墨潜蝇属一新种(双翅目,潜蝇科)

记述采自中国西藏的墨潜蝇属(双翅目,潜蝇科) 1新种,西藏墨潜蝇 Nemorimyza xizangensis sp.nov,并编制了世界墨潜蝇属分种检索表.新种与斑墨潜蝇 N.maculosa(Malloch)近缘,不同之处在于:胸部腋瓣黄色,翅 M3 4脉末段约为次末段的1.5倍,雄性射精管内骨端部几乎垂直.新种根据模式产地命名,模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所,北京.     

福建省潜蝇科昆虫属种检索表

本文根据作者于1997－2000年对福建省九个地、市的蔬菜和花卉等作物上潜蝇科昆虫的调查结果,编制了现行福建省潜蝇科昆虫属、种检索表,以供鉴定时参考。     

中国潜蝇科一新记录属和新记录种

记述采自中国北京的潜蝇科Agromyzidae1新记录属：拟植潜蝇属Paraphytomyza Ender-lein,1936及1新记录种：杨柳拟植潜蝇Paraphytomyza populi(Kaltenbach,1864）,并附形态特征图。     

美洲斑潜蝇外寄生蜂——贝氏潜蝇姬小蜂研究进展

贝氏潜蝇姬小蜂是为害多种农作物的几种潜叶蝇类害虫的重要寄生蜂.作为一种重要生物防治因子,在北美和西欧的一些国家和地区已经进行商品化生产,用来防治蔬菜及观赏性花卉上的美洲斑潜蝇和三叶草斑潜蝇.为了对其有一个较全面的了解,本文详细的论述了贝氏潜蝇姬小蜂的寄主范围,生物学,饲养繁殖及化学杀虫剂对其影响的进展.     

三种片蟋雄性发声器的比较研究(直翅目,蛣蟋科)

应用扫描电子显微镜观察了片蟋属Truljalia Gorochov 3种雄性声锉和声齿的超微结构,即瘤突片蟋T.tylacantha Wang et Woo,1992,梨片蟋T.hibinonis (Matsumura,1919),霍氏片蟋T.hofmanni(Saussure,1878).结果显示,声锉和声齿超微结构在属、种间差异显著,在种内差异不显著,且特征稳定.     

Stridulatory organs in spiny orb-weaver spiders

A stridulatory organ is here described for the first time in the family Argiopidae. The file is on the surface of the lungbook covers, and the scraper is on the base of the femora. Altogether seven different kinds of stridulatory organs have been distinguished in spiders according to the positions of the files and scrapers. The organ now described in the spiny orb-weavers of the genus Micrathena was previously known only in a few genera of the family Erigonidae. In one of the species of Micrathena the ridges of the stridulatory file are sufficiently close together to give bright diffraction spectra at incidences near grazing. The primitive polygonal pattern on the surface of the cuticle of spiders is illustrated, and the mode of formation of the stridulatory file is suggested.     

The complex stridulatory behavior of the cricket Eneoptera guyanensis Chopard (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Eneopterinae)

Crickets produce stridulated sounds by rubbing their forewings together. The calling song of the cricket species Eneoptera guyanensis Chopard, 1931 alternates two song sections, at low and high dominant frequencies, corresponding to two distinct sections of the stridulatory file. In the present study we address the complex acoustic behavior of E. guyanensis by integrating information on the peculiar morphology of the stridulatory file, the acoustic analysis of its calling song and the forewing movements during sound production. The results show that even if E. guyanensis matches the normal cricket functioning for syllable production, the stridulation involves two different closing movements, corresponding to two types of syllables, allowing the plectrum to hit alternately each differentiated section of the file. Transition syllables combine high and low frequencies and are emitted by a complete forewing closure over the whole file. The double-teeth section of the stridulatory file may be used as a multiplier for the song frequency because of the morphological multiplication due to the double teeth, but also because of an increase of wing velocity when this file section is used. According to available phylogenetic and acoustic data, this complex stridulation may have evolved in a two-step process.     

Structure and evolution of stridulatory mechanisms in New Zealand wetas (Orthoptera : Stenopelmatidae)

Four types of stridulatory mechanisms were found in 35 species (7 genera) of New Zealand wetas (Orthoptera : Stenopelmatidae). These include: (1) tergo-femoral; (2) tergo-tergal; (3) mandbbuao-mandibular; and (4) pleuro-coxal. These fell into 12 groups, based upon shape, density and pattern of tergal and femoral pegs, number of terga bearing pegs and presence of mandibular tusks bearing stridulatory tubercles. The plesiomorphic condition, consisting of spinose peg patches on 3 or more abdominal tergites rubbed by bands of pegs on the femur, is found in Hemiandrus spp. Apomorphically-derived tergal files have arisen separately in 3 other genera. In Hemideina, (2 species groups) well-formed files are very similar among species. In Deinacrida, (4 species groups), the trend is toward file reduction into one or 2 massive tergal ridges, and embellished femoral pegs. In the tusked wetas (2 gen., 2 spp.), one species has a crude file of many broken ridges. Stridulatory structures on mandibular tusks of both New Zealand species are unique, although the tusks appear to have their origin in African stenopelmatids. The plesiomorphic condition appears to have been deployed originally for defense stridulation (inter-specific communication). Additional intea-specific stridulatory communication developed in Hemideina and Deinacrida, using the apomorphic file and peg mechanisms. Here, the stridulation is associated with defense, calling, mating and disturbance behaviors.     

Ultrasound production during stridulation by hydropsychid larvae (Trichoptera)

The stridulatory apparatus of eight species of 5th instar caddis larvae of the family Hydropsychidae were compared using the scanning electron microscope. This revealed the presence of secondary structures associated with each main ridge of the file in some species. Slight differences occur in the number of ridges which form the plectra. The sounds produced by two coexisting species of hydropsychid larvae were recorded and temporal and frequency analysis carried out. These sounds are found to extend far into the ultrasonic range and appear to show only minor interspecific differences. The occurrence of stridulatory behaviour during territorial defence and its significance in relation to the ecology of the larvae is discussed. Some physical parameters affecting sound reception in the near- and far-field are presented and this leads to speculation on the existence of a possible hearing mechanism.     

Study of a Stridulatory Apparatus in Pardosa fulvipes (Collett) (Araneae, Lycosidae) by Scanning Electron Microscopy

The adult Pardosa fulvipes male has a stridulatory apparatus in which the file is the hairless striated surface of the book lung opercula, and the scraper part is formed by several stout denticulated hairs re-trolaterally on the fourth coxae and trochanters. The microscuipture of th; opsrcula and specialized hairs in the adult male are studied with the aid of scanning electron microscope and compared with homologous structures in the adult female and immatures. The microscuipture of the book lung opercula is also compared with that of related Pardosa species. A gradual transformation of the opercular microscuipture occurs in both male and female P. fulvipes leading to the species-specific sculpture in the adults. The behavioural prerequisites for stridulation in this species are discussed. P. fulvipes is hitherto the only lycosid known to have a stridulatory apparatus.     

Scale effects and constraints for sound production in katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): correlated evolution between morphology and signal parameters

Male katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) produce mating calls by rubbing the wings together, using specialized structures in their forewings (stridulatory file, scraper and mirror). A large proportion of species (ca. 66%) reported in the literature produces ultrasonic signals as principal output. Relationships among body size, generator structures and the acoustic parameters carrier frequency (f_c) and pulse duration (p_d), were studied in 58 tropical species that use pure‐tone signals. A comparative analysis, based on the only available katydid phylogeny, shows how changes in sound generator form are related to changes in f_c and p_d. Anatomical changes of the sound generator that might have been selected via f_c and p_d are mirror size, file length and number of file teeth. Selection for structures of the stridulatory apparatus that enhance wing mechanics via file‐teeth and scraper morphology was crucial in the evolution of ultrasonic signals in the family Tettigoniidae.     

Comparative study of the morphology of stridulatory organs of the Iberian lycaenid butterfly pupae (Lepidoptera)

We compared the pupal stridulatory organs of 35 species and one subspecies of Iberian Lycaenidae using scanning electron microscopy. The studied species belong to the tribes Theclini, Eumaeini, Lycaenini, and Polyommatini. Nine species do not show stridulatory organs on the pupae but all other species possess them. Stridulatory organs are formed by a stridulatory plate (pars stridens) placed on the fifth abdominal segment and a file (plectron) in the sixth abdominal segment. The plate has tubercles in the Theclini and Lycaenini, tubercles, ridges, or undulations in the Eumaenini, and tubercles, teeth, or unspecialized structures in the Polyommatini. Morphological differences can be found in the files of the different tribes, regarding the number of teeth, their form and size. Cuticular formations of the organs were studied on a surface of 2,500 µm² and the average of ridges, tubercles, and teeth was measured searching for relevant taxonomic information. Stridulatory organs were thought to be an adaptation to myrmecophily but we show that they are present both in myrmecophilous and nonmyrmecophilous species; therefore, we suggest that this trait probably did not evolve in relation with myrmecophily, but may be used to enhance relationships with ants. J. Morphol. 275:414–430, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

露螽科六种雌性发声器的比较研究

报道了露螽科６种维性的发声器,主要包括发声刺的数目、分布、排列及其形态结构。露螽科的雌性发声刺,可以作为鉴定雌性的一个特征。     

五种掩耳螽雌性发声刺的比较观察(直翅目:露螽科)

本文报道了露螽科Ｐｈａｎｅｒｏｐｔｅｒｉｄａｅ掩耳螽属ＥｌｉｍａｅａＳｔａｌ５种雌性发声刺,不同种发声刺的数目,形态和分布不同,露螽科雌性的发声刺,可以作为鉴定雌性为一个特征。