phKL基因和Ph2基因缺失重组体的创制及其与小麦外源物种杂种的染色体减数分裂观察

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)双端体3DL为细胞学标记,用具有phKL基因的小麦地方品种"开县罗汉麦"为受体连续回交,将促进小麦外源部分同源染色体配对的phKL基因和Ph2基因缺失重组在一起获得了重组体phKL+Ph2.这种重组体有正常的育性.与只有phKL基因的小麦材料相比,重组体与外源物种AegilopsvariabilisEig.或黑麦(Secale cereale L.)杂种的部分同源染色体配对水平显著增加,表明Ph2基因的缺失体与phKL基因可能存在加性效应.部分同源染色体配对水平的增加表现在棒状二价体、环状二价体和三价体的数量变多而单价体数量减少.单价体的减少主要是由于棒状二价体的增加所造成的.在小麦外源遗传转移中,运用重组体pHKL +Ph2可能比单纯应用Ph2缺失或phKL基因材料更理想.当与具有ph1b基因的材料比较时发现,重组体phKL+Ph2与 Ae.variabilis(或黑麦)杂种的部分同源染色体配对水平显著降低,这主要是由环状二价体和多价体的减少造成的,但是棒状二价体数量表现增加(与Ae.variabilis杂种)或达到类似水平(与黑麦杂种),这一有趣的发现从表现型上证明了Ph1基因与Ph2或phKL基因在诱导部分同源染色体配对时的遗传作用机制存在差异.     

phKL基因诱导小麦远缘杂种部分同源染色体配对的能力界于Ph1和Ph2基因突变体之间

在普通小麦地方品种自然群体中天然存在促进小麦-外源杂种部分同源染色体配对的基因phKL。本研究比较了phKL基因与人工Ph基因突变系诱导小麦-Aegilops variabilis及小麦-黑麦杂种部分同源染色体配对的作用大小。研究结果表明,诱导小麦- Ae. variabilis(或黑麦)部分同源染色体配对作用的顺序是ph1b > phKL > ph2b > ph2a,即phKL基因的作用介于Ph1与Ph2突变体之间。     

小麦ph1b突变体与小黑麦杂交的细胞遗传学研究

本文利用普通小麦品系"中国春"(对照)、中国春ph1b突变体分别与八倍体小黑麦、六倍体小黑麦杂交,杂种F1的减数分裂前期Ⅰ染色体行为表现异常,中期Ⅰ出现较多的单价体、棒状二价体和多价体,在后期和末期出现落后染色体、染色体片断和微核。原因是ph1b基因的存在造成染色体联会机制紊乱,致使一些部分同源染色体配对并发生互换,有可能在以后的世代产生染色体易位与基因重组。     

小麦pl1b突变体与小黑麦杂交的细胞遗传学研究

本文利用普通小麦品系“中国春”（对照）、中国春ｐｈ１ｂ突变体分别与八倍体小黑麦、六倍体小黑麦杂交,杂种Ｆ１的减数分裂前期Ｉ染色体行为表现异常,中期Ｉ出现较多的单价体、棒状二价体和多价体,在后期和末期出现落后染色体、染色体片断和微核。原因是ｐｈ１ｂ基因的存在造成染色体联会机制紊乱,致使一些部分同源染色体配对并发生互换,有可能在以后的世代产生染色体易位与基因重组。     

八倍体小偃麦与天蓝偃麦草杂交F1染色体组构型

首次获得麦草8号、麦草9号、远中2号八倍体小偃麦与天蓝偃麦草的属间杂种,杂交当代结实率为31.49%,39.28%和10.41%。杂种F1表现为两亲的中间型,植株高大、繁茂,穗长20~30 cm,小穗数25~30个,多年生,抗寒,在哈尔滨冬季无覆盖条件下可安全过冬。对F1植株进行减数分裂行为观察,结果发现,染色体配对不正常,单价体频率高,出现多价体。杂种F1减数分裂中期I染色体配对构型分别为:9.5Ⅰ+16.98Ⅱ+0.27Ⅲ、13.6Ⅰ+14.01Ⅱ+0.87Ⅲ、11.2Ⅰ+16.8Ⅱ+0.08Ⅲ。二价体数变动在13~18间、单价体数变动在11~17间、多价体变动在0.08~0.87间,二价体多数是棒状二价体,推测两亲有一对部分同源关系染色体组,其余为非同源染色体组,但有的染色体间有部分同源关系。小麦5B染色体上Ph基因可能受到E组染色体的抑制。     

小麦族三属杂种F1小孢子发生过程中染色体的行为(简报)

利用八倍体小黑麦劲松49和八倍体小滨麦950059杂交合成了小麦-黑麦-滨麦草三属杂种,对不同基因组染色体在三属杂种F1减数分裂和小孢子发育过程中的行为进行了研究.基因组原位杂交(GISH)结果表明劲松49和小滨950059均包含44条小麦染色体和12条外源染色体,三属杂种F1中含有6条黑麦染色体和6条滨麦草染色体.减数分裂过程中黑麦和滨麦草染色体很少与小麦染色体配对.常以单价体形态存在.小孢子中的微核主要由外源染色体组成.在三属杂种F1的花粉发育过程中还发现了染色体浓缩不同步的现象.     

小麦的Ph基因及其应用

约州·年前,Oka motor e’首先发现在普通小麦T.ae- 5trvuln的511染色体上携带有抑制部分同源染色体配 对的基因,接着1958年Sears和Okamotot'", Riley和 Chapman"'同时证明抑制部分同源染色体配对的基因 位于5B染色休的长臂上。1971年Wall["]等人命名 为Ph基因,即取用Pairing homoeologous的第一个字 母为名。Ph基因为一显性基因,当它发生突变或缺失 时则表现为．犯性（即Ph}Ph)。为排除Ph的抑制效应, Okamoto (1'966）用X射线处理小麦去雄穗子,并授以 黑麦花粉,fit得的杂种后代有3.佗％具高水平部分同 源配对的个沐,经分析证明是Ph基因缺失的效果。但 当时Okamoto未能诱导染色体加倍以获得这个缺失突 变体。1971 _=乒Wall和Riley利用FMS处理小麦种子, 再以黑麦授粉,也获得约1.5％突变率的“部分Ph突变 体”。Searsc"'l 0 从1966年就试用X射线处理中国春小麦 (Chinese Spring）的德子,然后将它的花粉授于一个有 颈毛标志的5B单体植株上（即小黑麦易位系HN-2, Sears, 1967a),再以处理的M,后代用作父本,与粘 果小麦(T. kotschyi）杂交,在杂种后代中仅发现 一种具中间0!d对水平的突变体,其每个细胞大约包含 5个二价体,有证据表明,该突变体乃由于一个较弱的 抑制配对基因的缺失,或即3DS上的抑制基因缺失。     

异细胞质小麦与黑麦、小黑麦杂交对性状和减数分裂行为的影响

本文利用17种异细胞质“中国春”小麦与黑麦,小黑麦杂交,回交,研究其性状与减数分裂行为的表现。首次观察到D2型Ae.crassa.4x细胞质对同源染色体配对有抑制作用,对部分同源染色体配对有促进作用,SV型Ae.kotschyi细胞质对同源染色体,部分同源配对均有抑制作用,S1型Ae.sharonesis细胞质对部分同源染色体配对有促进,还观察到G型细胞质T.timopheevi,T.zhukovskyi,D2型细胞质,Ae.crassa 可提高产生有功能雌配子数,首次合成G型,SV型,D2型细胞质雄性不育的八倍体小黑麦,D2型细胞质八倍体小黑麦是光敏性雄性不育,在15小时以上的长光照条件下表现不育,这对进一步了解异细胞质的作用,小黑麦杂种优势的利用和小黑麦的改良均有重要意义。     

将大赖草种转移给普通小麦的研究Ⅵ.端体异附加系的选育与鉴定

利用根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体计数、花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ｉ（ＰＭＣＭＩ）染色体构型分析以及Ｃ－分带,从普通小麦中国春与大赖草（ＬｅｙｍｕｓｒａｃｅｍｏｓｕｓＬａｍ．）杂种回交后代中,选育出两个端二体异附加系９５Ｇ０９．９５Ｇ１１和一个添加了一时大赖草第１４号染色体和另一对端体的双重异附加系９５Ｇ３０２（２ｎ＝４４＋２ｔ）,它们的ＰＭＣＭＩ染色体配对构型分别为０．２１个单价体（其中０．１６个端体单价体）、１９．５７个环状二价体＋２．３２个棒状二价体（其中０．９２个由两端体配对构成）,１．５２个单价体（１．４４个端体单价体）＋１８．０７个环状二价体＋３．１７个棒状二价体（０．２８个由两端体配对构成）,１．０３个单价体（０．７２个端体单价体）＋１８．８９个环状二价体＋３．６１个棒状二价体（０．６４个由两端体配对构成）。运用单花滴注技术对这些材料在活体和离体条件下进行赤霉病人工接种鉴定,结果表明：９５Ｇ３０２的抗性与抗赤霉病对照品种苏麦３号相仿;９５Ｇ１１的抗性高于苏麦３号,明显高于亲本品种中国春。还对端体附加系的利用以及有效、快捷地转移赤霉病抗性基因进行了讨论。     

ph1b基因在普通小麦与Ae.crassa、Ae.crassassp杂种中的作用

通过对(中国春ph1b突变体×Ae. crassa)F_1、(中国春×Ae.crassa)F_1;(中国春ph1b突变体×Ae.crassassp)F_1、(中国春×Ae.crassassp)F_4花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对的研究。第一次证明了中国春ph1b突变体在诱导Ae.crassa、Ae.crassassp与普通小麦部分同源染色体配对方面有显著作用。可以利用ph1b基因通过诱导部分同源染色体配对交换的方法以染色体易位的方式把Ae.crassa和Ae.crassassp的有益基因导入普通小麦中。Ae.crassa和Ae.crassassp中不含有拟ph1基因。Ae.crassa和Ae.crassassp的D染色体组与普通小麦的D染色体组有明显区别。     

Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview . Audrey Smedley
Anthropology and Race . Eugenia Shanklin     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

MPD and DNA Bending in Crystals and in Solution

Bending of 15 to 24° is observed within crystal structures ofB-DNA duplexes, is strongly sequence-dependent, and exhibits no correlation with the concentration of MPD (2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol) in the crystallizing solution. Two types of bends are observed: facultative bends or flexible hinges at junctions between regions of G·C and A·T base-pairs, and a persistent and almost obligatory bend at the center of the sequence R-G-C-Y. Only A-tracts are characteristically straight and unbent in every crystal structure examined to date. A detailed examination of normal vector plots for individual strands of a double helix provides an explanation, in terms of the stacking properties of guanine and adenine bases. The effect of high MPD concentrations, in both solution and crystal, is to decrease local bending somewhat without removing it altogether. MPD gel retardation experiments provide no basis for choosing among the three models that seek to explain macroscopic curvature of DNA by means of microscopic bending: junction bending, bent A-tracts, or bent general- sequence DNA. Crystallographic data on the straightness of A-tracts, the bendability of non-A sequences, and the identity of inclination angles in A-tract and non-A-tractB-DNA support only the general-sequence bending model. The pre-melting transition observed in A-tract DNA probably represents a relaxation of stiff adenine stacks to a flexible conformation more typical of general-sequence DNA.     

Update in research and methods in proteomics and bioinformatics

The 3rd International Conference on Proteomics & Bioinformatics (Proteomics 2013)

Philadelphia, PA, USA, 15–17 July 2013

The Third International Conference on Proteomics & Bioinformatics (Proteomics 2013) was sponsored by the OMICS group and was organized in order to strengthen the future of proteomics science by bringing together professionals, researchers and scholars from leading universities across the globe. The main topics of this conference included the integration of novel platforms in data analysis, the use of a systems biology approach, different novel mass spectrometry platforms and biomarker discovery methods. The conference was divided into proteomic methods and research interests. Among these two categories, interactions between methods in proteomics and bioinformatics, as well as other research methodologies, were discussed. Exceptional topics from the keynote forum, oral presentations and the poster session have been highlighted. The topics range from new techniques for analyzing proteomics data, to new models designed to help better understand genetic variations to the differences in the salivary proteomes of HIV-infected patients.     

Parasitism and epibiosis in native and non-native gammarids in freshwater in Ireland

The introduced amphipod crustaceans Gammarus pulex and G. tigrinus are displacing the native G. ducheni celticus in a number of freshwater sites in Northern Ireland. We investigated parasite and epibiont infection in populations in the Rivet Lagan and Lough Neagh where both native and invading species occur. Prevalence of the four parasites and epibionts observed was higher in the native G. d. celticus than in the invading amphipods at both field sites. In Lough Neagh. G. d. celticus individuals suffered higher burdens of the rotifer Embata parasitica and the protozoan Epistylis in comparison with the invading species. These patterns may reflect host specificity by the parasites or may result from different susceptibilities of the native and invading host species. We consider the influence of parasitism on host invasions and resulting species distributions.