脾结节生成细胞群的不均一性研究

应用单个脾结节移植和性染色体追踪方法证明正常F_1小鼠骨髓脾结节生成细胞(CFCs)的造血重建能力是很不均一的,连续注射羟基脲(HU)可使具有造血重建能力的脾结节生成细胞的比例显著提高。由此提出,小鼠造血组织中同时存在着具有多向性造血干细胞特性的脾结节生成细胞(Ps-CFUs)和具有多向性造血祖细胞特性的脾结节生成细胞(Pg-CFUs)。注射HU可使Pg-CFUs被杀灭,Ps-CFUs 相对比例增加;或者由于大量 CFU-S被杀灭,脾结节生成细胞的前体细胞(Pre-CFUs)加速向 Ps-CFUs分化。因此血细胞的生成过程中可能经历了以下细胞分化和成熟的阶段 Pre-CFUs→Ps-CFUs→Pg-GFUs→各系祖细胞→各系血细胞。     

小鼠胚胎干细胞来源的HPP-CFC体外和体内造血活性分析

小鼠的造血系统起源于胚胎发育7d的卵黄囊胚外中胚层,研究表明胚胎干细胞（Embryonic stem cells, ES cells）体外分化模型能够模拟卵黄囊造血的发生过程;此外,诱导ES细胞体外定向造血细胞分化对于建立治疗性克隆以治愈多种血液病具有重要的研究和应用价值。高增殖潜能集落形成细胞（High proliferative potential colonyforming cells, HPPCFC）是体外培养的最原始的多潜能造血前体细胞之一。本研究发现：小鼠ES细胞在体外分化5～14d形成的拟胚体中含有HPP-CFC。其再生潜能与胚胎期9d的卵黄囊来源的HPP-CFC相似,与骨髓来源则不同。RT-PCR分析表明：ES细胞来源的HPP-CFC表达与造血干细胞增殖相关的特异性转录因子和多种造血生长因子受体。但分化12d的拟胚体细胞和HPP-CFC集落细胞移植受致死剂量照射的小鼠不能产生典型的脾结节。因此,ES细胞来源的HPP-CFC在体外和体内造血活性的差异值得更深入地研究。     

小鼠造血干细胞增殖和分化的分子生物学证据

本文采用Ｙ染色体特异的性别决定基因（Ｓｒｙ）作为新的细胞遗传标志,通过ＰＣＲ技术来追踪观察造血干细胞的增殖与分化性能。该方法具有简便、灵敏和特异等优点。雌性受体小鼠输注雄鼠骨髓细胞和１３天脾结节（ＣＦＵ－Ｓ１３）细胞后,Ｓｒｙ ＰＣＲ测试受体小鼠的ＣＦＵ－Ｓ结果表明,它们均为供体来源的ＸＹ细胞。用Ｓｒｙ ＰＣＲ骨髓细胞和骨髓中脾结节生成细胞（ＣＰＵ－Ｓ）的长期重建造血能力,结果表明,在存活雌性小鼠     

造血干细胞与免疫活性细胞的沉降特性

应用 Simonsen 的脾指数测定方法以及体内生成脾结节和体外琼脂培养方法,分别研究了小鼠脾脏和外周血中造血干细胞和免疫活性细胞在自然沉降条件下的沉降特性。在小鼠脾脏细胞的沉降试验中,CFU-S 的沉降速度为4.50毫米/小时,CFU-C 的沉降速度为6.69毫米/小时,脾指数阳性细胞的沉降速度为3.57毫米/小时。在小鼠外周血白细胞的沉降试验中,CFU-S 的沉降速度为4.96毫米/小时,脾指数阳性细胞的沉降速度为5.12毫米/小时。上述沉降试验表明,造血干细胞与免疫活性细胞有不同的沉降速度和分布特性,因此,有可能通过自然沉降,在一定程度上分开这两类细胞,其中,粒系定向造血干细胞(CFU-C)的沉降速度要高于多向性造血干细胞(CFU-S),因而,在沉降分离中 CFU-C 与免疫活性细胞可以得到较高程度的分离。从造血细胞中分离免疫活性 细胞是当前造血干细胞移植中的重要研究课题。本文对于应用速度沉降装置分离免疫活性细胞、减轻造血细胞移植中的移植物抗宿主反应(GVHR)的前景作了讨论。     

巨核细胞生成调控相关细胞因子及其作用研究进展

造血干细胞分化生成巨核细胞是一个十分复杂的过程,包括造血干细胞动员及其向巨核系祖细胞分化,巨核系祖细胞增殖、分化生成未成熟巨核细胞,巨核细胞的成熟和血小板释放等过程。研究发现,造血干细胞动员及其向各系细胞分化的大部分过程都在一种称为"龛"的结构中进行,多种龛内信号分子参与了造血干细胞的动员和分化调控。该文对造血干细胞龛内参与造血干细胞动员和分化生成巨核细胞的几种重要细胞因子及其调控作用进行综述。     

脐带血造血干细胞治疗糖尿病的研究进展

脐带血造血干细胞具有极强的自我更新和多向分化潜能,为治疗糖尿病开辟了新的途径,造血干细胞在生成胰岛素分泌细胞前需要经过诱导分化、细胞选择和细胞成熟三个阶段。目前,脐带血造血干细胞在治疗糖尿病中已取得一定进展,将造血干细胞定向分化为胰岛β细胞成为了治疗的关键。本文通过对脐带血的特征、造血干细胞的制备和移植、糖尿病的治疗以及脐带血造血干细胞移植的利与弊等方面进行的归纳总结,分析脐带血造血干细胞在治疗糖尿病方面的进展和应用前景。     

造血微环境与造血干细胞

机体的造血功能不仅取决于造血实质细胞的数量和性质,也有赖于造血实质细胞所处的微环境的结构和功能的健全完善。60年代后,由于脾结节生成法,体外各种细胞培养技术的建立与应用,造血实质细胞包括造血干细胞的研究有了很大进展。与此同时,对造血微环境的重要意义也有了进一步的认识。基础学科的成就促进了临床医学的发展。现已发现,部分再生障碍性贫血、骨髓纤维化等疾病的发生和发展与造血微环境的缺陷有关。因此,造血微环境的研究趋于活跃。至今,造血微环境已成为实验血液学和临床血液学中一个专门术语。这一术语或泛指为造血器官内除造血实质细胞以外所有参与调控造血的间质成份的总称,或     

人胎肝细胞裂解液对照射小鼠多能造血干细胞的影响

本文采用内、外源脾结节形成测定法和流式细胞术观察了人胎肝细胞裂解液FLL及其峰组分在γ射线照射小鼠多能造血干细胞损伤修复中的作用。证明照后24h给予FLL及峰组分4—5能明显增加受照小鼠残存造血干细胞形成CFU-S的能力,促进处于G1/0期的造血干细胞提前进入增殖状态。     

小鼠骨髓细胞体外液体培养

自六十年代初相继出现了体外研究血细胞的脾结节生成的实验技术、骨髓细胞体外琼脂培养等技术,大大促进了对造血干细胞的增殖和分化特性的研究,并为实验血液学提供了重要手段。但在这些培养系统中血细胞增生只能维持几天,而且多向性干细胞很快就消失了。七十年代初,国外开始发展了骨髓细胞体外液体培养法,能在体外条件下较长时间地保持造血干细胞的增殖、分化能力,为研究造血干细胞增殖、分化过程中的各种调控因素提供了一个有用的手段,这对解决临床治疗和寻找病因等问题也具有重大的实际意义。我们参照了T.M.Dexter等的方法,根据我们实验室现有的条件及设备在1979年初也开始建立了这种培养方法。     

循环血造血干细胞的性能

造血干细胞是一类能够自我更新和多向分化的原始细胞群,主要分布于骨髓,也有少部分分布于循环血。在造血干细胞研究这一领域,过去对循环血中造血干细胞的研究较少,直至七十年代才渐渐活跃起来。为了对造血干细胞群体有一个较全面的了解,本文就循环血造血干细胞的性能作简要的综述。     

Myelopoiesis in spleen-producing distinct dendritic-like cells

Dendritic cells (DC) represent a heterogeneous class of antigen presenting cells (APC). Previously we reported a distinct myeloid dendritic-like cell present in spleen, as an in vivo counterpart to cells produced in murine spleen long-term cultures (LTC-DC). These cells, named 'L-DC', were found to be functionally and phenotypically distinct from conventional (c)DC, plasmacytoid (p)DC and monocytes. These results suggested that spleen may represent a niche for development of L-DC from endogenous progenitors. Adult murine spleen has now been investigated for the presence of L-DC progenitors. Lineage-negative (Lin)(-) ckit(lo) and Lin(-) ckit(hi) progenitor subsets were identified as candidate populations, and tested for ability to produce L-DC; in vitro upon co-culture with the spleen stromal line STX3, and in vivo after adoptive therapy into mice. Both subsets colonized STX3 stroma in vitro for L-DC production, indicating that they contained either a common or two distinct progenitors for L-DC. However, only the Lin(-) ckit(hi) subset gave progeny cells after adoptive transfer into lethally irradiated mice. In vivo development was however multilineage and not restricted to L-DC development. Multilineage reconstitution reflects long-term reconstituting haematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC), suggesting a close relationship between L-DC progenitors and LT-HSC. L-DC were however produced in vivo in much higher number than monocytes/macrophages and cDC, indicating the presence of a specific L-DC progenitor within the Lin(-) ckit(hi) subset. A model is advanced for development of L-DC directly from haematopoietic progenitors in spleen and dependent on the spleen microenvironment.     

Ultrastructure of human spleen in transmission and scanning electron microscope

Despite new information concerning functional morphology of spleen, there are still some inaccuracies mostly regarding the spleen blood circulation. Billroth’s (splenic) cords are formed from three-dimensional network of fibroblastic reticular cells located among branched sinuses. Results from our study using scanning electron microscopy confirm an intimate contact between adjacent reticular cells and erythrocytes. Arterial terminals can be observed in the Billroth’s cords. The wall of sinuses reminds a sieve and it is lined with a special type of endothelium. In electron microscope, endothelial cells look like rods oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of sinuses. Based on our observations fibroblastic reticular cells change to fixed phagocytes under no circumstances, hence they do not participate in phagocytosis. They may have a recognition function for cells circulating around them. According to our opinion, the open and the closed blood circulation are present in the human spleen simultaneously. Blood flowing in the closed circulation can help “absorption” of extra-vascular liquid and the blood elements into the vascular lumen. Due to sporadic occurrence of smooth muscle cells in the capsule and trabeculae, we assume that human spleen is not a blood reservoir, unlike the spleen in some other animals.     

次声暴露对大鼠脾、肝脏某些酶活性的影响

目的:观察8 Hz,130 dB次声暴露不同时间对大鼠脾、肝脏某些酶活性的影响.方法:35只SD大鼠随机分为5组,即对照组,1周,2周,3周,4周组.每天次声暴露1次,每次2 h.实验后,观察大鼠脾、肝脏组织中MAO,GSH-px,SOD活性和MDA含量的变化.结果:大鼠脾脏MAO活性1周,2周时显著增高(P＜0.01),3周下降,4周时又显著增加(P＜0.05).肝脏组织MAO活性变化不明显(P＞0.05).脾脏组织中GSH-px活性在4周时明显增高(P＜0.05),肝脏组织中GSH-px活性在1周时就有显著性增高(P＜0.05).脾脏SOD活性在1周至4周均有显著性增高(P＜0.05).肝脏组织在实验期变化不明显(P＞0.05).脾脏组织中MDA含量在3周至4周时有显著性增高(P＜0.05).肝脏组织在1至2周时有非常显著的增高(P＜0.01),在3周时下降,到4周时又显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:8Hz,130 dB次声暴露,大鼠脾、肝脏组织活性氧自由基、脂质过氧化物增高,抗氧化能力降低,造成对组织的损伤.     

Haematopoietic stem cells in spleen have distinct differentiative potential for antigen presenting cells

Dendritic cells (DC) are known to develop from macrophage dendritic progenitors (MDP) in bone marrow (BM), which give rise to conventional (c)DC and monocytes, both dominant antigen presenting cell (APC) subsets in spleen. This laboratory has however defined a distinct dendritic‐like cell subset in spleen (L‐DC), which can also be derived in long‐term cultures of spleen. In line with the restricted in vitro development of only L‐DC in these stromal cultures, we questioned whether self‐renewing HSC or progenitors exist in spleen with restricted differentiative capacity for only L‐DC. Neonatal spleen and BM were compared for their ability to reconstitute mice and to give rise to L‐DC, as well as other splenic APC. Neonatal spleen cells were transplanted into allotype‐distinct lethally irradiated hosts along with host‐type competitor BM cells, and assayed over 8 to 51 weeks for haematopoietic reconstitution of L‐DC and cDC subsets, along with other lymphoid and myeloid cells. In this study, neonatal spleen showed multilineage haematopoietic reconstitution in mouse chimeras, rather than specific or restricted ability to differentiate into L‐DC. However, the representation of individual APC subsets was found to be unequal in chimeras partially reconstituted with donor cells, such that more donor‐derived progeny were seen for L‐DC than for myeloid and cDC subsets. The ability of HSC in spleen to develop into L‐DC was indicated by a strong bias in the subset size of these cells over other splenic APC subsets. This type of evidence supports a model whereby spleen represents an important site for haematopoiesis of this distinct DC subset. The conditions under which haematopoiesis of L‐DC occurs in spleen, or the progenitors involved, will require further investigation.     

The splenic marginal zone in humans and rodents: an enigmatic compartment and its inhabitants

The role of the spleen in B memory cell development and maintenance is attracting increased attention. Studies in mice and rats have indicated that memory functions are associated with large B cells residing in the marginal zone (MZ) of the spleen. Although the cellular composition of the MZ is relatively well known in these species, controversies exist about the function of MZ B cells, their dependence on the presence of the spleen and the stage at which their development branches from that of recirculating follicular B cells. Additional confusion has arisen with respect to MZ B cells in humans, because the microscopic anatomy of the human splenic MZ differs decisively from that of rodents. Several recent publications indicate that the functional and migratory properties of human MZ B cells may be species-specific. The hypothesis derived from these publications and from our immunohistological observations implies that at least a major number of human splenic CD27⁺ MZ B cells are migratory. Phenotypic data suggest a recirculation pathway between the spleen and mucosal tissues in humans.     

小鼠脾细胞凋亡释放RNA与自身免疫病的相关性

在经放射线照射诱导的凋亡小鼠脾细胞培养上清中 ,可以提取到大量RNA ,用流式细胞仪检测发现凋亡细胞内的RNA量与正常细胞比较有所下降 .甲基绿 派若宁Y染色小鼠脾脏 ,脾细胞间质呈派若宁Y染色阳性 ,提示小鼠脾细胞也可能释放RNA .将小鼠脾脏研磨后 ,发现脾脏上清中也存在大量的RNA .采用小鼠脾脏上清RNA与脾脏细胞悬液总RNA的比值作为指标来衡量细胞凋亡释放的RNA量 ,并比较了BALB c及BXSB小鼠的差异 ,发现该比值在 3周 (72 % )、3月(5 8 4 % )、6月 (4 5 % )龄BALB c小鼠中呈下降趋势 ,而BXSB小鼠一直保持较高水平 (75 %～83% ) ,该比值在 3月龄、6月龄显著高于BALB c小鼠 (P <0 0 5 ) .同时 ,采用单相酶扩散的方法检测小鼠脾脏上清中RNA酶的活性 .6月龄BXSB小鼠的RNA酶活性显著低于同龄BALB c小鼠 (P<0 0 5 ) ,而 3周及 3月龄小鼠在这两种品系中无显著性差异     

A novel mechanism of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation: time-dependent activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in rat fetal spleen cells

Small amounts of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) greatly increase cGMP levels in short term cultures of rat fetal liver and spleen cells in a dose and time dependent manner. To determine the role of guanylate cyclase in this response, a series of experiments was undertaken using either intact or broken fetal spleen cells, the most sensitive tissue evaluated to date. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, potentiated the LPS-cGMP effect in cultures of these cells even at maximal doses of LPS. Moreover, after incubation of intact cells with LPS for 4 h, soluble guanylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.2) activity was increased 2-fold, whereas particulate activity was unchanged. This increase in soluble activity was proportional to the dose of LPS, was synchronous with the elevation of cGMP levels, and was not associated with any change in cGMP-phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.17) activity. In contrast to intact cells, neither total nor soluble guanylate cyclase activity was increased by the addition of LPS to spleen cells, neither total cytosol for various times from 10 min to 3.5 h. These results suggest that the LPS-cGMP response is due to a persistent indirect stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase activity that is both dose and time dependent.     

Trypanosoma cruzi: Responses by cells from infected mice to alloantigens

In unidirectional mixed lymphocyte cultures containing (as responders, stimulators, or regulators) spleen cells from mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, alloantigen responses were less than in cultures containing normal spleen cells only. Depletion of plastic adherent cells from infected spleen cells (stimulators or regulators) reversed their inhibitory effect on normal spleen cells (responders); removal of adherent responder cells and/or B lymphocytes did not alter the low alloantigen responses of normal spleen cells (stimulated by infected spleen cells) or infected spleen cells (stimulated by normal spleen cells). Infected spleen cells were effective in regulating mixed lymphocyte cultures only when added at the initiation of the culture. Serum from infected mice suppressed mixed lymphocyte cultures containing responder spleen cells syngeneic to the serum donor if added up to 24 hr after initiation of cultures, whereas the “suppressor serum” had to be present at the initiation of cultures when responder cells were allogeneic to the serum donor. Cultures of infected spleen cells (whole or macrophage enriched) produced a factor which was suppressive when added to mixed lymphocyte cultures containing syngeneic responder cells at initiation. It is proposed that the serum suppressor substance regulates cell-mediated immune responses directly by suppressing the response-potential of cells and indirectly by triggering the release of a factor from adherent splenic cells which induces a hyporesponsive state in T lymphocytes.     

Osteogenic potential of rat spleen stromal cells

Evidence is mounting that an increasing number of cell populations in the adult organism already committed and/or differentiated retain the ability to reprogram themselves and give rise to a different phenotype. Bone marrow stromal cells have long been recognized as early progenitor cells for osteoblasts, chondrocytes, hematopoietic-supportive fibroblasts and adipocytes. Recent reports though have demonstrated a potential of cell populations outside the bone marrow environment to sustain bone formation under specific circumstances. The formation of bone nodules in the spleen of IL-5 transgenic mice has been recently reported (Macias et al. (2001): J. Clin. Invest. 107, 949 - 959). We thus postulated that a cell population exists in the spleen that under particular microenvironmental conditions is able to reprogram itself and pursue a fate other than the tissue-specific one. Therefore we isolated and expanded in vitro spleen-derived stromal cells. After expansion, these cells were challenged with culture conditions designed to induce osteogenic differentiation. We hypothesized that the combination of a proliferating factor (fibroblast growth factor 2) and a differentiating hormone (dexamethasone) would allow us to induce spleen-derived stromal cells to proliferate and at the same time to express osteoblast-specific genes. Thus, spleen-derived stromal cells were isolated from rat spleen and expanded in the presence of fibroblast growth factor 2 and dexamethasone. Once primary cultures reached confluence they were either switched to an osteo-inductive medium or implanted in immunodeficient mice. Although no bone formation was observed in in vivo experiments, in vitro spleen-derived stromal cells were able to deposit a mineralized matrix. Gene expression, as revealed by RT-PCR analysis, evidenced that the deposition of a mineralized matrix was concomitant with the expression of CBFA1 and osteocalcin, along with alkaline phosphatase and bone sialoprotein. Our data suggest that rat spleen-derived stromal cells can undergo osteogenic differentiation in a permissive microenvironment.     

Immune complex-trapping cells in the spleen of the chicken

Summary By means of immunohistoperoxidase techniques and the use of HRP-anti-HRP complexes, follicular dendritic cells in chicken spleen can be characterized both at the light-microscopical and ultrastructural level. In contrast to findings in mammals follicular dendritic cells in chicken spleen exhibit evident acid-phosphatase activity and possess considerable numbers of primary lysosomes. After intravenous injection of immune complexes a transient immune complex-trapping occurs in the peripheral parts of the Schweigger-Seidel sheath. The immune complextrapping cells in the Schweigger-Seidel sheath and germinal centre show an identical enzyme histochemical pattern and only minor differences in ultrastructural characteristics.Shortly after intravenous injection of immune complexes and carbon particles these compounds show an identical distribution pattern; however, in the following days these distribution patterns become divergent.