Paramphisphaeria costaricensis gen. et sp. nov. and Pachytrype rimosa sp. nov. from Costa Rica

Paramphisphaeria is described as a new genus on the basis of the single species, P. costaricensis. It differs from Amphisphaeria spp. primarily in having bicellular ascospores with a germ slit and in having an ascus apical ring that does not become blue in iodine. It resembles Amphisphaeria in its brown color and lack of constriction at the septum of the ascospore. An anamorph is unknown. It tentatively is placed in the Xylariaceae for reasons discussed. Pachytrype rimosa is described as a new species.     

Description of Muscotabanus gen. nov. and Muscotabanus rafaeli sp. nov. (Diptera: Tabanidae: Diachlorini) from Amazon Basin,Brazil

A new genus of Tabanidae mimetic of flies is described: Muscotabanus new genus, Muscotabanus rafaeli new species, based on 12 females collected in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. It is presented a discussion for separating the new genus from Diachlorini species which resemblance with sarcophagids flies. It is characterised by striped thorax, banded abdomen, long slender palpus subequal antenna length, labella predominantly membranous, except for a narrow sclerotised plate, basicosta bare, wing hyaline and stigma brown.     

贵州关岭海龙类一新属种——双列齿凹棘龙

简要记述了产自贵州关岭小凹组的一具基本完整的骨架,在此基础上建立了海龙类的一个新属种,双列齿凹棘龙(Concavispina biseridens)。新种最明显的鉴定特征是:上颌骨前端有两列钝的牙齿,后部无齿;脊椎神经棘背缘形成V形缺口。凹棘龙与新铺龙(Xinpusaurus)独有的衍征包括上颌骨前段背向弯曲,颈椎数目小于5枚,肱骨近端比远端宽。这些特征指示凹棘龙与新铺龙可能具有较近的亲缘关系。     

Review of the book by A.A. Kudryavtsev,A.S. Smirnov,and L.D. Tsendin “Physics of Glow Discharge”

A new voluminous book on gas-discharge physics is reviewed. It is emphasized that the authors consistently follow a nontraditional approach based on the electron distribution function with allowance for its nonlocal character. This opens new, sometimes unexpected, issues of the well-known phenomena, which is illustrated by the reviewer by using the positive column of a low-pressure glow discharge as an example.     

Thesium vlachorum sp. nov.

Thesium vlachorum sp. nov. is described. It was collected on ophiolitic screes on Mt. Grammos, Greece. The affinities of the new taxon are briefly discussed.     

Pangenesis as a source of new genetic information. The history of a now disproven theory.

Evolution is based on natural selection of existing biological phenotypic traits. Natural selection can only eliminate traits. It cannot create new ones, requiring a theory to explain the origin of new genetic information. The theory of pangenesis was a major attempt to explain the source of new genetic information required to produce phenotypic variety. This theory, advocated by Darwin as the main source of genetic variety, has now been empirically disproved. It is currently a theory mainly of interest to science historians.     

双圆蚧隔担菌新种

在安徽省发现了隔担菌属1新种——双圆蚧隔担菌（Septobasidium diaspidioti）。该种与双圆蚧属蚧壳虫共生,其模式标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

Anaeromyces mucronatus nov. gen., nov. sp. A new strictly anaerobic rumen fungus with polycentric thallus

A new species of strictly anaerobic fungus was isolated from the cow rumen. It is characterized by a polycentric thallus, a polynuclear rhizomycelium, mucronate zoosporangia and uniflagellated zoospores. It is also singular in that the sporocysts do not react to the specific lectins of L-fucose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and diacetyl chitobiose. These characteristics justify the creation of a new genus.     

Psephellus yusufeliensis sp. nov. from north-east Anatolia, Turkey

Psephellus yusufeliensis O. Tugay & Uysal sp. nov. (Asteraceae) from Yusufeli (B7 Artvin-Turkey) is described and illustrated. It is closely related to P. aucheriana (DC) Wagenitz & F. H. Hellw. Diagnostic morphological characters are provided and the relationship to other Psephellus species in Turkey is discussed. The geographical distribution of the new species and other related species are mapped. Notes are also presented on the ecology, biogeography and conservation status of the new species.     

中国弯颈霉新种及产环孢菌素的研究

对云南省迪庆藏族自治州产的冬虫夏草 Cordyceps sinensis(Berk.)Sacc.进行分离获一纯种,经培养鉴定确为弯颈霉属 Tolypocladium w.Gams 一新种,命名为中国弯颈霉 To-lypocladium sinense c.L.Li sp.nov.。它在几种琼脂培养基上生长形成瓶梗及瓶梗孢于,瓶梗基部呈球形或椭圆形膨大,瓶颈细长而弯曲,瓶梗孢子球形至卵形。其形态特征及生活习性与弯颈霉属其它种类显然不同,故定为一新种。它在蛋白胨葡萄糖培养液中,温度26℃,pH5.2,摇瓶振荡培养12天。发酵液用乙酸乙酯萃取,减压蒸馏,从每升发酵液中获50—80mg 环孢菌素粗品。对几种半知真菌显示了明显的拮抗作用。     

Growth and pigment production by Arthrobacter pyridinolis n. sp.

A new bacterium capable of growing on 2-hydroxypyridine as sole source of carbon and nitrogen was isolated from soil. During its growth on solid medium, approximately 50% of this substrate was converted to a brilliant blue crystalline pigment which was deposited extracellularly in the colony mass. The pigment was identical to that produced by Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during its growth on 2-hydroxypyridine. The new isolate exhibited the typical cycle of morphogenesis characteristic of the genus Arthrobacter. The organism is different from all other reported species of Arthrobacter. It is proposed that the organism be named Arthorbacter pyridinolis n. sp.     

Trichophyton fischeri sp. nov.: a saprophyte resembling Trichophyton rubrum

A new species Trichophyton fischeri was isolated as a contaminant on blood agar plates. This fungus is believed to be a saprophyte. It may be confused with T. rubrum. On peptone dextrose agar plate, the growth is white and velvety to cottony. It occasionally forms furrows. The underside of the mature colony is brownish red. Clavate microaleuriospores are common. Trichophyton-type macroaleuriospores are produced occasionally on blood agar and potato dextrose agar. Erythritol does not stimulate T. fischeri to produce a red color on casamino erythritol albumen agar. Closterospore-like projections may be produced on the main filaments on peptone dextrose and potato dextrose agar.     

Misbrookea, a new monotypic genus removed from Werneria s.1. (Compositae: Senecioneae)

A new genus is described based on a species formerly found in Werneria s.1. It is named after a collector, Miss Winifred M. A. Brooke. The new genus, Misbrookea, is confined to dry, high-elevation areas in Peru and northern Bolivia. It is distinguished by its unusual, long, multicellular hairs that cover the leaves and involucre of the plant, the style apices with long, multicellular hairs and apparent vascular traces, and the pale or silvery gray-green color of the leaves and involucre.     

Regulatory affairs and biotechnology in Europe. I. Introduction into good regulatory practice

The high cost and risks associated with the research and development of new drugs demand an alert as well as realistic legislative policy at both national and international levels. Registration of a new drug required before a marketing license is granted, is important for all branches of the pharmaceutical industry but is crucial for success in the innovative biotechnological sector. Innovation as such is no guarantee to be profitable. Increasing government demands have introduced uncertainty on whether new products will secure registration and have led to a disproportionate increase in the economical risks for innovative industry. Preparation and submission of an application for registration should be undertaken seriously and professionally since it has significantly more consequences than simply obtaining a marketing licence. It will influence marketing strategies and results. It is proposed--since dealing with regulatory affairs can be considered as an essential specialism--to apply a Quality Assurance approach. Activities in this context should comply with the same performance standards as developed for GMP, GLP and GCP leading to Good Regulatory Practice (GRP). By acknowledging regulatory affairs as a quality assurance means one can define a set of standard procedures within an organization to ensure that decisions are made on current and future regulations. In such a setup regulatory affairs becomes a marketing tool. This paper illustrates the complex problems found in registration activities. It underlines the necessity of introducing a GRP-approach of performance resulting in substantive evidence of regulatory efficacy.     

On Eosperma oxroadense gen. et sp. nov.: a New Lower Carboniferous Seed from East Lothian

A new petrified platyspermic seed is described from the CementstoneGroup (Tournaisian) of Scotland. It has a generally Lagenostomaleanappearance despite its unusual symmetry, and it is comparedwith some other members of that order. It possesses a well-preservedmegaspore membrane, one of the most notable features of whichis the polygonal markings on the outer surface. Comparison ismade with some megaspores from fossil and living seeds. Thepossible affinity of the seed is discussed.     

Family coelotubuliporidae fam. nov. and morphological parallelisms in the evolution of bryozoans

Morphologically complex bryozoans from the Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous of Eurasia that some research workers include in the order Rhabdomesida and others place in the order Trepostomata are studied. The axial zooecium is demonstrated to be of zooidal nature. A new family, Coelotubuliporidae fam. nov., is established and its position in the order Trepostomata is substantiated. It includes two genera (one new), 11 species (1 new), and four subspecies. Diagnoses of a new family, Coelotubuliporidae, the genus Coelotubulipora Yang, Hu et Xia, 1988, and a new genus, Dunaevella Gorjunova gen. nov., are presented. The following species are described: Coelotubulipora irinae Gorjunova, sp. nov., Dunaevella shishovae (Schulga-Nesterenko, 1955), and D. peristomata (Schulga-Nesterenko, 1955). The emergence of axial zooecia in representatives of the order Trepostomata is considered as one of the evolutionary ways of bryozoans due to morphological parallelisms. It is shown that data presented on the stratigraphic range and paleogeography of the family Coelotubuliporidae are of great significance for solving the problems of biostratigraphy and correlation of deposits of the Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous of Eurasia.     

Lophodermium macci sp. nov., a new species on senesced foliage of five-needle pines

The new species Lophodermium macci is described. It is similar in its morphology, habitat, geographic range and ecology to L. pini-excelsae, L. staleyi and L. nitens and often is misidentified as L. pinastri on Pinus strobus in herbaria. A modified technique was used to extract DNA from minute ascomata on herbarium specimens, and new primers were made to amplify the damaged DNA from these specimens. It provides added evidence to separate L. macci from L. pini-excelsae, its closest morphological taxon.     

Onosma bulgarica sp. nov. (Boraginaceae–Lithospermeae) found on serpentine in Bulgaria

A new species, Onosma bulgarica (Boraginaceae–Lithospermeae), found in the eastern Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria is described. It is a typical serpentinitophyte with local distribution and is thus a further addition to the remarkable serpentine flora. The new species belongs to the asterotrichos Onosma species and shows similarities with other endemics distributed on the Balkan Peninsula. Onosma bulgarica is clearly morphologically delimited by its suffruticose dense caespitose habit, very narrow basal and cauline leaves, bracts of lower flowers shorter than calyx and pedicel, corolla pale yellow and glabrous and short anthers. The differences between the new species and related taxa are discussed.     

Crinipellis pedemontana sp. nov. (Agaricomycetes), a new basidiomycete from Italy

Crinipellis pedemontana, a new agaric growing on stems of dead grasses in an Italian urban park, is described and illustrated. It fits in sect. Grisentinae on account of the green reaction with KOH and ammonia and its bright colored pileus. The unique combination of purple-violaceous tinges in the pileus and the presence of chlamydospores in the pileipellis characterize this species as new. Its taxonomic position within Crinipellis and the related genus Moniliophthora is discussed.     

Pichia delftensis sp.n.

Pichia delftensis is described as a new species. It was isolated from a naturally fermented apple juice that had been left on the yeast deposit. This film yeast differs fromP. membranaefaciens in its positive assimilation of hexitols.