云南高黎贡山地区野生蕨类植物药用研究

通过对云南高黎贡山地区的民间访谈和集市药摊调查,总结出主要的药用蕨类植物85种,分属27科,44属。本文介绍该地区17种常见药用蕨类植物的药用功效,并整理出85种主要药用蕨类植物的初步名录。     

河南大别山山蕨类植物区系的研究

初步探讨了河南大别山蕨类植物区系的地理特点 ,结果表明:本区系有蕨类植物142种,隶属于29科67属,优势成分以鳞毛蕨科、水龙骨科、蹄盖蕨科等系统演化上较高级的类群为主.组成本区系的成分来源不同,南北兼容,与我国秦岭、黄山相似率最高.研究结果与秦仁昌在中国蕨类植物分区中将河南大别山划分为华中-华东区的观点一致.     

岳麓山蕨类植物生物多样性研究

目的:为湖南植物区系的研究提供基础资料.方法:进行野外调查、标本采集、鉴定并结合相关资料进行统计,对岳麓山蕨类植物多样性进行了初步研究.结果:①分布有蕨类植物共23科,包括40属73种.②蕨类植物的优势科、优势属均表现明显,优势科为鳞毛蕨科、蹄盖蕨科和金星蕨科;优势属为鳞毛蕨属、凤尾蕨属和铁角蕨属.③分布区类型以亚热带为主,属中国-日本区系.结论:岳麓山蕨类植物区系地理成分复杂,是东亚植物区系的一个关键地区.     

河南大别山蕨类植物区系的研究

初步探讨了河南大别山蕨类植物区系的地理特点,结果表明,本区系有蕨类植物１４２种,隶属于２９科６７属,优势成分以鳞毛蕨科,水龙骨科,蹄盖蕨科等系统演化上较高级的类群为主,组成本区系的成分来源不同,南北兼容,与我国秦岭,黄山相似率最高,研究结果与秦仁昌在中国蕨类植物分区中河南大别山划分为华中－华东区的观点一致。     

河南太行山蕨类植物区系的研究

初步探讨了河南太行山蕨类植物区系的特点。该区系有蕨类植物 1 0 4种 ,隶属于 2 3科 4 8属 ,优势成分以蹄盖蕨科、鳞毛蕨科等系统演化上比较高级的类群为主。组成本区系的成分来源不同 ,以温带成分占优势 ,与河北、山西、北京地区的蕨类区系关系密切 ,与山东、秦岭、长白山、黄山、鼎湖山的相似程度渐低。这与中国现代蕨类植物地理分布规律相吻合     

南京地区药用植物资源调查

对南京地区的药用植物资源进行了初步调查,据植物分类学统计,南京地区有药用植物107科281属357种,其中蕨类植物12科12属12种,种子植物95科269属345种.对数种江苏特产和稀有的药用植物进行了介绍.     

峨眉山野生药用蕨类植物资源及其开发利用

峨眉山中药材以其品种多、质优量大、历史悠久而驰名中外,素有“天然药园”之称。其野生药用蕨类植物有38科148种,占全国该类植物资源总科数的97%、总种数的80%左右。本文对药用蕨类植物的生境、分布、药用部位、功效等作了初步分析,并对合理开发利用提出了建议。     

宁镇山脉蕨类植物资源调查与区系多样性分析

在野外调查和查阅文献资料的基础上,对宁镇山脉蕨类植物区系组成、分布区类型及生态类型进行了分析,并与邻近的7个蕨类植物区系相似性进行比较。结果表明:(1)宁镇山脉共有蕨类植物28科47属109种,主要科为鳞毛蕨科、金星蕨科及蹄盖蕨科,主要属为鳞毛蕨属、铁角蕨属及复叶耳蕨属,并有14种中国特有蕨类植物。(2)分布区类型以热带分布科、属为主,以东亚分布种为主,表明宁镇山脉蕨类植物区系具有亚热带向温带过渡的特征。(3)与邻近7个山区蕨类植物区系科、属、种相似性系数的比较表明,宁镇山脉与河南鸡公山亲缘关系最近,其次是浙江凤阳山和江西武夷山。(4)宁镇山脉蕨类植物可划分为湿生、石生及土生3种类型,其中石生类型有31种,湿生类型有8种,土生类型有70种。     

浙江天目山自然保护区药用蕨类植物资源调查

据初步调查,浙江天目山自然保护区药用蕨类植物共有114种(含种下等级单位),隶属于32科57属。本文对其种类、分布、主要化学成分等进行系统介绍,并讨论蕨类植物资源的开发利用前景及保护措施。     

鹅凰嶂蕨类植物区系地理的初步研究

初步探讨了广东阳春鹅凰嶂自然保护区蕨类植物区系的地理特点,结果表明:本区有蕨类植物134种(包括变种与变型),隶属于38科72属,优势成分以水龙骨科、金星蕨科、鳞毛蕨科等系统演化上较高级的类群为主。区系单种属较多,起源古老,地理成分复杂,但热带、亚热带成分占主导地位。这些区系特征与本区古老的地质和优越的水热条件密切相关。     

福建福州25种蕨类植物抑菌活性筛选研究

应用纸片扩散法对福建福州25种常见蕨类植物进行枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌、酿酒酵母和黑曲霉的抑菌活性筛选。结果表明,其中23种蕨类的醇提液至少对一种试验微生物具有抑菌活性,其抑菌效果在8~24mm范围(抑菌圈直径)。具抑菌活性的蕨类分属14科19属,其中鳞毛蕨科4个种显示出较强的抑菌能力。     

九种蕨类植物多糖提取物抗动植物病原菌活性

从9种蕨类植物中提取多糖,以苯酚-硫酸比色法测定其含量,并采用纸片法进行抗动植物病原菌实验。结果表明,9种蕨类多糖含量差别较大,其多糖提取物表现出不同程度的抑制动植物病原菌活性。     

Mycorrhizal symbioses found in roots of fern and its relatives in Korea

Mycorrhizal symbioses were found in the roots of 45 out of 59 species of pteridophytes collected in Korea. The mycorrhizal fungi were colonized in the root cortical cells, primarily in terrestrial species, but rarely in epiphytic or aquatic pteridophytes. Mycorrhizae that are typically found in orchid colonized the roots of the epiphytic pteridophytes, but not in other species. These were the first observations of orchid mycorrhizae in pteridophytes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were examined after staining, then confirmed with PCR, using a specific primer. This is the first report of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in the roots of pteridophyte species in Asia.     

Life history, diversity and distribution: a study of Japanese pteridophytes

Many studies address the relationships between diversity or distribution and attributes of the physical environment. However, how these relationships are connected to variation in life history is poorly understood. This is particularly true in the case of pteridophytes. Japanese ferns and their allies comprise one of the best-known pteridophyte floras in the world. We analyzed ca 600 species of Japanese pteridophytes for which there is detailed information on distribution, reproduction, and chromosome number. Species richness was greatest in groups with a single reproductive mode (sexual, followed by apogamous), but distribution was greatest in species groups with multiple reproductive modes: sexual plus either sterile (irregular in meiosis) or apogamous. Geographical ranges varied greatly among species with small chromosome numbers but were uniformly small among species having high chromosome numbers. Seasonally green (mostly summer green) species had significantly larger distribution ranges than evergreen species. Endemic species had higher proportions of apogamy and sterility than non-endemic species. Seasonally green species had significantly larger distributional ranges, and a smaller proportion of species with apogamous reproduction, than evergreen species. There was no clear relationship between distribution and spore size, either among endemic species, non-endemic species, or all species combined. There was no relationship between spore size and chromosome number when all species were combined. However, positive relationships were detected within three of the nine largest genera, suggesting potential phylogenetic effects. We concluded that habitat availability, rather than dispersability, may be the limiting factor for the distribution of pteridophytes in Japan.     

福建清源山药用蕨类植物资源与分布

福建清源山药用蕨类植物有15科21属26种;对其分布及利用价值作了阐述,并进一步对开发利用药用蕨类植物资源提出建议。     

20种药用蕨类植物提取液抑菌试验研究

以20种药用蕨类植物提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、八叠球菌、变形杆菌、枯草杆菌、酵母菌进行抑菌活性研究,结果表明,20种蕨类提取液至少对一种供试微生物具有抑菌活性。样品蕨类醇提液比水提液具更强的抑菌活性,供试菌有阳性结果的水提液,平均抑菌圈直径10.12mm,而醇提液则为11.92mm。试验结果还表明,药用蕨类对枯草杆菌抗菌活性效果最明显,对酵母菌效果最差。不同蕨类植物其地上部分和地下部分抑菌效果不尽相同。     

ELECTROPHORESIS IS MODIFYING OUR CONCEPTS OF EVOLUTION IN HOMOSPOROUS PTERIDOPHYTES

Analyses of electrophoretically detectable enzyme variants in homosporous pteridophytes are facilitating the development of new insights into their genetics and evolution. The number of isozymes per enzyme indicates that homosporous pteridophytes are genetic diploids, in spite of the fact that they have high chromosome numbers. High levels of heterozygosity and genetic variability in sporophytic populations indicate that many diploid species are outcrossing with inbreeding representing a derived character state. Because the congeneric homosporous pteridophyte species analyzed to date have low genetic identities, allozymic characters are also proving to be useful as genomic markers for elucidating patterns of reticulate evolution. The accumulated data suggest that the genetic system of homosporous pteridophytes differs fundamentally from that of seed plants. The present genomic constitution of extant taxa may be the result of repeated cycles of allopolyploidy followed by gene silencing and extinction of progenitor taxa. Alternatively, the original homosporous pteridophytes may have had high chromosome numbers. Although current species probably evolved recently, their phylogenetic roots may be difficult to trace because even closely related pteridophytes are genetically distant and extinction has obliterated the ancestral intermediates between lineages. These hypotheses can and should be tested using a combination of molecular, phylogenetic, and population biology methods.     

Distribution and Diversity of Pteridophytes and Melastomataceae along Edaphic Gradients in Yasuní National Park, Ecuadorian Amazonia1

We documented the floristic composition of pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) and Melastomataceae in Yasuní National Park, Amazonian Ecuador. Our main questions were: (1) Are the density of individuals, species richness, and/or species diversity (measured with Shannon's H′) of the two plant groups related to edaphic differences? and (2) How many of the pteridophyte and Melastomataceae species are non–randomly distributed in relation to a soil base content gradient within terra firme (non–inundated forest). To answer these questions, we sampled 27 line transects of 500 × 5 m distributed in an area of ca 20 × 25 km. The study area included a permanent 50 ha plot established to monitor forest dynamics; thus, our results also provide information on landscape–scale floristic variability to which results from within the plot can be compared. A total of 45,608 individuals and 140 species of pteridophytes, and 4893 individuals and 89 species of the Melastomataceae, were counted in the transects. Both with pteridophytes and with Melastomataceae, a clear negative correlation was found between the amount of extractable bases in the soil and the number of plant individuals encountered in a transect. With Melastomataceae, species richness and species diversity also were negatively correlated with soil base content, but with pteridophytes they were not. More than 50 percent of the common species of both pteridophytes and Melastomataceae were nonrandomly distributed along the soil cation content gradient within terra firme. We conclude that while the species richness patterns observed in one plant group are not indicative of similar patterns in other plant groups, it seems likely that a substantial (but unknown) proportion of species belonging to other plant groups will be found to show distribution patterns that reflect edaphic preferences within terra firme forests.     

元江干热河谷主要环境因子(气温和降水)变化规律及蕨类植物的分布响应

为了解蕨类植物多样性及种群分布对环境因子的响应,建立元江干热河谷不同海拔气温和降水的分布模式,对蕨类植物在元江干热河谷内的自然分布进行了研究。结果表明,元江干热河谷从低海拔到高海拔,气温逐渐下降,但降水量却逐渐增加;河谷内蕨类植物多样性及种群分布呈现差异化;干热河谷内蕨类分布受气温影响不大,但与生境水分条件密切相关。元江干热河谷水热条件分布不均,生态环境破碎,气温和降水分布不均,差异化显著,促进了小生境发育。蕨类植物可以指示生态环境的完整性和连续性,某些种群可以指示和监测环境因子尤其是水因子的变化。