AM真菌对百合调节激素平衡与细胞渗透性以及改善耐盐性的研究

该试验以东方百合(Lilium brownii)品种‘西伯利亚’和丛枝菌根(AM)真菌摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)为材料,在温室盆栽条件下,设置NaCl胁迫(0、0.4%、0.8%和1.2%NaCl溶液处理)和接种AM真菌[接种摩西斗管囊霉、变形球囊霉、摩西斗管囊霉+变形球囊霉及未接种对照]双因素试验,分析各处理百合的激素平衡与细胞渗透性变化特征,以明确AM真菌提高百合耐盐性的效应,初步探索AM真菌增强百合耐盐性的作用机制。结果表明:(1)接种AM真菌能有效增加盐胁迫下百合植株的株高和生物量,显著提高百合耐盐系数,双接种处理的株高及地上、地下部分干重在1.2%NaCl胁迫下分别比未接种对照显著增加8.9%、14.5%和11.2%。(2)接种AM真菌能显著提高盐胁迫下百合植株叶片的矿质元素P、K、S含量,显著降低叶片内Na和Fe含量,双接种处理的P、K、S含量在1.2%NaCl胁迫下分别比对照提高10.9%、8.3%、13.7%,而其Na和Fe含量分别显著下降28.4%和66.4%。(3)接种AM真菌能显著提高盐胁迫下百合内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)含量,双接种处理在1.2%NaCl胁迫下百合内源IAA、ABA含量分别是对照的1.2和1.5倍。(4)接种AM真菌能显著提高盐胁迫下百合可溶性蛋白含量,显著降低其脯氨酸含量,双接种处理在1.2%NaCl胁迫下比对照的升降幅度分别为69%和31%。(5)接种AM真菌能显著降低盐胁迫下百合叶片丙二醛和相对电导率,双接种处理在1.2%NaCl胁迫下比对照分别显著下降58.1%和9.0%。研究发现,AM真菌可以通过增强百合对养分的吸收、降低氧化胁迫造成的伤害、调节植物内源激素平衡状况与细胞渗透性来增强自身的耐盐能力,且双接种处理的效果优于单一接种。     

丛枝菌根真菌种间差异对柚苗营养生长及矿质含量的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了3种AM真菌Gigaspora margarita、Glomus mosseae和Glomus versiforme对长寿沙田柚(Citrus grandis cv. Changshou Shatian You)无菌苗营养生长及矿质含量的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌的植株均有效地被感染;与对照相比,接种AM真菌能显著促进植株地上和地下部分生长,尤其促进了须根的生长,接种Glomus mosseae处理的主根长度比对照增加了22.7％,侧根数量增加了35.7％,须根数量和总长分别增加了160.8％和103.2％;接种AM真菌显著地提高了叶片的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu和Mn含量,与对照相比,3种真菌处理的P含量分别增加了46.8％、88.7％和32.3％.3种AM真菌处理中,以接种Glomus mosseae处理营养生长最好,菌根依赖性最大,矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Zn和Cu的含量最高,其效应顺序为Glomus mosseae＞Gigaspora margarita＞Glomus versiforme,可见,3种AM真菌对长寿沙田柚生长均有正效应,以Glomus mosseae最为显著,为长寿沙田柚适宜的优良菌种（株）.     

NaCl胁迫下AM真菌对棉花生长和叶片保护酶系统的影响

利用盆栽实验研究了 Na Cl胁迫条件下 AM真菌对棉花生长和叶片保护酶系统的影响。结果表明 :在土壤中加入 0、0 .1%、0 .2 %、0 .3%浓度 Na Cl条件下 ,Na Cl胁迫对 AM真菌的接种效果有显著影响。接种 AM真菌提高了棉花根系菌根侵染率 ,增加了棉株的生物产量 ,以 0～ 0 .2 % Na Cl浓度时 AM真菌接种效果最好。 AM真菌对棉株生理参数和保护酶活性的影响因生育期和 Na Cl浓度不同而异 ,现蕾期和低盐浓度 (0～ 0 .1% )下叶片叶绿素含量明显增加 ;中高盐水平 (0 .2 %～ 0 .3% )和生育后期叶片可溶性蛋白质含量和 SOD、POD、CAT等保护酶活性显著提高 ,MDA含量明显降低 ;棉株 K、Ca、Mg含量因植株部位和盐浓度不同而变化。 AM真菌增强宿主植物的耐盐性可能源于促进宿主根系对土壤矿质元素吸收的直接作用和改善植物体内离子平衡和生理代谢活动、提高保护酶活性的间接作用     

硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐能力的生理机制研究

为了明确硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐能力的机制,该试验采用水培方法,以黄瓜品种‘津优一号’为材料,对幼苗进行中度盐胁迫,研究在盐胁迫下硅对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性、渗透调节物质和离子吸收的影响。结果显示:(1)正常条件下,硅对黄瓜幼苗生长及相关生理指标无明显影响;单独盐处理降低了幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶片含水量,导致幼苗生长受抑。(2)盐胁迫下加硅显著提高了幼苗光合速率和叶片含水量,增加了生物量的积累;在盐胁迫初期,硅加盐处理黄瓜叶片渗透势略低于单独盐处理,此后均高于单独盐处理;硅加盐处理显著提高了叶片可溶性糖含量,尤其是蔗糖含量,而降低了其脯氨酸含量,但对可溶性蛋白含量无显著影响。(3)盐胁迫下黄瓜植株Na+含量大幅上升,K+含量下降,K+/Na+比大幅降低;硅加盐处理降低了黄瓜叶片中Na+含量,提高了K+含量和K+/Na+比。研究表明,盐胁迫条件下,硅能通过减轻叶片离子毒害和增加水分吸收,改善叶片水分状况,从而维持较高的光合能力,提高其抗盐能力;而渗透调节只在盐胁迫初期有轻微缓解作用,不是硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐性的主要途径。     

丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae对盐胁迫下牡丹渗透调节的影响

以采自菏泽牡丹园的牡丹‘凤丹’为材料,采用盆栽方法研究了不同浓度人工海水（0%、8%、16%和24%）胁迫下,接种丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌Glomus mosseae对牡丹渗透调节物质含量的影响,以不接种为对照。结果表明,盐胁迫下接种AM真菌能提高牡丹叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量,增大K＋/Na＋比值,减少叶片脯氨酸含量。结论认为,AM真菌能改善牡丹叶片的渗透调节,增强牡丹耐盐能力,促进了盐胁迫下牡丹幼苗的生长。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫薇耐盐性的影响

于盆栽条件下对紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)接种Funneliformis mosseae,并施加不同浓度盐(0、0.15%、0.30%和0.45%NaCl)处理后,测定菌根侵染率、菌根依赖性、生长指标、根系参数、生理指标和耐盐系数。结果表明,接种F.mosseae显著提高盐胁迫下紫薇的株高、鲜重、干重、根长、根尖数、平均直径以及总长度,进而增大了紫薇根系的总表面积与总体积,促进了紫薇根系的生长;增加了叶片N、P、K和叶片叶绿素含量,其中0.15%NaCl胁迫下,接种处理紫薇叶片N含量比对照提高最大,为对照的1.5倍。0.45%NaCl胁迫下,接种处理后紫薇叶片P、K和叶绿素含量比对照提高最大,分别为对照的1.5、1.3和2.4倍;接种能显著降低盐胁迫下紫薇叶片Na+和Cl-含量,其中0.15%NaCl胁迫下,接种处理的Na+和Cl-含量比未接种降低幅度最大,分别为对照的59%和74%;降低盐胁迫下紫薇叶片丙二醛含量和膜透性,其中0.30%NaCl胁迫下,接种处理紫薇叶片的丙二醛含量和膜透性分别比未接种的降低33%和12%;接种F.mosseae后紫薇叶片脯氨酸含量显著降低,可溶性糖含量显著提高,且随盐浓度的增大,呈逐渐下降趋势;接种F.mosseae的紫薇耐盐系数比未接种处理提高27%。这些结果表明接种F.mosseae提高了紫薇的耐盐性。     

花后盐与渍水逆境对小麦植株钾钠吸收和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

以扬麦12和淮麦17为材料,研究花后渍水、盐胁迫及盐渍逆境条件对离子平衡、小麦籽粒淀粉及营养器官碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫和盐渍处理下,小麦叶片和茎鞘Na+含量快速上升,K+含量相对下降,K+/Na+比快速下降,导致离子平衡失调和Na+离子毒害;花后渍水、盐胁迫及盐渍处理降低了籽粒总糖、蔗糖、游离氨基酸含量及花前营养器官可溶性总糖转运量和转运率,从而抑制籽粒灌浆,导致籽粒干物质积累下降,淀粉含量降低,尤以盐胁迫和盐渍处理更为严重;盐胁迫和盐渍处理对淮麦17的抑制作用大于扬麦12,其中盐胁迫和盐渍处理导致成熟期淮麦17籽粒重分别下降60.3%和61.1%,而扬麦12下降46.6%和43.7%;此外,盐胁迫对扬麦12影响大于盐渍处理,而盐渍处理对淮麦17影响大于盐胁迫处理。     

NaCl处理对盐地碱蓬开花及Na~+、K~+含量的影响

为探讨盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)开花与盐的关系,研究了1(对照)、200和400 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理对盐地碱蓬不同分枝和单株开花数目、叶片和茎及花器官中的Na+、K+含量及Na+/K+比的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,200 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下盐地碱蓬分枝及单株开花数目增加最显著,单株开花数目增加了69.90%,花器官中的Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了1.41倍和1.77倍,而一级叶片的Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了3.96倍和4.96倍,茎中Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了7.00倍和12.39倍。400 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下,单株开花数目增加了19.00%,花器官中的Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了2.09倍和3.21倍,而一级叶片的Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了4.28倍和6.50倍,茎中Na+含量、Na+/K+比分别增加了7.65和15.40倍。这些结果表明,NaCl处理下真盐生植物盐地碱蓬可能通过把Na+区域化到茎叶而动员其中的K+到花器官中维持花器官中合适的Na+/K+比而促进开花。     

水分胁迫下AM真菌对沙打旺生长和抗旱性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫条件下接种AM真菌对优良牧草和固沙植物沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.)生长和抗旱性的影响。在土壤相对含水量为70%、50%和30%条件下,分别接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和沙打旺根际土著菌,不接种处理作为对照。结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低了沙打旺植株(无论接种AM真菌与否)的株高、分枝数、地上部干重和地下部干重,并显著提高了土著AM真菌的侵染率,对摩西球囊霉的侵染率无显著影响。接种AM真菌可以促进沙打旺生长和提高植株抗旱性,但促进效应因土壤含水量和菌种不同而存在差异。不同水分条件下,接种AM真菌显著提高了植株菌根侵染率、根系活力、地下部全N含量和叶片CAT活性。土壤相对含水量为30%和50%时,接种株地上部全N、叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和POD活性显著高于未接种株;接种AM真菌显著降低了叶片MDA含量;接种土著AM真菌的植株株高、分枝数、地上部和地下部干重显著高于未接种株。土壤相对含水量为30%时,接种AM真菌显著增加了地上部全P含量和叶片相对含水量;接种摩西球囊霉的植株株高、分枝数、地上部和地下部干重显著高于未接种株。水分胁迫40d,接种AM真菌显著提高了叶片可溶性糖含量。水分胁迫80d,接种株叶片SOD活性显著增加。菌根依赖性随水分胁迫程度增加而提高。沙打旺根际土著菌接种效果优于摩西球囊霉。水分胁迫和AM真菌的交互作用对分枝数、菌根侵染率、叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性、叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、地上部全N和全P、地下部全N和根系活力有极显著影响,对叶片丙二醛和地下部全P有显著影响。AM真菌促进根系对土壤水分和矿质营养的吸收,改善植物生理代谢活动,从而提高沙打旺抗旱性,促进其生长。试验结果为筛选优良抗旱菌种,充分利用AM真菌资源促进荒漠植物生长和植被恢复提供了依据。     

丛枝菌根真菌对盐胁迫下红花幼苗生长及耐盐生理指标的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了Na Cl胁迫下接种从枝菌根真菌(AMF)摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对红花(Carthamus tinctorius)生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明,接种摩西球囊霉能够显著提高了盐胁迫下红花地下部干重、地上部叶绿素含量,减少了丙二醛(MDA)的积累量。在盐处理下,接种AMF较不接种显著增加了红花叶片游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量,提高了红花的总抗氧化能力。此外,接种AMF还能增强红花对矿质营养元素P、Mg的吸收。在高盐浓度(3‰)时,接菌较不接菌显著减少了红花对Na+的吸收,同时显著增加了红花叶片中K+的浓度。因此,摩西球囊霉能减少盐对叶绿素合成的干扰作用,从而提高叶绿素含量;同时通过提高渗透调节物质含量、增强矿质元素的吸收、减小膜脂过氧化程度以及降低高盐浓度时Na+的吸收来缓解红花的盐胁迫。     

Influence of the insecticide dimethoate on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and growth in soybean plants.

Application to the soil of the insecticide dimethoate had no effect on the growth of soybean colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae and by the indigenous AM fungus. The application of the recommended concentration of dimethoate decreased the percentage of colonization of soybean by the indigenous AM population, but no significant effect was observed on the colonization of soybean inoculated with G. mosseae. The insecticide did not affect the germination of G. mosseae spores; however, 0.5 mg/l of dimethoate increased the germination of Gigaspora roseae and 5 mg/l of dimethoate decreased the germination of Scutellospora castaneae spores.     

磷有效性对大豆菌根侵染的调控及其与根构型、磷效率的关系

以30个不同根构型的大豆基因型为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了生长介质磷有效性对大豆接种摩西球囊霉属丛枝菌根真菌的影响及其与根构型、磷效率的关系.结果表明：生长介质磷有效性显著地影响大豆菌根真菌的接种效果.低磷条件下接种菌根真菌效果明显,菌根侵染率较高,菌根对大豆磷吸收的贡献率较大;高磷条件下接种菌根真菌效果不显著,菌根侵染率较低,菌根对大豆磷吸收的贡献率较低.磷有效性和大豆根构型对菌根真菌接种的影响具有交互作用.低磷条件下,中间型和深根型大豆的菌根侵染率最高,浅根型最小.高磷条件下,根构型与菌根侵染率间的关系不明显.根构型和菌根侵染状况对大豆磷效率的贡献存在互利互补关系,磷效率高的大豆基因型一般具有较好的根构型或较高的菌根侵染率.     

丛枝菌根真菌与高羊茅协同修复镉污染土壤

本研究采用温室盆栽试验,利用丛枝菌根（AM）真菌摩西管柄囊霉Funneliformis mosseae进行接种试验,研究了在Cd胁迫下（0、5、15和30mg/kg）接种AM真菌对高羊茅Festuca elata ‘Crossfire II’的生物量、防御酶活性、磷和镉（Cd）含量的影响。结果表明,随着Cd浓度的增加,高羊茅的菌根侵染率和菌根相对依赖性有所增加。接种AM真菌改善了磷从植株根系向地上部的转运,有助于植株在地上部积累更多的磷。此外,AM真菌和Cd胁迫对高羊茅植株抗氧化酶活性都有显著影响,在镉胁迫下,与未接种植株相比,接种AM真菌显著提高了植株的过氧化氢酶活性,而显著降低了植株的丙二醛含量。与未接种植株相比,接种摩西管柄囊霉显著提高了寄主植物对Cd的富集能力,有利于重金属在根部的积累,同时降低了地上部的Cd含量。本研究表明,高羊茅-丛枝菌根共生体在Cd污染土壤的修复中具有潜在应用价值。     

Interactions between Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol agents and Glomus mosseae, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, within the rhizosphere

Interactions between Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol agents and Glomus mosseae , an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, were studied. The biocontrol agents included the genetically modified strains CHA96 and CHA0 pME3424 which produced enhanced levels of antifungal compounds. Tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentum ) and leek ( Allium porrum ) host plants were grown in sterile Terra-Green (calcined attapulgite clay) with limited nutrients. Mycorrhizal activity was indicated by shoot dry weight and phosphorus content. In all experiments, plants grown in the presence of G. mosseae had a significantly higher shoot dry weight than those grown in the absence of G. mosseae . Colonisation and activity of G. mosseae was unaltered in the presence of P. fluorescens isolates and presence of G. mosseae increased the population of P. fluorescens in the rhizosphere.     

Nutrient transfer between the root zones of soybean and maize plants connected by a common mycorrhizal mycelium

The objective of the study was to determine whether nutrient fluxes mediated by hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi between the root zones of grass and legume plants differ with the legume's mode of N nutrition. The plants, nodulating or nonnodulating isolines of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], were grown in association with a dwarf maize ( Zea mays L.) cultivar in containers which interposed a 6-cm-wide root-free soil bridge between legume and grass container compartments. The bridge was delimited by screens (44 μm) which permitted the passage of hyphae, but not of roots and minimized non VAM interactions between the plants. All plants were colonized by the VAM fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe. The effects of N input to N-sufficient soybean plants through N₂-fixation or N-fertilization on associated maize-plant growth and nutrition were compared to those of an N-deficient (nonnodulating, unfertilized) soybean control. Maize, when associated with the N-fertilized soybean, increased 19% in biomass, 67% in N content and 77% in leaf N concentration relative to the maize plants of the N-deficient association. When maize was grown with nodulated soybean, maize N content increased by 22%, biomass did not change, but P content declined by 16%. Spore production by the VAM fungus was greatest in the soils of both plants of the N-fertilized treatment. The patterns of N and P distribution, as well as those of the other essential elements, indicated that association with the N-fertilized soybean plants was more advantageous to maize than was association with the N₂-fixing ones.     

Growth, respiration and nutrient acquisition by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and its host plant Plantago lanceolata in cooled soil

Although plant phosphate uptake is reduced by low soil temperature, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are responsible for P uptake in many plants. We investigated growth and carbon allocation of the AM fungus Glomus mosseae and a host plant (Plantago lanceolata) under reduced soil temperature. Plants were grown in compartmented microcosm units to determine the impact on both fungus and roots of a constant 2.7 °C reduction in soil temperature for 16 d. C allocation was measured using two (13)CO(2) pulse labels. Although root growth was reduced by cooling, AM colonization, growth and respiration of the extraradical mycelium (ERM) and allocation of assimilated (13)C to the ERM were all unaffected; the frequency of arbuscules increased. In contrast, root respiration and (13)C content and plant P and Zn content were all reduced by cooling. Cooling had less effect on N and K, and none on Ca and Mg content. The AM fungus G. mosseae was more able to sustain activity in cooled soil than were the roots of P. lanceolata, and so enhanced plant P content under a realistic degree of soil cooling that reduced plant growth. AM fungi may therefore be an effective means to promote plant nutrition under low soil temperatures.     

Interaction between Glomus mosseae and soil yeasts on growth and nutrition of cowpea

A glass house experiment was conducted to study the interaction between the mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae and six soil yeasts (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Trichosporon cutaneum var. cutaneum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cryptococcus laurentii, Debaryomyces occidentalis var. occidentalis), and their effect on growth and nutrition of cowpea. All the yeasts had a synergistic interaction with the mycorrhizal fungus and dual inoculation improved plant growth compared to single inoculation with G. mosseae alone. Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of plants was also enhanced significantly in G. mosseae and soil yeasts combinations. Growth, N, P, chlorophyll and phenol content and yield of cowpea were highest in plants treated with G. mosseae+R. mucilaginosa. Mycorrhizal root colonization, spore numbers and population of yeasts in the root zone soil were also highest in the treatment G. mosseae+R. mucilaginosa and least in the uninoculated plants.     

施钾量与AM真菌接种效应的关系

以非灭菌土壤为生长基础,通过烤烟盆栽试验研究了施钾量与菌根侵染及接种生物效应之间的关系,结果表明,施用钾肥能显著提高AM真菌对烤烟的侵染率,不施钾肥菌根侵染率最低,AM真菌对烤烟生长影响较小,低中等施钾量（0.375-1.125kK2O/kg土）显著促进了AM真菌的侵染,改善了宿主钾营养,增加植株生长量,过高施钾量（1．5gK2O/kg土）抑制AM的侵染,使烟株干物重及其含钾量有所下降。     

不同N、P水平下接种摩西球囊霉对白三叶草中C∶N∶P比和RNA含量的影响

通过室内盆栽试验研究了不同N、P水平下接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对三叶草中C:N:P比和RNA含量的影响。试验结果表明,(1)在外加P浓度为50mgkg-1或低于50mgkg-1时,随着外加P浓度的增加,三叶草的菌根侵染率增加,而且接种摩西球囊霉增加了三叶草的生物量,提高了其P含量和C/N比,降低了C/P和N/P比;外加P浓度为100mgkg-1时,接种摩西球囊霉对三叶草生物量和C:N:P比无显著影响;对于非菌根三叶草,其RNA含量与P含量成正相关;(2)外加P浓度的增加提高了三叶草生物量、RNA含量和对P养分的吸收,抑制了三叶草对N的吸收;外加N浓度的增加降低了三叶草的生物量、P含量和RNA含量,增加了三叶草中的N含量;(3)三叶草中的C、N和P含量之间显著相关,表明植物中元素组成的变化是相互联系、相互影响的;(4)三叶草中的N/P比受土壤N/P供给比调节,即随着土壤N/P供给比的变化,三叶草中N/P比也相应变化。     

Interactions between the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Glomus mosseae in banana

The effects of the interaction between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on growth and nutrition of micropropagated ;Grand Naine banana (Musa AAA) cultivar was studied under greenhouse conditions. Inoculation with two G. mosseae isolates significantly increased growth of plants in relation to non-mycorrhizal plants. Response to mycorrhizae was as effective as with an optimum P fertilization in promoting plant development for most growth parameters. Meloidogyne incognita had no apparent effect on the percentage of root colonization in mycorrhizal plants. In contrast, G. mosseae suppressed root galling and nematode buildup in the roots. The percentage of mycorrhizal colonization was high (over 80%) in low P fertilized plants, but optimum P rates for bananas (four times higher than low P) significantly reduced mycorrhizal colonization. Most elements were within sufficiency levels for banana with exception of N which was low for all treatments. Mycorrhizal plants fertilized with a low P rate showed higher N, P, K, Ca, and Mg contents as compared to non-mycorrhizal plants low in P with or without the nematode. Inoculation with G. mosseae favours growth of banana plants by enhancing plant nutrition and by suppressing nematode reproduction and galling during the early stages of plant development.