四川南充市区红头长尾山雀的巢址选择、繁殖习性与帮手行为

2003年3月~2004年5月在四川省南充市区的校园和公园内对红头长尾山雀(Aegithalosconcinnus)的繁殖生态进行了研究。结果表明,红头长尾山雀在2月上旬开始求偶、配对。2月中旬开始营巢,巢多筑于圆柏、凤尾竹等上,营巢期10~11 d,影响巢址选择主要因素6种。3月初产卵,窝卵数(5.17±0.41)枚;轮流昼夜孵卵,孵卵期为14~15 d;育雏高峰期每日9:00~10:00、16:00~17:00时,育雏期为14 d。从孵卵开始到育雏结束,其中3个巢均有一个帮手,与生殖鸟轮流孵卵和育雏。     

红尾伯劳的巢址选择与营巢行为

2003年4-9月通过焦点动物取样法(focalanimal sampling)和完全记录法(all-occurrence recording)对红尾伯劳的营巢行为进行了研究。结果表明：凌晨选巢,巢多位于7—15m的高大乔木冠部分叉处。对19个巢址主成分分析表明：前6个主成分特征值均大于1,累积贡献率达83．74％,基本包含了16个参数的总信息量。营巢活动自5月下旬至7月中旬,两性参与筑巢,营巢期间有求偶交配行为,营巢期6～8d。衔材主由雄鸟担任,达72．16％,衔材高峰出现于营巢第2d和第4d,每日高峰在7～8时和15-17时。理巢基本全由雄鸟承担。护巢性强。     

甘肃莲花山黑冠山雀繁殖生态的初步研究

2017和2018年每年的4至8月在甘肃莲花山国家级自然保护区,对人工巢箱中黑冠山雀（Periparus rubidiventris）的繁殖生态进行了研究。共悬挂100个巢箱,两年共计招引到15巢黑冠山雀。此外,还记录到4个自然巢,分别位于干枯的糙皮桦（Betula utilise）树洞（1巢）、土坡的缝隙（1巢）和路边水泥护坡的出水管中（2巢）。黑冠山雀雌雄亲鸟共同筑巢,巢内壁为兽毛夹杂少量绒羽,外壁为草茎须根和苔藓。5月中下旬为黑冠山雀的产卵高峰期,清晨产卵,日产1枚,产下最后1枚卵后开始孵卵。平均窝卵数为6枚（4 ~ 7 枚,n = 15）,平均卵重（1.12 ± 0.02）g,卵长径（15.30 ± 0.10）mm,卵短径（12.09 ± 0.11）mm（n = 86）。孵卵由雌鸟承担,孵卵期为15 d（14 ~ 16 d,n = 5）。产卵期,雌鸟离巢时有用巢材盖卵的行为,开始孵卵后则不再盖卵。双亲共同育雏,育雏期为16 d和17 d（n = 2）。所记录的18巢黑冠山雀的繁殖成功率为83.3%,人工巢箱（15巢）中繁殖成功率为86.7%,巢捕食者主要为鼠类。     

湖北兴山县龙门河地区灰林（即鸟）繁殖习性

2004年5月~2005年7月,在湖北省兴山县龙门河村,对灰林(Saxicola ferrea)的繁殖习性进行了初步研究。研究结果显示,灰林在湖北兴山龙门河地区的繁殖时间为4月中旬至7月下旬。主要在农田边、公路旁、河岸边、山间小路旁等山坡草丛中营巢,巢址选择在牲畜较少光顾的、较陡的土坡上,上方往往有茅草等遮挡,较为隐蔽。筑巢工作全部由雌鸟承担,一般需要5~7 d即可完成。雌鸟每天产一枚卵,产卵时间一般在清晨。窝卵数5枚(n=15),第4枚卵产出后即开始孵化,孵卵工作全部由雌鸟承担。雌鸟的孵卵行为有明显的节律性。孵化期13~14 d。雏鸟晚成性,雌雄共同育雏,育雏期12~13 d。雏鸟离巢前体重有所下降。     

荒漠伯劳的繁殖及雏鸟生长发育

2006～2007年对新疆石河子市荒漠伯劳(Lanius isabellinus phoenicuroides)的巢、卵及雏鸟的生长发育状况进行了研究.结果表明,荒漠伯劳窝卵数平均5.67枚,孵卵期17 d,育雏期15 d.育雏主要由雌鸟担任.采用Logistic方程对雏鸟发育过程中主要生长指标的生长方程进行了曲线拟合,相关指标生长方程的拟合度均在0.99以上.     

棕头鸦雀的巢生境因子分析和雏鸟的生长发育

2005年4~6月,在四川南充市西华师范大学新校区、西南石油学院和嘉陵江中坝区域内对棕头鸦雀(Paradoxornis webbianus)的繁殖行为进行了观察研究。结果表明,棕头鸦雀4月开始繁殖。影响巢址选择的生境因子主要有7种。雌雄鸟参与筑巢,营巢期5~6 d。窝卵数4~5枚(n=5)。雌雄鸟孵卵,孵卵期13~14 d。孵化率89.47%(n=4)。雌雄参与育雏,育雏期12~13 d。雏鸟离巢率88.24%(n=4)。雏鸟形态生长曲线呈“S”型。     

欧夜鹰的繁殖生态与移巢行为

2008年6至8月及2018年6月和7月,采用实地观察、测量和红外相机监测方法对新疆乌鲁木齐郊外头屯河流域欧夜鹰（Caprimulgus europaeus）的栖息环境、巢间距、窝卵数、孵卵、育雏、幼鸟生长及移巢行为进行了调查和分析。利用红外相机监测3个巢,监测时间分别为 15 d、23 d和11 d,共拍摄照片8 462 张,视频4 152个片段,约40 h,经过筛选得到有效照片6 807张。结果表明,欧夜鹰的巢均置于河道中央的河心岛及乱石滩沙地上,周围植被稀疏。两巢间距最近为69 m,巢密度3 ~ 7个/km2。每窝产卵2枚（n = 7）,卵长径为（30.53 ± 0.88）mm,卵短径为（21.39 ± 0.85）mm,卵体积为（7.13 ± 0.50）cm3,卵重为（7.27 ± 0.38）g（n = 5）。孵卵期为15或16 d,孵卵期成鸟离巢觅食呈双峰型,分别在天黑后的20:00 ~ 21:00时和黎明前的03:00 ~ 04:00时。育雏期为16 ~ 18 d,育雏期和孵卵期成鸟活动强度存在明显的差异,成鸟喂食幼鸟亦呈双峰型,分别在夜里的20:30 ~ 22:30时和黎明前的02:30 ~ 04:30时。成鸟的行为谱可分为9类46种,幼鸟的行为谱可分为6类32种。雏鸟的体重、体长、翅长生长发育遵循Logistic方程规律,呈曲线变化,尾长、跗跖长和嘴峰长则遵循线性生长规律。欧夜鹰的移巢行为十分独特：一是为了躲避日晒,以避免幼鸟被阳光灼伤;二是避开干扰（天敌、牧群、洪水及人类活动等）。     

四川南充市区珠颈斑鸠的繁殖生态学和巢址选择

2002年11月~2004年4月在四川省南充市区内对珠颈斑鸠(Streptopelia chinensis)繁殖生态和巢址选择进行了研究。结果表明:珠颈斑鸠3月初开始求偶交配,求偶行为复杂,有“婚飞”行为;雌雄参与筑巢,营巢期7~8 d。影响巢址选择的主要因素有6种:栖位与巢周隐蔽因子、巢下隐蔽因子、光照因子、人为活动因子、食物因子和营巢树因子;窝卵数2枚,雌雄轮流孵卵,孵卵期17~18 d,孵化率86.67%;雌雄均参与育雏,育雏期18~20 d,雏离巢率73.08%,繁殖生产力1.82,种群育雏高峰期为7月和8月中上旬。     

乌鸫的繁殖行为与坐巢行为初步观察

于2009年3～7月、2010年3～6月,采用焦点动物观察法和全事件行为记录法对乌鸫(Turdusmerula)的孵卵及育雏行为进行了研究。结果表明,乌鸫是雌鸟孵卵,在孵卵期出现卵损失现象,具补卵行为;孵卵前期与后期的坐巢行为存在差异,且其坐巢时间、频次和坐巢率有随孵卵数递增的趋势。双亲育雏但以雌鸟为主,喂食模式3种:雌鸟喂食、雄鸟喂食、雄鸟将食物递给雌鸟由雌鸟喂食。随着雏鸟日龄的增长,喂食次数增多,暖雏行为减少,至育雏后期未观察到暖雏行为。为权衡孵卵期和育雏前期的能量分配,乌鸫在孵卵期及育雏前期分别采取时间长而频次少和时间短而频次多的坐巢策略。     

四川南充地区白鶺鴒的繁殖习性

2004年2~5月在四川省南充市嘉陵江中上游的河漫滩内对白鶺鴒(Motacilla alba)的繁殖习性进行了研究。结果表明:白鶺鴒2月开始繁殖;雌雄参与筑巢,营巢期7~10 d;主要雌鸟孵卵,孵卵期13~14 d,上午8:00~9:00时孵卵出现一次高峰;窝卵数(5.00±0.52)(n=16)枚,孵化率42.5%;雌雄参与育雏,育雏期15~16 d,下午18:00~19:00时育雏出现一次高峰,日育雏次数(112.9±48.6)(n=17),育雏时间间隔(5.60±5.34)min(n=1 584);雏鸟形态生长曲线呈“S”型。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.