红尾伯劳的巢址选择与营巢行为

2003年4-9月通过焦点动物取样法(focalanimal sampling)和完全记录法(all-occurrence recording)对红尾伯劳的营巢行为进行了研究。结果表明：凌晨选巢,巢多位于7—15m的高大乔木冠部分叉处。对19个巢址主成分分析表明：前6个主成分特征值均大于1,累积贡献率达83．74％,基本包含了16个参数的总信息量。营巢活动自5月下旬至7月中旬,两性参与筑巢,营巢期间有求偶交配行为,营巢期6～8d。衔材主由雄鸟担任,达72．16％,衔材高峰出现于营巢第2d和第4d,每日高峰在7～8时和15-17时。理巢基本全由雄鸟承担。护巢性强。     

青岛市虎纹伯劳的习性观察

虎纹伯劳 (Ｌａｎｉｕｓｔｉｇｒｉｎｕｓ)俗称“嘎嘎儿” ,在青岛地区为夏候鸟。我们于 1 985～ 1 999年在青岛市自来水公司中韩水源地、青岛市的老鸦岭及青岛市动物园等地对其繁殖过程、迁徙季节作了观察 ,结果如下。1　迁徙和栖息环境虎纹伯劳每年 5月中旬迁来当地。多为成对迁来 ,偶见单个到达。于 1 0月中旬南迁 ,最晚迁走时间1 0月 1 4日。在当地居留时间 1 50天左右。南迁时多集小群 ,以 6～ 8只居多 ,并在沿海林地做短时间的栖息 ,补充一定的食物后再迁徙。繁殖场所多为丘陵及低海拔的阔叶林和混交林地。主要树种有刺槐 (Ｒｏｂｉｎ…     

山西历山自然保护区虎纹伯劳的生活习性观察

本文对山西历山自然保护区的虎纹伯劳的生活习性作了记述。内容包括季节迁徙、数量分布、繁殖习性、食物组成等。     

朱鹮营巢生境的分析

在陕西省洋县境内调查了 1 3个朱巢的生境 ,分 1 2个属性记载 ,并做定量统计分析。由模糊聚类分析法把样点分成了近湿地类型区和远湿地类型区 ;由主分量分析证明 ,树型高大、隐蔽度和周围植被条件好、离居民点较近的马尾松或栓皮栎树是朱营巢的优选条件。     

朱Xuan营巢生境的分析

在陕西省洋县境内调查了１３个朱Ｘｕａｎ巢的生境,分１２个属性记载,并做定量统计分析。由模糊聚类分析法把样点分成了近湿地类型区和远湿地类型区;由主分量分析证明,树型高大、隐蔽度和周围植被条件好、离居民点较近的马尾松或栓皮栎树是朱Ｘｕａｎ营巢的优选条件。     

雉鸡(Phasianus colchicus)营巢生境的模拟分析研究

将多元统计学方法与地理信息系统结合对动物的栖息地进行适宜性分析,是近年动物栖息地研究者和管理者都十分感兴趣的方面。本研究采用马氏距离法,利用地理信息系统模拟甘肃雉鸡的营巢生境。模拟结果表明,与已知营巢生境相似水平为0.95的区域面积,仅占整个研究区的0.68%,而与已知营巢生境迥然不同（P＜0.05）的区域面积占79.08%。营巢生境与非营巢生境在生境类型组成和地形因素上存在多方差异,营巢生境中农田和草坡占有极大比例,用于营巢的区域总是更接近生境的边缘。特别是接近于农田、草坡和白桦阔叶林等生境,表明倾向于在这几种生境的边缘附近营巢。营巢生境的平均海拔比非营巢生境低,坡度也较缓,坡向则更偏于东南方。在同一生境类型内部,用于营巢的区域和不利用的区域之间也存在很大差别,营巢区域总是更接近生境的边缘。某一生境周围的其它生境类型也会影响雉鸡的营巢选择。     

饲养条件下虎纹捕鸟蛛繁殖行为观察

虎纹捕鸟蛛 Ornithoctonus huwena 繁殖行为是一系列反射活动.在人工养殖条件下,能引起虎纹捕鸟蛛繁殖行为量的变化,而不能引起质的变化,即不会出现新的繁殖行为.在虎纹捕鸟蛛性行为程序中,行为成分常以固定动作方式有节律地重复演示,呈现仪式化特征.     

朱()营巢生境的分析

在陕西省洋县境内调查了13个朱()巢的生境,分12个属性记载,并做定量统计分析.由模糊聚类分析法把样点分成了近湿地类型区和远湿地类型区;由主分量分析证明,树型高大、隐蔽度和周围植被条件好、离居民点较近的马尾松或栓皮栎树是朱()营巢的优选条件.     

乌鸫的繁殖行为与坐巢行为初步观察

于2009年3～7月、2010年3～6月,采用焦点动物观察法和全事件行为记录法对乌鸫(Turdusmerula)的孵卵及育雏行为进行了研究。结果表明,乌鸫是雌鸟孵卵,在孵卵期出现卵损失现象,具补卵行为;孵卵前期与后期的坐巢行为存在差异,且其坐巢时间、频次和坐巢率有随孵卵数递增的趋势。双亲育雏但以雌鸟为主,喂食模式3种:雌鸟喂食、雄鸟喂食、雄鸟将食物递给雌鸟由雌鸟喂食。随着雏鸟日龄的增长,喂食次数增多,暖雏行为减少,至育雏后期未观察到暖雏行为。为权衡孵卵期和育雏前期的能量分配,乌鸫在孵卵期及育雏前期分别采取时间长而频次少和时间短而频次多的坐巢策略。     

棕头鸦雀的巢生境因子分析和雏鸟的生长发育

2005年4~6月,在四川南充市西华师范大学新校区、西南石油学院和嘉陵江中坝区域内对棕头鸦雀(Paradoxornis webbianus)的繁殖行为进行了观察研究。结果表明,棕头鸦雀4月开始繁殖。影响巢址选择的生境因子主要有7种。雌雄鸟参与筑巢,营巢期5~6 d。窝卵数4~5枚(n=5)。雌雄鸟孵卵,孵卵期13~14 d。孵化率89.47%(n=4)。雌雄参与育雏,育雏期12~13 d。雏鸟离巢率88.24%(n=4)。雏鸟形态生长曲线呈“S”型。     

棕背伯劳的雏鸟生长和出飞后行为发育的初步观察

2005年3-5月对南充地区棕背伯劳（Lanius schach）雏鸟的生长进行了观察和测量,并对出飞之后的行为发育进行了初步研究。结果表明,棕背伯劳育雏期12～13d,观察21雏成活18只,成活率为85．7％。体重、体长和其他形态特征的生长都适用于Logistic方程拟合。出飞后笼养雏鸟的“理翅羽”和“一侧翅下展,同时同侧脚下伸”行为频率最高,分别为18．81％和11．88％。     

荒漠伯劳的递食位置与同胞竞争

亲鸟递食位置可以调控雏鸟之间的竞争,而异步孵化会使不同孵出顺序雏鸟的体况产生等级差异。雏鸟可以通过竞争巢中有利位置来获得更多的食物资源,从而提高自身生长发育速度和存活率。本研究于2013和2014年两年的4至8月对甘肃安西荒漠保护区桥子片区22巢荒漠伯劳(Lanius isabellinus)的递食行为进行研究。结果发现,荒漠伯劳亲鸟递食的位置主要集中在1个(n=13,比例超过50%)或2个(n=9,合并比例超过60%)位置上,具有一定的可预测性;处于亲鸟递食位置直线方向上的雏鸟获食次数显著高于两侧位置(n=22,P <0.001)。但异步孵化雏鸟的孵出顺序与其在巢内占据直线(df=4,F=0.211,P> 0.05)和两侧位置(df=4,F=0.068,P> 0.05)的次数都不具相关性;并且不同孵出顺序雏鸟间平均获食次数无明显差异(df=4,F=0.090,P> 0.05);拟合不同孵出顺序的雏鸟生长曲线发现,不同孵出顺序雏鸟的体重生长率也没有表现出明显差异(df=4,F=0.637,P>0.05)。研究结果表明,荒漠伯劳亲鸟趋于固定递食位置并向直线方...     

Diet of the nominate Southern Grey Shrike Lanius meridionalis meridionalis in the north of its range (Mediterranean France)

Capsule In this region the diet is mainly cold-blooded prey, mostly insects such as beetles.

Aims To describe the diet of this newly separated, poorly documented and endangered species.

Method Diet was inferred from pellet analysis, collected during a single breeding and winter period in the steppe of the Crau.

Results A total of 5409 prey were identified from 257 pellets. Vertebrates were seldom taken, except by adults (small passerines) during the fledgling period. High seasonal differences were found. Hymenoptera were largely consumed in autumn, Arachnida in autumn and winter, Orthoptera in summer and autumn and Lepidoptera larvae in winter and spring and by fledglings. Nevertheless, Coleoptera were ingested in large proportions all year round. Carabidae were the main prey in winter and Melolonthidae were especially important for adults during the nestling period, as were Cetoniidae for the fledglings.

Conclusion Small mammals and small birds were less exploited in France and Spain (L. m. meridionalis) than in Israel (L. m. elegans or L. m. aucheri), whereas the opposite might be expected, following a north–south climatic gradient. Thus, the nominate subspecies L. m. meridionalis differed in diet from L. m. elegans or L. m. aucheri.     

笼养东北虎行为的时间分配

1998 年4 月至2001 年3 月, 采用瞬时扫描取样法和全事件取样法对哈尔滨动物园的4 只笼养东北虎的活动规律进行了研究。结果表明, 笼养东北虎在全年的昼夜行为时间分配表现为睡眠所占比值最多; 其次是卧息和活动; 摄食和其它行为(包括饮水、排尿、排粪、修饰、嗅闻、嬉戏、站立、直立、发声等) 最少。在不同季节笼养东北虎的活动变化规律基本相似, 一昼夜的睡眠、运动和卧息均有两个高峰期, 但高峰期出现和持续的时间有所差异。睡眠的高峰期在10 : 00～14 : 00 和20 : 00 至次日06 : 00 , 活动的高峰期在05 : 00～10 : 00 和14 : 00～17 : 00 , 卧息的高峰期在05 : 00～10 : 00 和13 : 00～20 : 00 , 摄食仅在16 : 00～20 : 00 有一个高峰期。冬季(12～2 月) 与春(3～5 月) 、夏(6～8 月) 、秋季(9～11 月) 相比, 东北虎在白昼睡眠的时间显著减少,夜晚则显著增多。     

荒漠伯劳巢址选择和繁殖成功

2011年5～7月对甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区(N40°21'～40°22',E96°13'～96°14',海拔1 306 m)荒漠伯劳(Lanius isabellinus)巢址选择和繁殖成功进行研究。调查了58巢的巢址因子,巢主要位于营巢树主枝上,巢距地面高度多为2.0～2.5 m。主成分分析结果表明,巢距地面高度、营巢树高度、营巢树胸径和营巢处树干直径是影响荒漠伯劳巢址选择的主要因素,这也是荒漠伯劳适应繁殖地大风天气的结果。既调查巢址数据又明确繁殖情况的49个巢中,红柳(Tamarix ramosissima)(5棵)上巢的繁殖成功率明显高于沙枣(Elaeagnus angusifolia)(43棵)和胡杨(Populus euphratica)(1棵)上的巢,原因可能是红柳郁闭度大。已知窝卵数和繁殖情况的30个巢中,窝卵数分别为2(1巢)、4(7巢)、5(18巢)、6(4巢)。卡方检验结果表明,窝卵数和繁殖成功率之间差异不显著(χ2=3.921,df=3,P0.05)。发现的63个巢中跟踪监测了54个巢(包括调查巢址数据的和未调查巢址数据的)的繁殖情况,54巢中37巢繁殖成功,成功率为68.52%。所有繁殖失败的巢均为产卵阶段或育雏早期阶段由于同类的破坏而导致繁殖失败,繁殖失败巢的数量随着相邻最近巢的距离的增加而减少,因而,繁殖失败可能与种群密度以及种内竞争有关。     

Phylogeography of the fiscal shrike (Lanius collaris): a novel pattern of genetic structure across the arid zones and savannas of Africa

Aim Savanna occupies a substantial part of Africa, being distributed around the two major tropical rain forest blocks in what is referred to as the Savanna Belt. Our current understanding of the genetic structure within species distributed across the Savanna Belt is primarily derived from mammalian taxa, studies of which have revealed a suture zone or transition between northern and east/southern Africa clades in south‐western Kenya and north‐western Tanzania. We conduct a phylogeographic study of the fiscal shrike (Lanius collaris), a polytypic species distributed across the Savanna Belt of Africa and for which morphological and vocal data are in agreement with the suture zone recovered for mammalian taxa, to test the hypothesis of a spatially congruent genetic break across several taxa, including birds. Location Africa, south of the Sahara. Methods We analysed DNA sequences recovered from four loci (one mitochondrial, two autosomal and one Z‐linked) in 66 individuals, representing all recognized subspecies, as well as putatively closely related species. We make use of a combination of tree‐building and population genetic methods to investigate the phylogeographic structure of the fiscal shrike across Africa. Results The fiscal shrike consists of two primary lineages with a strong geographic component: a northern group distributed from southern Tanzania to Senegal, and a southern group distributed from Botswana/Zambia to South Africa with isolated populations in Tanzania and northern Malawi. Unexpectedly, Souza’s shrike (L. souzae) was nested within L. collaris, as the sister group of the southern group. The positions of Mackinnon’s shrike (L. mackinnoni) and that of the São Tomé shrike (L. newtoni) were variable, being either nested within the fiscal shrike or sister to the L. collaris–L. souzae clade. Our divergence time analyses suggest that the Lanius collaris species complex started to diversify around 2.2 Ma. Main conclusions Our study reveals a distinct biogeographic pattern for a savanna distributed species in Africa, with the transition between the two primary genetic lineages occurring at a latitude of c. 15–16° S, 10° S further south than shown elsewhere for several mammalian species.     

虎斑颈槽蛇肠道微生物组成和分布特征

蛇类是一种研究能量平衡的模型动物,而肠道微生物则帮助宿主获取能量和营养。大多数肠道微生物的研究集中在圈养动物上,而对于野生蛇类的研究很少。本研究从3只野生虎斑颈槽蛇（Rhabdophis tigrinus）的大肠、小肠和泄殖腔内容物提取微生物总DNA,进行16S rRNA基因V4区域扩增子测序,分析虎斑颈槽蛇肠道核心微生物组成和分布特征。结果表明,阿尔法指数在不同肠道区域的多样性不存在显著性差异。大肠、小肠和泄殖腔3个肠道部位共享534个操作分类单元（OTUs）,大肠包含最多特有OTUs（388个）。门水平,梭杆菌门（Fusobacteria）在小肠（52.87% ± 14.49%）、大肠（41.12% ± 22.60%）和泄殖腔（65.70% ± 10.44%）均为优势菌。属水平,鲸杆菌属（Cetobacterium）在小肠（46.36% ± 13.86%）、大肠（21.95% ± 9.82%）和泄殖腔（58.18% ± 14.29%）为优势菌,柠檬酸杆菌属（Citrobacter）在小肠和泄殖腔中有显著性差异。此外,在其肠道检测到很多潜在的致病菌,例如,柠檬酸杆菌属、明串珠菌属（Trichococcus）和丹毒丝菌属（Erysipelothrix）,了解了潜在致病菌在虎斑颈槽蛇肠道中的分布情况。在聚类分析中发现泄殖腔的数据重复性较好,将本研究泄殖腔数据与前人研究过的食鱼蝮（Agkistrodon piscivorus）泄殖腔高通量测序数据进行联合分析,为更广泛开展不同蛇类肠道微生物组成的差异性分析提供理论借鉴依据。     

Vineyards harbour a relict population of Lesser Grey Shrike (Lanius minor) in Mediterranean France

Summary Modern agriculture contributed to the decline of many bird species through habitat degradation or habitat loss during the second half of the 20th century in western Europe. Areas where traditional agriculture has been maintained still allow many species to breed and survive, some of them now being considered as greatly threatened. The Lesser Grey Shrike (Lanius minor) is among the most threatened breeding bird species in western Europe. In France, a relict population of 50–60 pairs still breeds at two sites in the Mediterranean area where, each year, the species spends the three months necessary to conduct its breeding cycle (this shrike is a long-distance migrant overwintering in southern Africa). The pairs nest in tall trees, isolated or in rows and, more importantly, depend on vineyards associated with grassy fallows. In one of these two sites west of Montpellier (Mediterranean France; 43°36N, 3°53E), a study of the land use around the nests showed the predominance of vineyards (range: 37.3 %–79.8 %) followed by fallows (10.8 %–48.2 %), and small orchards and gardens (0.5 %–7.5 %). What seems essential is that vineyards and fallows occur in a mosaic arrangement of small plots. Birds take their prey in both habitats but mostly in fallows. To secure the conservation of this shrike and other species sharing the same breeding habitats, efforts should be made to maintain the mosaic land use system prevailing in that wine-growing area.

---

Ein Weinbaugebiet beherbergt eine Reliktpopulation des Schwarzstirnwürgers (Lanius minor) im mediterranen Südfrankreich

Zusammenfassung Durch Habitatszerstörung oder -schwund hat die moderne Landwirtschaft am Populations-zusammenbruch vieler Vogelarten in der 2. Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts massgeblich beigetragen. Diesbezüglich zählt der Schwarzstirnwürger (Lanius minor) zu den am meisten gefährdeten Arten in Westeuropa. In Frankreich brüten insgesamt noch etwa 50–60 Paare, die sich auf zwei Gebiete im mediterranen Süden verteilen. Die Art verweilt dort etwa drei Monate (Mai-Juli) und ist ein Langstreckenzieher, der im südlichen Afrika überwintert. Der Lebensraum dieser Brutpaare besteht aus vereinzelt oder in Reihen stehenden Nistbäumen in einem mit grasigen Brachflächen durchsetzten Weinbaugebiet. In einem der zwei noch bestehenden Brutgebiete (westlich der Stadt Montpellier; 43°36N, 3°53E) wurde die Landnutzung in einem Umkreis von 500 m um 27 Nester näher untersucht. In den untersuchten Brutrevieren überwiegt Weinbau (37,3 %–79,8 %), gefolgt von grasigen Brachflächen (10,8 %–48,2 %) sowie Klein- und Obstgärten (0,5 %–7,5 %). Wichtig erscheint das mosaikartige Vorkommen von kleinparzelligen Weinbau- und Brachflächen. Die Vögel beziehen ihre Nahrung aus beiden Habitaten, hauptsächlich aber aus den Brachflächen. Diese Art von Landnutzung ist unentbehrlich für die weitere Erhaltung des Schwarzstirnwürgers als Brutvogel in Frankreich.

     

Modelling spatial and environmental effects at the edge of the distribution: the red-backed shrike Lanius collurio in Northern Portugal

This study examined the interplay of spatial and environmental effects shaping the range margin of the red‐backed shrike (Lanius collurio) in northern Portugal. The occurrence of shrikes in 10 × 10 km UTM squares was related to three sets of explanatory variables, reflecting environmental effects (climate and habitat), large‐scale spatial trends, and neighbourhood influences (considering an autologistic term); spatial variables were used as surrogates for historical and demographic factors. Multiple logistic regression models were built for each set, and then variation partitioning based on partial regressions isolated the unique and shared components of explained variation. The environmental model revealed a dominant influence of climate effects, with the occurrence of shrikes increasing with frost and thermal amplitude, declining with insolation, and responding unimodally to rainfall. There was a weaker influence of habitat conditions, though shrikes were more likely with increasing cover by annual crops and pastures, and decreasing forest cover. Only a relatively small proportion of explained variation was due to a ‘pure’ environmental component (10.4%), as most variation explained by environmental factors appeared spatially structured (51.9%). The unique contributions of spatial variables to the overall model were also small, though the neighbourhood effects appeared relatively stronger than large‐scale trends. Taken together, results suggested that the south‐western range margin of the red‐backed shrike was largely determined by spatially structured environmental factors. Nevertheless, there were also ‘pure’ environmental factors determining some isolate occurrences irrespective of any spatial structure, and ‘pure’ spatial factors that appeared to favour the occupation of squares surrounding the core distribution areas irrespective of environmental conditions. These results add to the growing evidence that both environmental and spatial factors need to be considered in predictive modelling of species range margins.     

Conservation genetics of the loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) in central and eastern North America

This study examines geneticstructure of central and eastern North American Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)populations. Samples derived from 27populations (n = 206) covering the range of threerecognized subspecies: L. l. migrans,L. l. ludovicianus, and L. l.excubitorides, and included locales from aputative intergrade zone between twosubspecies. For L. l. migrans, samplesinclude both those from extant populations andfrom museum specimens spanning approximately130 years. For all samples we obtained 267 basepairs of mitochondrial control region sequenceand identified a total of 23 distincthaplotypes. For a subset of samplesrepresenting a locale centered on the Canadianportion of an intergrade zone between migrans and excubitorides and locales onalternate sides of the intergrade, we obtainedadditional sequence for an intron of thenuclear glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase gene. Analyses of temporal trendsin control region diversity of L. l.migrans populations indicate a diminutioncoincident with the decline in populationnumbers. Results from an Analysis of MolecularVariance on the control region data showed thata significant amount of total control regionspatial variation was apportioned among thethree subspecies (24.42%; P < 0.01). Furtheranalyses indicated statistically significantdifferences between eastern and westernpopulations of L. l. migrans. We found nosignificant differences among consideredpopulations in frequencies of six identifiedGpdh alleles, although this result ispreliminary because of small sample sizes.However, both the mitochondrial and intron datasuggest a higher genetic diversity in theintergrade zone. Based on our analyses wedefine four management units for eastern andcentral populations of Loggerhead Shrikes.