上海2009甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒全基因组分析

2009年全球暴发2009甲型H1N1流行性感冒(简称流感)疫情,上海于2009年5月出现第1例输入型病例。为了解上海地区输入型2009甲型H1N1流感病毒的生物学特征,以上海较早发现的2例输入型甲型H1N1流感患者作为研究对象,分离出A/Shanghai/37T/2009和A/Shanghai/71T/2009病毒,利用实时定量荧光反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)鉴定病毒,通过扫描透射电子显微镜观察、免疫荧光检测、全基因组测序和生物信息软件分析,对这2株流感病毒形态、结构、耐药性、基因特点和病毒型别等进行研究。结果显示,病毒呈现正黏病毒颗粒形态特征;犬肾(MDCK)细胞内的病毒能与患者恢复期血清反应。此2株病毒的全基因核酸序列和氨基酸序列与美国参考株A/California/04/2009(H1N1)有较高同源性,其中第31位氨基酸残基发生改变。对金刚烷胺耐药,而对奥司他韦敏感。基于全基因组的系统发育分析,确认此2株病毒属2009甲型H1N1流感病毒。     

2009甲型流行性感冒病毒感染者常规免疫学检测的临床意义

本文旨在探讨2009 甲型流行性感冒( 流感) 病毒(H1N1) 感染者的常规免疫学指标与健康人的差异。 采用流式细胞术检测32 名甲型H1N1 感染者外周血不同T 细胞亚群, 同时进行血清特定蛋白检测及血细胞 计数。结果显示, 与健康者相比, 甲型H1N1 感染者外周血CD3⁺ 、CD3⁺ CD4⁺ 、CD3⁺ CD8⁺ T 细胞( cells/μl) 显著降低, 血清补体成分C3、C4( g/L) 及C反应蛋白均值( mg/L) 显著升高, 血小板、白细胞、淋巴细胞与嗜酸性细胞显著降低, 单核细胞显著升高。结果提示, 甲型H1N1 感染者的常规免疫学指标出现异常发展趋势。     

乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肠道菌群变化与血清细胞因子水平的相关性

目的探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肠道菌群变化与血清干扰素-α(IFN-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)水平的相关性。方法选择2017年12月至2019年12月我院收治的105例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者为A组,50例乙型肝炎患者为B组,同期于我院体检健康者50例为C组。比较3组患者粪便标本中菌群分布情况,同时比较3组患者血清IFN-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平,不同程度肠道菌群失调乙型肝炎肝硬化患者血清IFN-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平。采用Pearson相关分析乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肠道菌群与血清IFN-α、IL-6、IL-1β的相关性。结果 A组患者肠道乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量显著低于B组,而肠杆菌、肠球菌及血清IFN-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平显著高于B组(均P0.05)。B组患者肠道乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量显著低于C组,而肠杆菌、肠球菌及血清IFN-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平显著高于C组(均P0.05)。Ⅱ度菌群失调乙型肝炎肝硬化患者血清IFN-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平显著高于I度菌群失调者(均P0.05)。Ⅲ度菌群失调乙型肝炎肝硬化患者血清IFN-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平显著高于Ⅱ度菌群失调者(均P0.05)。乙型肝炎肝硬化患者肠道肠杆菌、肠球菌数量与血清IFN-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平呈正相关,而其肠道乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量与血清IFN-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平呈负相关(均P0.05)。结论乙型肝炎肝硬化患者存在明显的肠道菌群失调,同时其外周血IFN-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平呈现上升趋势。肠道菌群与血清IFN-α、IL-6、IL-1β可能协同参与了乙型肝炎肝硬化的发生及发展。     

一株2011年出现的季节性甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒血凝素基因特性的研究

本文通过比较2011年分离培养的1株季节性甲型H1N1流行性感冒(简称流感)病毒(A/Shanghai/1167/2011(H1N1))与历年季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒的血凝素(HA)基因,追溯该病毒的基因变异与来源,探讨该毒株的出现对流感防控工作的意义.采用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法扩增病毒的HA和神经氨酸酶(NA)片段,并进行测序;应用分子生物学软件对获得的序列进行分析,绘制基因进化树;同时,通过血凝抑制试验检测2011年下半年健康人群中该流感病毒的抗体水平.结果显示,A/Shanghai/1167/2011(H1N1)的HA基因序列与世界卫生组织(WHO)2007～2008年季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒疫苗株A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)最接近,同源性达99.2%,与新型甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/07/2009疫苗株同源性仅为72.4%.其HA基因裂解位点为PSIQSR↓GLF,尚未出现高致病性的分子特征.HA片段共编码557个氨基酸,有9个潜在的糖基化位点,序列与2009年前WHO疫苗株A/NewCaledonia/20/1999(H1N1)、A/SolomonIslands/3/2006(H1N1)和/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)相比,分别有15、12和4处不同,这些差异分布在Sa、Sb、Ca1、Ca2、Cb 5个抗原决定簇的氨基酸差异分别有5、5和2处.该毒株在健康人群血清的抗体阳性率为34.33%,几何平均效价(GMT)为10.38.A/Shanghai/1167/2011(H1N1)是2011年出现在上海地区的一个季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒毒株,其抗原变异与既往季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒相比不大,但在以A(H1N1)pdm09为主要流行株的年份检测到散在发生的既往季节性甲型H1N1流感病毒毒株应当引起重视,其在人群中的抗体水平较低,易引起流行,需要提高对类流感人群中此种毒株的持续监测.     

上海市首例输入性甲型H1N1流行性感冒报道

甲型H1N1流行性感冒(简称流感)是由一种新型流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染性疾病。临床主要表现为流感样症状,包括发热、流涕、咽痛、咳嗽、头痛、腹泻等。奥司他韦和扎那米韦治疗甲型H1N1流感有效。本文报道上海市首例输入性甲型H1N1流感病例,以提高临床医生对这种新发流感的认识。     

双歧杆菌对过敏性哮喘儿童树突状细胞分泌IL-10、IL-12等细胞因子的影响

目的探讨双歧杆菌对过敏性哮喘儿童外周血单核细胞（PBMC）来源的树突状细胞（DC）分泌IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、IL-12、IL-23和IFN-γ的影响。方法从15例过敏性哮喘儿童和15例非哮喘儿童的外周血单个核细胞诱导生成未成熟DC,加入双歧杆菌后继续培养DC2d,用ELISA方法检测培养上清中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、IL-12、IL-23和IFN-γ的水平。结果双歧杆菌能明显刺激哮喘儿童DC分泌IL-12、IFN-γ,IL-1β及IL-6和非哮喘儿童DC分泌IL-12、IL-10、IL-1β及IL-23水平增高。结论双歧杆菌能够刺激过敏性哮喘儿童DC分泌IL-12和IFN-γ,可能改变Th2优势分化,纠正Th1／Th2失衡。同时双歧杆菌还能刺激哮喘儿童DC分泌IL-1p及IL-6增高,达到促进,Th17细胞分化的作用。     

血清细胞因子变化在新生儿感染性肺炎中的诊断价值

研究IL-6、TNF-α和IL-2R在肺部感染性肺炎新生儿中的诊断价值。

收集2018年12月至2020年12月在本院妇产科出生新生儿(胎龄34~42周)资料, 根据肺部超声结果, 将新生儿分为病例组和正常组, 检测脐血中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-2受体(IL-2R), 独立样本t检验分析差异性, 多元线性回归分析IL-6、TNF-α及IL-2R与出现肺部感染的相关性, ROC曲线分析IL-6、TNF-α及IL-2R的灵敏度, VITEK-60系统鉴定病原菌。

两组一般资料剖宫产率、性别、出生体质量、胎龄等差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05);与正常组比较, 病例组脐血炎性标志物IL-6、TNF-a、IL-2R水平均升高(P < 0.01);多元线性回归分析IL-6、TNF-a、IL-2R与新生儿出现肺部感染有关(P < 0.05);ROC曲线分析IL-6(> 155.270 pg/mL)的灵敏度为98.5%, 特异性为85.0%, 约登指数max=0.808;TNF-α(> 16.795 pg/mL)的灵敏度为89.6%, 特异性为86.7%, 约登指数max=0.763;IL-2R(> 603.935 U/mL)的灵敏度为70.8%, 特异性为86.7%, 约登指数max=0.575;病例组检出病原菌143株, 包括127例革兰阴性杆菌(肺炎克雷伯菌构成比最高, 为25.87%)和16例革兰阳性杆菌(表皮葡萄球菌构成比最高, 为2.80%)。

IL-6、TNF-α和IL-2R对肺部感染性肺炎具有识别作用, 在鉴别和预测新生儿出现感染性肺炎具有诊断价值。

     

轮状病毒致乳鼠肠道外感染Th1/Th2细胞因子变化的研究

目的通过复制轮状病毒（RV）肠道外感染乳鼠的动物模型,检测接种后乳鼠体内Th1/Th2平衡改变,对RV肠道外感染后机体免疫状态进行初步研究。方法48只乳鼠随机均分为3组：肠道外组、肠道内组和正常对照组。肠道外组通过腹腔注射猴RVSA11株,肠道内组灌胃等量RV悬液,对照组无特殊处理。分别在接种后第4天、第8天处死乳鼠,收集标本,观察心、肝、肾、肺等脏器病理变化,用ELISA法检测血清中IL-10和IFN-γ的表达。结果光镜下肠道外组乳鼠肾、肝、肺和脾脏出现病理改变。感染后第4天,肠道内、外组乳鼠血清IFN-γ水平均高于正常组,到第8天明显下降,基本达到基线水平;IL-10在肠道外组第4天增高,到第8天小幅下降,但仍然高于正常组;而肠道内组IL-10无明显改变。结论RV肠道外感染早期呈现Th1-Th2混合反应,而后期则以IL-10的表达为主,T细胞向Th2型免疫应答方向偏离,Th1/Th2细胞因子失衡机制可能是RV肠道外感染的重要因素。     

腹腔镜与开腹宫颈癌根治术对患者血清IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α及IFN-γ水平的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜与开腹宫颈癌根治术对患者血清白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-a)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)水平的影响。方法:选取2014年3月至2016年9月在我院接受治疗的64例宫颈癌患者作为研究对象,通过随机方式分为腹腔组和开腹组。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后通气时间、治疗前后血清IL-4、IL-10、TNF-a、IFN-r水平的变化。结果:腹腔组患者的术中出血量和术后通气时间明显低于或短于开腹组(P0.05),而两组患者的手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术前,两组患者的血清IL-4、IL-10、TNF-α及IFN-γ水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);术中,腹腔组的血清IL-4水平明显低于开腹组(P0.05),其余三组指标水平与开腹组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后1天和7天,腹腔组患者的血清IL-4、IL-10、TNF-α及IFN-γ水平均明显低于开腹组(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜宫颈癌根治术在术中失血量更少,安全性更高,且对于患者术后的IL-4、IL-10、TNF-α和IFN-γ水平抑制效果更加明显,利于患者的术后恢复。     

Diagnosis of influenza viruses with special reference to novel H1N1 2009 influenza virus

On 15 April and 17 April 2009, novel swineorigin influenza A (H1N1) virus was identifi ed in specimens obtained from two epidemiologically unlinked patients in the United States. The ongoing outbreak of novel H1N1 2009 influenza (swine influenza) has caused more than 3,99,232 laboratory confi rmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 and over 4735 deaths globally. This novel 2009 influenza virus designated as H1N1 A/swine/California/04/2009 virus is not zoonotic swine flu and is transmitted from person to person and has higher transmissibility then that of seasonal influenza viruses. In India the novel H1N1 virus infection has been reported from all over the country. A total of 68,919 samples from clinically suspected persons have been tested for influenza A H1N1 across the country and 13,330 (18.9%) of them have been found positive with 427 deaths. At the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi India, we tested 1096 clinical samples for the presence of novel H1N1 influenza virus and seasonal influenza viruses. Of these 1096 samples, 194 samples (17.7%) were positive for novel H1N1 influenza virus and 197 samples (18%) were positive for seasonal influenza viruses. During outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases accurate and rapid diagnosis is critical for minimizing further spread through timely implementation of appropriate vaccines and antiviral treatment. Since the symptoms of novel H1N1 influenza infection are not specifi c, laboratory confi rmation of suspected cases is of prime importance.     

Cytokine and chemokine responses in pediatric patients with severe pneumonia associated with pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus

Severe pneumonia and leukocytosis are characteristic, frequently observed, clinical findings in pediatric patients with pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus infection. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of cytokines and chemokines in complicating pneumonia and leukocytosis in patients with pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus infection. Forty‐seven patients with pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus infection were enrolled in this study. Expression of interleukin (IL)‐10 (P = 0.027) and IL‐5 (P = 0.014) was significantly greater in patients with pneumonia than in those without pneumonia. Additionally, serum concentrations of interferon‐γ (P = 0.009), tumor necrosis factor‐α (P = 0.01), IL‐4 (P = 0.024), and IL‐2 (P = 0.012) were significantly lower in pneumonia patients with neutrophilic leukocytosis than in those without neutrophilic leukocytosis. Of the five serum chemokine concentrations assessed, only IL‐8 was significantly lower in pneumonia patients with neutrophilic leukocytosis than in those without leukocytosis (P = 0.001). These cytokines and chemokines may play important roles in the pathogenesis of childhood pneumonia associated with A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus infection.     

Plasma proteomic analysis of patients infected with H1N1 influenza virus

This study profiled the plasma proteins of patients infected by the 2011 H1N1 influenza virus. Differential protein expression was identified in plasma obtained from noninfected control subjects (n = 15) and H1N1‐infected subjects (n = 15). Plasma proteins were separated by a 2DE large gel system and identified by nano‐ultra performance LC‐MS. Western blot assays were performed to validate proteins. Eight plasma proteins were upregulated and six proteins were downregulated among 3316 plasma proteins in the H1N1‐infected group as compared with the control group. Of 14 up‐ and downregulated proteins, nine plasma proteins were validated by Western blot analysis. Putative protein FAM 157A, leucine‐rich alpha 2 glycoprotein, serum amyloid A protein, and dual oxidase 1 showed significant differential expression. The identified plasma proteins could be potential candidates for biomarkers of H1N1 influenza viral infection. Further studies are needed to develop these proteins as diagnostic biomarkers.     

引发2009年流感暴发的H1N1新型流感病毒的研究进展

引起流感世界性大流行的主要原因与流感病毒表面抗原血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)频发的变异有很大关系,抗原的变异使得流感病毒可以逃逸机体的免疫防御,而且使许多应用中的疫苗失去防御效果。综述2009年世界暴发的H1N1新型流感病毒的结构在进化过程中发生的变异,有助于增加人们对流感病毒的了解,从而有效的治疗和预防流感大流行。     

Susceptibility of antiviral drugs against 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus

The recent outbreak of the novel strain of influenza A (H1N1) virus has raised a global concern of the future risk of a pandemic. To understand at the molecular level how this new H1N1 virus can be inhibited by the current anti-influenza drugs and which of these drugs it is likely to already be resistant to, homology modeling and MD simulations have been applied on the H1N1 neuraminidase complexed with oseltamivir, and the M2-channel with adamantanes bound. The H1N1 virus was predicted to be susceptible to oseltamivir, with all important interactions with the binding residues being well conserved. In contrast, adamantanes are not predicted to be able to inhibit the M2 function and have completely lost their binding with the M2 residues. This is mainly due to the fact that the M2 transmembrane of the new H1N1 strain contains the S31N mutation which is known to confer resistance to adamantanes.     

Molecular character of influenza A/H1N1 2009: Implications for spread and control

The world is experiencing a pandemic of influenza that emerged in March 2009, due to a novel strain designated influenza A/H1N1 2009. This strain is closest in molecular sequence to swine influenza viruses, but differs from all previously known influenza by a minimum of 6.1%, and from prior “seasonal” H1N1 by 27.2%, giving it great potential for widespread human infection. While spread into India was delayed for two months by an aggressive interdiction program, since 1 August 2009 most cases in India have been indigenous. H1N1 2009 has differentially struck younger patients who are naïve susceptibles to its antigenic subtype, while sparing those >60 who have crossreactive antibody from prior experience with influenza decades ago and the 1977 “swine flu” vaccine distributed in the United States. It also appears to more severely affect pregnant women. It emanated from a single source in central Mexico, but its precise geographical and circumstantial origins, from either Eurasia or the Americas, remain uncertain. While currently a mild pandemic by the standard of past pandemics, the seriousness of H1N1 2009 especially among children should not be underestimated. There is potential for the virus, which continues to adapt to humans, to change over time into a more severe etiologic agent by any of several foreseeable mutations. Mass acceptance of the novel H1N1 2009 vaccine worldwide will be essential to its control. Having spread globally in a few months, affecting millions of people, it is likely to remain circulating in the human population for a decade or more.     

Analysis of cellular proteome alterations in porcine alveolar macrophage cells infected with 2009 (H1N1) and classical swine H1N1 influenza viruses

The H1N1/2009 influenza virus has the potential to cause a human pandemic, and sporadic cases of human-to-pig transmission have been reported. In this study, two influenza viruses were isolated from pigs. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the A/swine/NanChang/F9/2010(H1N1) (F9/10) strain shared a high degree of homology with the pandemic H1N1/2009 virus, and A/swine/GuangDong/34/2006 (H1N1) (34/06) strains was a classical swine influenza virus. A proteomic analysis was performed to investigate possible alterations of protein expression in porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells infected by the F9/10 and 34/06 viruses over different time courses. Using 2-DE in association with MALDI-TOF MS/MS, we identified 13 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated protein spots, including cytoskeleton proteins, cellular signal transduction proteins, molecular biosynthesis proteins and heat shock proteins. The most significant changes in the infected cells were associated with molecular biosynthesis proteins and heat shock proteins. We analysed the biological characteristics of the F9/10 and 34/06 viruses in vivo and in vitro. The F9/10 virus showed greater pathogenicity than the 34/06 virus in PAM cells and mice. This study provides insights into the biologic characteristics, potential virulence alteration and cross-species transmission mechanisms of the pandemic H1N1/2009.     

Serum concentrations of complement anaphylatoxins and proinflammatory mediators in patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza

Anaphylatoxins (C5a, C4a, and C3a) are fragments of activated complement and are leading mediators of the inflammatory response for controlling viral infection. However, an excessive response may increase the severity of infectious diseases. Serum concentrations of proinflammatory mediators, including cytokines, high-mobility group box 1 and anaphylatoxins, were measured in pediatric 2009 H1N1 influenza patients in order to investigate the pathology of this new influenza. The concentrations of all three anaphylatoxins were significantly enhanced by 2009 H1N1 influenza infection. However, there were no significant differences in anaphylatoxin concentrations between 2009 H1N1 influenza patients with and without severe complications during the early stages of the disease. C3a concentrations dropped significantly during the recovery phase, whereas there were no significant differences between the acute and recovery phases in C5a and C4a concentrations. There was a correlation between C5a and IL-2. C4a was associated with IL-1ra, eotaxin, MCP-1, PDGFbb, and VEGF. C3a was correlated with IL-2 and IFN-γ. Taken together, these findings indicate that complement activation occurs in patients infected with 2009 H1N1 influenza virus and demonstrate that anaphylatoxins are involved in increased production of proinflammatory mediators in this new influenza.     

Influenza A: From highly pathogenic H5N1 to pandemic 2009 H1N1. Epidemiology and clinical features

The last decade has seen the emergence of two new influenza A subtypes and they have become a cause of concern for the global community. These are the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus (H5N1) and the Pandemic 2009 influenza H1N1 virus. Since 2003 the H5N1 virus has caused widespread disease and death in poultry, mainly in south East Asia and Africa. In humans the number of cases infected with this virus is few but the mortality has been about 60%. Most patients have presented with severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The second influenza virus, the pandemic H1N1 2009, emerged in Mexico in March this year. This virus acquired the ability for sustained human to human spread and within a few months spread throughout the world and infected over 4 lakh individuals. The symptoms of infection with this virus are similar to seasonal influenza but it currently affecting younger individuals more often. Fortunately the mortality has been low. Both these new influenza viruses are currently circulating and have different clinical and epidemiological characteristics.     

Expression of recombinant HA1 protein for specific detection of influenza A/H1N1/2009 antibodies in human serum

The hemagglutinin genes (HA1 subunit) from human and animal 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus isolates were expressed with a baculovirus vector. Recombinant HA1 (rHA1) protein‐based ELISA was evaluated for detection of specific influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 antibodies in serum samples from vaccinated humans. It was found that rHA1 ELISA consistently differentiated between antibodies recognizing the seasonal influenza H1N1 and pdm09 viruses, with a concordance of 94% as compared to the hemagglutination inhibition test. This study suggests the utility of rHA1 ELISA in serosurveillance.