中国水稻遗传育种历程与展望

我国的水稻育种经历了矮化育种、杂种优势利用和绿色超级稻培育3次飞跃,其间伴随矮化育种(第一次绿色革命)、三系杂交稻培育、二系杂交稻培育、亚种间杂种优势利用、理想株型育种和绿色超级稻培育等6个重要历程。育种目标从唯产量是举到高抗、优质和高产并重,育种理念从高产优质逐步提升为“少投入,多产出,保护环境”。水稻功能基因组研究为第二次绿色革命准备了大量的有重要利用价值的基因,水稻育种正迈向设计育种的新时代。基因组选择技术和转基因技术将为培育“少打农药,少施化肥,节水抗旱,优质高产” 绿色超级稻保驾护航。本文对我国水稻遗传育种的发展历程进行了概括,指出了各种育种方法和育种技术的优缺点,系统介绍了水稻细胞质雄性不育和光温敏雄性核不育以及籼粳杂种不育的分子机制的研究进展,综述了水稻株型、穗型、粒形和养分高效利用相关的重要功能基因,阐明了产量与开花期联动的关系,凸显了我国水稻基础研究在国际上的重要地位。特别指出,近年来,我国水稻生产方式发生了或正在发生巨大变革,育种理念也要与时俱进。未来,杂交育种技术要与现代育种技术紧密结合,选育水稻品种不仅要满足市场需求,而且更要具备绿色健康的特点,同时还要适应新耕作制度和新耕作方法。     

《中国水稻遗传育种与品种系谱(1986-2005)》

由万建民教授主编,中国农业出版社出版的《中国水稻遗传育种与品种系谱(1986-2005)》一书已正式发行了。全书分上、下两篇。上篇六章分别回顾了我国水稻育种的成就,综述了种质资源研究与利用、超高产育种、品质育种、抗性育种和新技术育种的理论、技术和经验;下篇十章分别论述了1986年-2005年我国     

空间诱变水稻大粒型突变体的遗传育种研究

对粳稻农垦58经空间诱变产生的大粒型突变体进行大粒型性状的遗传分析和育种应用研究。结果表明,大籽型突变体的籽粒大小（以籽粒体积表示）表现为受多基因控制的数量性状。大粒型突变体谷粒细长,具馨香味,外观品质优,对粳稻的亲和性好,是一个罕见的优质米资源。以大粒型突变体为供体,高产、外观米质差的晚粳推广品种为受体,采用不饱和回交结合分离世代糙米外观品质鉴定的方法,将大粒型突变体的优质性状导入晚粳背景,选育出外观米质优的晚粳新品系。对采用不饱和回方法改良数量性状进行了讨论。     

水稻产量性状遗传机理及分子标记辅助高产育种

水稻产量性状遗传机理及分子标记辅助高产育种庄杰云郑康乐（中国水稻研究所,杭州３１０００６）水稻等农作物的很多重要农艺性状,如产量性状、品质性状、对病虫害的抗性水平和对不良环境因子的耐性,一般是为多个基因所控制的数量性状。经典的遗传分析方法只能把控制数...     

中国野生稻遗传资源的保护及其在育种中的利用

我国有三种野生稻,即普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)、药用野生稻(O.officinalis)和瘤粒野生稻(O.meyeriana)。这三种野生稻均被列为国家二级保护植物(渐危种)。调查结果表明,野生稻由于其自然群落大量丧失而濒危,濒危程度为普通野生稻>药用野生稻>瘤粒野生稻。造成濒危的主要原因是人为的破坏活动。人类的经济活动导致了野生稻生境丧失、生境质量不断恶化、栖息地越来越少;人类的活动也导致了外来种的入侵。目前,对野生稻的保护措施主要有就地保护(原地保护或原位保护)和迁地保护(易地保护或异位保护)。易地保护包括以种子保存的种质厍、以种茎保存的种质圃和以器官培养物作为材料的超低温保存。野生稻具有许多优良特性,如特强的耐寒性、高的抗病虫性、优质蛋白质含量高、功能叶片耐衰老的特异性、特强的再生性、良好的繁茂性及生长优势等等,这些优良特性已被广泛用于水稻常规育种和杂交育种中,并取得了巨大的社会效益和经济效益。有关野生稻生物技术方面的研究,如花药培养、原生质培养、体细胞杂交和基因工程等方面已取得了较大的进展。野生稻将在水稻育种中发挥越来越重要的作用。     

观赏凤梨种质资源及遗传育种研究进展

观赏凤梨原产于美洲热带及亚热带地区,是目前国内外花卉市场上的主要类群之一。本文分别从观赏凤梨的种质资源系统分类、保存与评价利用、遗传与育种研究,以及育种技术等方面进行了综述。目前,观赏凤梨的新品种选育仍以杂交为主。育种目标是苞片色彩丰富、花型多样、叶缘无刺、株型适中、生长期短、抗寒性好等。观赏凤梨杂交障碍主要表现为受精前障碍,受精后障碍则较少发生,切割柱头和花柱嫁接法可以有效克服杂交受精前障碍。由于大多数现行品种的遗传背景十分复杂,难以预见杂交结果,建议今后应加强多倍体育种和分子育种工作。     

苦荞种质资源评价及遗传育种研究展望

苦荞起源于中国西藏喜马拉雅地区,有上千年的栽培历史。苦荞富含蛋白质、氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸等丰富的营养物质和黄铜、酚酸等生物活性物质,是药食同源作物。近年来,苦荞的营养保健功能逐渐得到认可,需求量日益增加,苦荞产业也得到了快速发展。中国有着极其丰富的苦荞种质资源(883份),但中国苦荞育种起步晚,育种技术落后,专用型苦荞品种缺乏,严重限制了其产业的发展。该研究对当前中国苦荞种质资源的收集与保存、评价(包括农艺性状、营养成分、功能成分以及抗逆性)和育种等方面的研究进展进行综述,对存在的问题进行了阐述,并对未来中国苦荞育种研究进行了分析展望,以期为中国苦荞研究及育种工作提供参考。     

小豆种质资源、育种及遗传研究进展

小豆（Vigna angularis（Willd）Ohwi＆Ohashi）起源于中国,是我国主要食用豆类作物。该文综述了小豆种质资源的收集与利用、品种选育概况及经典遗传学、现代分子遗传学等方面的研究进展,可为豇豆属作物的研究提供参考。     

水稻抗纹枯病遗传育种研究进展

纹枯病是世界性水稻病害, 在中国南方部分水稻种植区已成为水稻第一大病害. 但对水稻抗纹枯病遗传育种研究却进展缓慢. 抗性鉴定方法、抗病基因定位和抗性资源发掘是抗病遗传育种研究中的最重要内容, 亦是抗病品种选育的基础. 本文综述了近年提出的水稻纹枯病抗性鉴定方法, 对抗病基因QTL进行物理图谱整合, 分析了抗病QTL的定位概况, 同时对抗源发掘和抗病育种方面的新进展进行了归纳与讨论, 最后提出下一步研究方向, 以期为加速水稻抗纹枯病遗传育种进程提供帮助.     

富铁稻米遗传育种研究现状与展望

本文综述了不同类型水稻种质稻米中铁含量的测定、遗传育种及基因工程研究进展,并对富铁水稻今后的研究及利用提出了几点建议。     

稻种遗传资源多样性的开发利用及保护

由于近年来栽培稻众多改良品种的育成和大面积推广,使之在很大程度上取代了地方品种,造成栽培稻基因源的大量基因流失,导致栽培稻品种的遗传基础越来越狭窄以至不能承受新病、虫害和不利环境的袭击。同时,由于人们长期施用杀虫剂、灭菌剂和除草剂等化学农药,严重地恶化了农业生态环境。要改变这种恶性循环的局面,开发和利用稻种的遗传资源,以丰富栽培稻品种的遗传基础是非常必要的。稻种基因源包括了亚洲栽培稻、非洲栽培稻、杂草稻、稻属的野生物种以及稻族内的近缘属种,它们是栽培稻品种进一步改良所不可缺少的遗传资源。但是,由于农业生产模式的改变,社会经济和工业化水平的迅速发展和提高,稻种基因源的多样性受到了严重的影响和威胁。一些野生稻种的居群已经迅速地缩小甚至从原产地消失。因此,对稻种基因源及其多样性进行及时有效的保护,并对其进行合理的开发和利用,是保证栽培稻进一步改良和持久生产的最有效方法。     

Importance of genetic characterization and conservation of plant genetic resources: The breeding system and genetic diversity of wild soybean (Glycine soja)

Abstract Plant genetic resources play an important role in the improvement of cultivated plants. To characterize and evaluate the ecological and reproductive features of wild soybean ( Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.), which is the most probable ancestor of cultivated soybean ( G. max (L) Merr.), the breeding system and genetic diversity of G. soja were investigated. The extent of natural cross-pollination of G. soja was estimated in four populations along the Omono River in Akita Prefecture, Japan by examining allozyme variation. Although it has been previously believed that G. soja is autogamous, as is cultivated soybean, the mean multilocus outcrossing rate ( t m) estimate was 13%. These values are much higher than the outcrossing rate previously reported for both G. soja and G. max . Frequent visits by honeybees and carpenter bees to flowers were also observed, which supported this conjecture. Furthermore, to evaluate the genetic variation of G. soja as a genetic resource, the genetic structure of 447 populations over Japan were analyzed. Wild soybean populations had a higher degree of variation of isozyme loci. The G ST coefficient of gene differentian values among the sites within the district were particularly high, revealing that the isozyme genotype was greatly different among site populations and homogeneous within the sites. The genetic differentiation among nine districts was observed in the allele frequencies of a few loci, indicating that geographic isolation in the wild soybean population was effectively created through the distance between the districts. The difference in the allele frequency among the districts may be produced under genetic drift. Finally, the importance of the preservation of natural plant populations and the habitats of wild progenitors (i.e. the in situ conservation of plant genetic resources) was emphasized.     

Conservation of rice genetic resources: the role of the International Rice Genebank at IRRI

Rice genetic resources, comprising landrace varieties, modern and obsolete varieties, genetic stocks, breeding lines, and the wild rices, are the basis of world food security. The International Rice Genebank at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines conserves the largest and most diverse collection of rice germplasm. The facilities of the genebank ensure the long-term preservation of this important diversity. In field research, factors that affect long-term viability of rice seeds have been identified, leading to the introduction of modified practices for germplasm multiplication and regeneration. The value of conserved germplasm can be assessed in terms of useful traits for rice breeding and the economic impact that germplasm utilization has on rice production and productivity. The application of molecular markers is changing perspectives on germplasm management. International policies affecting access to and use of rice germplasm are discussed.     

中国肉牛分子与基因修饰育种研究进展

随着世界肉牛产业科技的快速发展,我国肉牛产业的整体水平得到明显提高并取得丰硕成果。肉牛育种技术实现了由常规杂交育种向分子标记辅助育种、全基因组选择育种和基因组修饰育种的技术跨越,揭示出大量与生长发育、肉质品质、繁殖与疾病等相关的候选基因与分子标记,并逐步应用于肉牛育种实践。与生长发育性状相关的基因或分子标记主要集中在生长激素基因、生肌调节因子家族、肌肉生长抑制因子和胰岛素样生长因子等;参与肉质形成的基因主要集中在脂肪酸运输与沉积相关信号通路、钙蛋白酶信号通路、生肌调节因子家族与肌肉生长抑制因子等;繁殖性状相关基因或分子标记主要集中在GnRH-FSHR-LH、生长分化因子9、催乳素受体和FoxO1等;抗病相关基因主要有MHC基因家族、TOLL样受体4基因等。目前,利用精准基因编辑技术已培育出促生长发育与提高肉品质的肉牛育种新材料。本文总结了近年来我国在肉牛分子与基因组修饰育种领域取得的研究进展,以期为我国肉牛遗传育种技术研究提供参考和借鉴。     

5. The use of genetic resources in breeding and breeding research

The dramatic increase in yields of agricultural crops over the last 40 years in developed countries has been attributed equally to improved genetic components and improved agronomic practices. The success of plant breeding is based partly on an increased understanding of the parameters involved, to a great extent on improved and more efficient methods of selection, to greater use of available genetic diversity and also to advances in a number of related disciplines including plant pathology, biochemistry, agronomy and genetics. Successes and problems associated with using various genetic resources in plant breeding are illustrated with examples from some of the world's major crops, including potatoes, barley and cotton.     

遗传标记及其在家禽遗传育种中应用的研究进展

概述了现代分子生物学所发展的各类遗传标记的发展和现状及其在家禽遗传育种中的应用,同时也探讨了数量与质量性状基因定位在动物遗传育种中的应用。     

Retrospective and perspective of rice breeding in China

Breeding is the art and science of selecting and changing crop traits for the benefit of human beings. For several decades, tremendous efforts have been made by Chinese scientists in rice breeding in improving grain yield, nutrition quality, and environmental performance, achieving substantial progress for global food security. Several generations of crop breeding technologies have been developed, for example, selection of better performance in the field among variants (conventional breeding), application of molecular markers for precise selection (molecular marker assisted breeding), and development of molecular design (molecular breeding by rational design). In this review, we briefly summarize the advances in conventional breeding, functional genomics for genes and networks in rice that regulate important agronomic traits, and molecular breeding in China with focuses on high yield, good quality, stress tolerance, and high nutrient-use efficiency. These findings have paved a new avenue for rational design of crops to develop ideal varieties with super performance and productivity.     

1. The importance of genetic resources in plant breeding

Modern agricultural technology and the introduction of new high-yielding varieties are largely eliminating the wide range of crop genetic diversity that has evolved during the five to ten thousand years since food plants were first domesticated. Related wild species are also on the decline because of new land use policies. These gene pools (or what is left of them) are generally spoken of as genetic resources, and are vitally needed in the creation of new crop varieties by plant breeders. Wild species and land races often furnish genes conferring resistance to diseases and pests and adaptation to environmental stresses which cannot be found in the modern crop varieties.
The study of genetic diversity of crops, its storage in gene banks or in natural reserves, its evaluation and enhancement, are briefly described. The genetic resources work of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and other international agencies such as the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) is outlined.