Microzooplankton herbivory and bacterivory in Newfoundland coastal waters during spring, summer and winter

Grazing by microzooplankton on autotrophic and heterotrophicpicoplankton as well as >0.7 µm phytoplankton (as measuredby chlorophyll a) was quantified during July, August, October,January and April in the surface layer of Logy Bay, Newfoundland(47°38'14'N, 52°39'36'W). Rates of growth and grazingmortality of bacteria, Synechococcus and >0.7 µm phytoplanktonwere measured using the sea water dilution technique. Microzooplanktoningested 83–184, 96–366 and 64–118% of bacterial,Synechococcus and >0.7 µm phytoplankton daily potentialproduction, respectively and 34–111, 25–30 and 16–131%of bacterial, Synechococcus and >0.7 µm phytoplanktonstanding stocks, respectively. The trends in prey net growthrates followed the seasonal cycles of prey biomass, suggestingthat microzooplankton are important grazers in Newfoundlandcoastal waters. Ingestion was lowest during January and October(~2 µg C l^–1 day^–1) and highest in August(~20 µg C l^–1 day^–1). Aside from April when>0.7 µm phytoplankton represented the majority (~80%)of carbon ingested, bacterioplankton and <1 µm phytoplanktonrepresented most of the carbon ingested (~40–100%). Althoughmicrozooplankton have here-to-fore been unrecognized as an importantgrazer population in Newfoundland coastal waters, these resultssuggest that they play an important role in carbon flow withinthe pelagic food web, even at low temperatures in Logy Bay.     

Community structure, biomass and productivity of size-fractionated summer phytoplankton populations in lower Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

Seventeen size-fractionation experiments were carried out duringthe summer of 1979 to compare biomass and productivity in the< 10, <8 and <5 µm size fractions with that ofthe total phytoplankton community in surface waters of NarragansettBay. Flagellates and non-motile ultra-plankton passing 8 µmpolycarbonate filters dominated early summer phytoplankton populations,while diatoms and dinoflagellates retained by 10 µm nylonnetting dominated during the late summer. A significant numberof small diatoms and dinoflagellates were found in the 10–8µm size fraction. The > 10 µm size fraction accountedfor 50% of the chlorophyll a standing crop and 38% of surfaceproduction. The <8 µm fraction accounted for 39 and18% of the surface biomass and production. Production by the< 8 µm fraction exceeded half of the total communityproduction only during a mid-summer bloom of microflagellates.Mean assimilation numbers and calculated carbon doubling ratesin the <8 µm (2.8 g C g Chl a^–1 h^–1; 0.9day^–1)and<5 µm(1.7 g C g Chl a^–1h^–1; 0.5day^–1)size fractions were consistently lower than those of the totalpopulation (4.8 g C g Chl a^–1 h^–1; 1.3 day^–1)and the <10 µm size fraction (5.8 g C g Chl a^–1h^–1; 1.4 day ^–1). The results indicate that smalldiatoms and dinoflagellates in fractionated phytoplankton populationscan influence productivity out of proportion to their numbersor biomass. ¹Present address: Australian Institute of Marine Science, P.M.B.No. 3, Townsville M.S.O., Qld. 4810, Australia.     

Productivity of picoplankton compared with that of larger phytoplankton in the subarctic region

We determined the productivity (µg C µg^–1Chi a h^–1) of size-fractionated phytoplankton in the northernNorth Pacific and the Bering Sea in summer and winter. Picoplankton(<2 µm) were more productive than larger sized phytoplankton(2–10 and 10–200 µm) in the subtropical region,where the in situ temperature was >10°C; whereas picoplanktonin the subarctic region were similar in productivity or lessproductive than larger sized plankton, where the in situ temperaturewas <10°C. The result from the subtropical region inthis study agrees with previous results from tropical and subtropical waters, which indicate that phytoplankton productivitytends to decrease with increasing cell size. The result fromthe subarctic region, however, differs from previous results.We observed a positive linear regression for in situ temperatureand picoplankton productivity, but this trend was not seen inthe larger sized phytoplankton. The results show that the productivityof picoplankton is markedly influenced by in situ temperaturecompared with that of larger sized plankton. Low tem peratureappears to account largely for the observation that the productivityof picoplankton is not significantly higher than that of largersized phytoplankton in the subarctic region.     

Seasonal and interannual variability of size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass and community structure at station Kerfix, off the Kerguelen Islands, Antarctica

Time series of phytoplankton biomass and taxonomic compositionhave been obtained for the 3 years 1992, 1993 and 1994 in thenorthern part of the Southern Ocean (station Kerfix, 5040'S,6825;E) Autotrophic biomass was low throughout the year (<0.2mg m^–3 except during a short period in summer when a maximumof 1.2 mg chlorophyll (Chl) a m– was reached. During winter,the integrated biomass was low (<10 mg m^–2) and associatedwith deeply mixed water, whereas the high summer biomass (>20mg m^–2) was associated with increased water column stability.During summer blooms, the >10 µ;m size fraction contributed60% to total integrated biomass. Large autotrophic dinoflagellates,mainly Prorocentrum spp., were associated with the summer phytoplankton maxima and accounted for >80% of the total autotrophcarbon biomass. In November and December, the presence of thelarge heterotrophic dinoflagellates Protoperidinium spp. andGyro dinium spp. contributed a high proportion of total carbonbiomass. During winter, the <10 µm size fraction contributed80% of total Chi a biomass with domination of the picoplanktonsize fraction. The natural assemblage included mainly nakedflagellates such as species of the Prasinophyceae, Cryptophyceaeand Prymnesiophyceae. During spring, picocyanobacteria occurredin sub-surface water with a maximum abundance in September of106 cells 1^–1     

Composition and distribution of the pelagic and sympagic algal assemblages in the Laptev Sea during autumnal freeze-up

The phytoplankton and ice algal assemblages in the SiberianLaptev Sea during the autumnal freeze-up period of 1995 aredescribed. The spatial distribution of algal taxa (diatoms,dinoflagellates, chrysophytes, chlorophytes) in the newly formedice and waters at the surface and at 5 m depth differed considerablybetween regions. This was also true for algal biomass measuredby in situ fluorescence, chlorophyll (Chl) a and taxon-specificcarbon content. Highest in situ fluorescence and Chl a concentrations(ranging from 0.1 to 3.2 µg l^–1) occurred in surfacewaters with maxima in Buor Khaya Bay east of Lena Delta. Thealgal standing stock on the shelf consisted mainly of diatoms,dinoflagellates, chrysophytes and chlorophytes with a totalabundance (excluding unidentified flagellates <10 µm)in surface waters of 351–33 660 cells l^–1. Highestalgal abundance occurred close to the Lena Delta. Phytoplanktonbiomass (phytoplankton carbon; PPC) ranged from 0.1 to 5.3 µgC l^–1 in surface waters and from 0.3 to 2.1 µg Cl^–1 at 5 m depth, and followed the distribution patternof abundances. However, the distribution of Chl a differed considerablyfrom the distribution pattern shown by PPC. The algal assemblagein the sea ice, which could not be quantified due to high sedimentload, was dominated by diatom species, accompanied by dinoflagellates.Thus, already during the early stage of autumnal freeze-up,incorporation processes, selective enrichment and subsequentgrowth lead to differences between surface water and sea icealgal assemblages.     

Pico-, nano- and microplankton communities in hydrothermal marine coastal environments of the Eolian Islands (Panarea and Vulcano) in the Mediterranean Sea

This paper reports the relationship among pico-, nano- and microplanktoniccommunities observed in two different shallow marine hydrothermalenvironments. Seawater samples from five stations in the coastalarea of the ‘Porto di Levante’ (Vulcano Island)and from three stations off the Island of Panarea (Eolian Islands,Italy) were collected in May and July of 1989, respectively.Microbiological investigations were carried out in order todetermine the density of: (i) the total picoplankton (both autotrophicand heterotrophic): (ii) the total picophytoplankton (autofluorescentpicoplanktonic cells); (iii) the larger phytoplankton (>2µm): (iv) the ‘metabolically active’ cellsof total picoplankton and cyanobacteria; (v) the heterotrophicaerobic bacteria. The peak values of picoplankton and picophytoplanktoncomponents, with an order of magnitude of 10⁹ and 10⁷ cells1¹, respectively, were registered in the wannest water samples(30–75°C) collected from the Vulcano area. At Panarea.eukaryotic picophytoplankton and ‘metabolically active’coccoid cyanobacteria showed an opposite trend. A possible competitionbetween the two groups is to be considered. Cyanobacteria, diatomsand the genus Licmophora. in particular, were prevalent in thewarmest hydrothermal vents of Vulcano. Nano- and microphytoplanktoniccommunities in the offshore waters of the Island of Panareashowed more variability than in Vulcano. Moreover, in the Panareawaters the prevalence of phytoflagellates above the thermoclinewas observed, whereas diatoms were predominant below this layer.     

Carbon dynamics in the 'grazing food chain' of a subtropical lake

Studies were conducted over a 13 month period at four pelagicsites in eutrophic Lake Okeechobee, Florida (USA), in orderto quantify carbon (C) uptake rates by size-fractionated phytoplankton,and subsequent transfers of C to zooplankton. This was accomplishedusing laboratory ¹⁴C tracer methods and natural plankton assemblages.The annual biomass of picoplankton (<2 µm), nanoplankton(2–20 µm) and microplankton (<20 µm averaged60, 389 and 100 µg C 1^–1 respectively, while correspondingrates of C uptake averaged 7, 51 and 13 µg C1^–1h^–1. The biomass of microzooplankton (40–200 µm)and macrozooplankton (<200 µm averaged 18 and 60 µgC 1^–1, respectively, while C uptake rates by these herbivoregroups averaged 2 and 3 µg C 1^–1 h^–1. Therewere no strong seasonal patterns in any of the plankton metrics.The ratio of zooplankton to phytoplankton C uptake averaged7% over the course of the study. This low value is typical ofthat observed in eutrophic temperate lakes with small zooplanktonand large inedible phytoplankton, and indicates ineffectiveC transfer in the grazing food chain. On a single occasion,there was a high density (<40 1^–1) of Daphnia lumholrzii,a large-bodied exotic cladoceran. At that time, zooplanktoncommunity C uptake was <20 µg C 1^–1 h^–1and the ratio of zooplankton to phytoplankton C uptake was near30%. If D.lumholrzii proliferates in Lake Okeechobee and theother Florida lakes where it has recently been observed, itmay substantially alter planktonic C dynamics.     

Feeding of Sagitta enflata and vertical distribution of chaetognaths in relation to low oxygen concentrations

Zooplankton samples were collected in Mejillones Bay, northernChile (23°00'15'S, 70°26'43'W ). Sampling was conductedat 4 h intervals, for 24 h during three seasons, austral spring(October 2000), summer ( January 2001) and winter (August 2001)at three different strata (0–25, 25–50 and 50–100m). Five species of chaetognaths were collected. Sagitta enflatawas the most abundant species, representing up to 65% of allchaetognaths in total numbers, followed by Sagitta bierii, makingup 34% of the total abundance of chaetognaths. S. enflata wasdistributed mainly above the Oxygen Minimum Zone, while S. bieriiremained below this zone. Feeding rates were relatively constantwithin the upper layer (0–25 m depth), for each samplingdate, averaging 1.2 prey S. enflata day^–1, and decreasingwith depth. Gut content analyses demonstrated that predationwas principally focused on small copepods (<1500 µm),with greatest feeding activity occurring at night. The dailypredation impact on the total standing stock of small copepodsvaried seasonally between 6% in spring and 0.4% in winter. Thispercentage may represent a negligible impact on the entire copepodcommunity, but it is relevant at the species or genus level,since S. enflata removed more than 20% of the standing stockof Centropages brachiatus and Corycaeus sp. Thus, during someperiods of the year, chaetognaths may strongly influence theabundance and size distribution of copepods in coastal upwellingecosystems.     

The size distribution of phytoplankton and participate organic matter in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: importance of ultraseston and consequences

The size fractionation of paniculate matter (<200, <35,<3 and <1 µm) has been measured in the EquatorialAtlantic Ocean at different stations. Chlorophyll a, phaeophytin,particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus have been analysed.Primary production by ¹⁴CO₂ uptake was also measured with prescreeningtechnique. It appears from this study, that the pariculate matter has avery small size: 40–60% of the chlorophyll passed through1 µm Nucleopore filter, and 75–90% of the paniculatecarbon and nitrogen passed through 3 µm Nucleopore filterin offshore waters. From the atomic ratio C/N, C/P and C/chla, and primary productionvalues, the <3 µm fraction would be mainly constitutedby inactive photosynthetic organisms or partides of detritus.The 3–35 µm fraction, in contrast, would be principallyactive phytoplankton.     

Development of Eodiaptomus japonicus Burckhardt (Copepoda, Calanoida) reared on different sized fractions of natural plankton

The nutritional value of different sized fractions of naturalplankton was investigated for the growth of Eodiaptomus japonicusBurckhardt by comparing the development of its naupliar andcopepodid stages fed on differentially fractionated planktonicassemblages of a eutrophic pond, at 20°C. Water filteredthrough a 0.8 µm Nuclepore filter, containing mainly smallcoccoid bacteria (0.45–0.6 µm in cell diameter),at a concentration of 82.7 µg C 1^–1 could not supportthe development of E.japonicus. The 3 µm filtered water,containing bacteria and picoalgae. at a total concentrationof 259 µg C 1^–1, supported development but not eggproduction. The 20 µm filtered water, containing bacteria,picoalgae and large algae, at a total concentration of 2600µg C 1^–1, supported rapid development of the juvenilesand continuous egg production by the adults. The separated 3–20µm fraction, containing only large algae, could not supportthe development at concentrations of 131 and 196 µg C1^–1. However, the same rapid development of the juvenilesand continuous egg production by adults occurred at all of thetested concentrations between 261 and 3920 µg C1^–1of the large algae. The results suggest that E.japonicus favoursalgae larger than 3 µm during its complete lifespan, andthat the threshold food concentration for its development variesbetween 200 and 250 µg C 1^–1.     

Intraspecific variation in the light/dark modulation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase activity in soybean

A comparative study was made of the inhibition of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) amongst six cultivars of Glycinemax L. Merr., associated with synthesis of 2-carboxyarabinitol1-phosphate (CA1P) during darkness. Significantly lower meanvalues of dark inhibition of Rubisco were observed in soybeancv. Davis than in cvs Bragg, Cobb, Hardee, Gordon, and Kirby.The CA1P synthesis/degradation cycle during dark/light transitionsremained operational in cv. Bragg plants grown at low irradiance(40 µmol photons m–2 s–1). However, CA1P synthesisand degradation rates were slower in the dark (t_0.5 = 240 versus25 min), and light (t_0.5 = 20 versus 3.8 min) respectively,as compared to plants grown at higher irradiance (550 µmolphotons m^–2 s^–1). In addition, the activation stateof Rubisco in low-light-grown plants showed only a small declineafter a transition to darkness. We conclude that (a) cultivar-dependentvariation occurs amongst soybeans with respect to CAlP regulationof Rubisco, and (b) soybeans acclimated to low irradiance maydepend more on CA1P synthesis/degradation to regulate Rubisco,and less on changes in the enzyme activation state. Key words: Activation state, Glycine max, photosynthesis, Rubisco, 2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate     

Size-fractionated Carboxylase Activities During a 32 h Cycle at 30 m Depth in the North-western Mediterranean Sea After an Episodic Wind Event

Using size-fractionation filtration (1 µm), we associatedcarboxylase activities (Rubisco, ß-carboxylases) andchlorophyll measurements with cell enumeration by flow cytometryat a permanent site of the central Ligurian Sea in the north-westernMediterranean Sea (73°25'N–7°51' E). The analyseswere carried out over a day/night cycle (at 30 m depth) followinga strong wind event, during the transition period from springmesotrophic to summer oligotrophic conditions. The highest valuesof Rubisco activity and ß-carboxylase activity perchlorophyll a (Chl a) for >1 µm cells were observedduring the light period of the cycle, reaching 18.9 and 4.3nmol CO₂ (µg Chl a)^–1 h^–1, respectively. Thishigher activity is assumed to be correlated with a dominanceof nanoflagellates in the phytoplankton community. Such phytoplanktonspecies generally had higher ß-carboxylase activity,expressed as a percentage of Rubisco activity (the ßC/Rratio), than diatoms. Using flow cytometry analysis to enumeratethose cells <1 µm in size, we followed the values ofRubisco activity and pigment content expressed per cell, forpicophytoplankton cells. The photoautotrophic activity, measuredas the in vitro Rubisco activity for small picoeukaryote cells,was higher than for cyanobacteria cells with lower apparentcell size. These results suggested an optimum of CO₂ assimilationreached by the pico- and nano-phytoplankton in accordance withthe cell size and growth rates from previous observations inthe literature.     

Reactions of birch leaves to changes in light during early ontogeny: comparison between in vivo and in vitro techniques to measure carbon uptake

Trends in several photosynthetic parameters and their responseto changed growth light were followed for 15 d in leaves ofyoung birch saplings using a rapid-response gas exchange measuringequipment. These in vivo measurements were compared to biochemicalassays that were made from the same leaves after the gas exchangestudies. The measurements were made on leaves that were selectedprior to the study and were at that time of similar age. Forthe first 7 d the photosynthetic parameters were followed fromthe growth conditions of moderate light (200 µmol m^–2s^–1; referred to as controls later in the text). On day7 some of the saplings were transferred to grow either underhigh (450 µmol m^–2 s^–1; referred to as highlight plants) or low (75 µmol m^–2 s^–1; referredto as low light plants) light and the capability of the preselectedleaves for acclimation was followed for 6 d. For comparison,at the end of the experiment the measurements were made on bothcontrols and on young leaves that had developed under high andlow light. Generally the in vivo measured rate of CO₂ uptake (gross photosynthesis)both at 310 ppm CO₂ and 2000 ppm CO₂ corresponded very wellto the biochemically determined CO₂ fixation capacity in vitroafter rapid extraction (measured as the initial and total activityof Rubisco, respectively). However, if the flux of CO₂ intothe chloroplasts was limited by the closure of the stomata,as was the case of the high light plants, then the in vitromeasured Rubisco activity was greater than the in vivo measuredCO₂ uptake. V_max, calculated from the mesophyll conductanceat 1% O₂, exceeded the initial activity of Rubisco (assayedat saturating RuBP and CO₂) constantly by 60%. The catalyticactivity of Rubisco in birch leaves was overall very low, evenwhen calculated from the total activity of Rubisco (K_cat 0.63–1.18 s^–1), when compared to herbaceous C₃ species. Signs of light acclimation were not observed in most of thephotosynthetic parameters and in chloroplast structure whenmature birch leaves were subjected to changes in growth lightfor 6 d. However, the change of the growth light either to highor low light caused day-to-day fluctuations in most of the measuredphotosynthetic parameters and in the case of the high lightplants signs of photoinhibition and photodestruction were alsoobserved (decrease in the amount of chlorophyll and increasein chlorophyll a/b ratio). As a result of these fluctuationsthese plants achieved a new and lower steady-state conditionbetween the light and dark reactions, as judged from the molarratio of RuBP to Rubisco binding site. Key words: Acclimation, photosynthesis, light, Rubisco, birch     

Relationship between biomass and enzymatic activity of a bloom-forming dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in southern Chile (41{degrees} S): a field approach

In a coastal area of southern Chile (41° S), the major ammoniumassimilating enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) was detected ina green dinoflagellate bloom during April 2003. High chlorophylla concentrations (1000 µg L^–1) attributable to Gymnodiniumcf. chlorophorum in surface waters were associated with highand very low nitrate reductase activities. Coincident with thebloom, dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were nearthe detection limit (NO₃^– + NH₄⁺ <0.5 µM). SinceGS correlates with the use of ammonium as an external nitrogensource, we suggest that GS activity seems to be a good indicatorof ammonium utilization in a period dominated by a single dinoflagellatespecies.     

Growth of Ceratium hirundinella in a subtropical Australian reservoir: the role of vertical migration

A study into the photophysiology, growth and migration of Ceratiumhirundinella in Chaffey Reservoir in subtropical northern NewSouth Wales, Australia, revealed that a proportion of cellsformed subsurface accumulations at depths that optimized lightintensity (212–552 µmol photons m^–2 s^–1)for photosynthesis and cell growth. At high incident irradiance,Ceratium migrated downwards from the near-surface waters, avoidinghigh-light-induced, slow-recovering non-photochemical quenchingof photosystem II. Overnight deepening of the surface mixedlayer by convective cooling produced homogeneous distributionsof Ceratium with a significant proportion of the populationbelow the depth where light saturation of photosynthesis occurred.Ceratium migrated towards the surface from suboptimal lightintensities, at a velocity of 1.6–2.7 x 10^–4 m s^–1.Subsurface accumulations occurred under a variety of turbulenceintensities; however, accumulation was significantly reducedwhen the turbulent velocity scale in the mixed layer was >5x 10^–3 m s^–1, beyond which turbulent diffusion dominatedadvection by swimming. The formation of subsurface accumulationswith increased computed water column integral photosynthesisby 35% compared to a uniform cell distribution.     

Comparison of east and west chlorophyll a standing stock and oceanic habitat along the Transition Domain of the North Pacific

Chlorophyll (Chl) a was measured every 10 m from 0 to 150 min the Transition Domain (TD), located between 37 and 45°N,and from 160°E to 160°W, in May and June (Leg 1) andin June and July (Leg 2), 1993–96. Total Chl a standingstocks integrated from 0 to 150 m were mostly within the rangeof 20 and 50 mg m^–2. High standing stocks (>50 mg m^–2)were generally observed westof 180°, with the exceptionof the sporadic high values at the easternmost station. Thetotal Chl a standing stock tended to be higher in the westernTD (160°E–172°30'E) than in the central (175°E–175°W)and eastern (170°W–160°W) TD on Leg 1, but thesame result was not observed on Leg 2. It was likely that largephytoplankton (2–10 and >10 µm fractions) contributedto the high total Chl a standing stock. We suggest that thehigh total Chl a standing stock on Leg 1, in late spring andearly summer, reflects the contribution of the spring bloomin the subarctic region of the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Thedistribution of total Chl a standing stock on Leg 2 was scarcelyaffected by the spring phytoplankton bloom, suggesting thattotal Chl a standing stock is basically nearly uniform in theTD in spring and summer. Moreover, year-to-year variation inthe total Chl a standing stock was observed in the western TDon Leg 1, suggesting that phytoplankton productivity and/orthe timing of the main period of the bloom exhibits interannualvariations.     

Measurement of Yield Threshold and Cell Wal Extensibility of Intact Wheat Roots under Different Ionic, Osmotic and Temperature Treatments

Yield stress threshold (Y) and volumetric extensibility () arethe rheological properties that appear to control root growth.In this study they were measured in wheat roots by means ofparallel measurement of the growth rate (r) of intact wheatroots and of the turgor pressures (P) of individual cells withinthe expansion zone. Growth and turgor pressure were manipulatedby immersion in graded osmoticum (mannitol) solutions. Turgorwas measured with a pressure probe and growth rate by visualobservation. The influence of various growth conditions on Yand was investigated; (a) At 27 °C.In 0.5 mol m^–3 CaCl₂ r, P, Y and were20.7±4.6 µm min^–1, 0.77±0.05 MPa,0.07±0.03 MPa and 26±1.9 µm min^–1MPa^–1 (expressed as increase in length), respectively.Following 24 h growth in 10 mol m^–3 KC1 these parametersbecame 12.3±3.5 µm min^–1, 0.72±0.04MPa, 0.13±0.01 MPa and 21±0.7 µm min^–1MPa^–1. After 24 h osmotic adjustment in 150 mol m^–3mannitol/0.5 mol m^–3 CaCl₂ r= 19.6±4.2 µmmin^–1, P = 0.68±0.05 MPa and Y and were 0.07±0.04MPa and 30±0.2 µm min^–1 MPa^–01, respectively.After 24 h growth in 350 mol m^–3 mannitol/0.5 mol m^–3CaCl₂ r= 13.3±4.1 µm min^–1, P= 0.58±0.07MPa, Y=0.12±0.01 MPa and ø 32±0.2 tim min^–1MPa^–1. During osmotic adjustment in 200 mol m^–3mannitol/0.5 mol m^–3 CaCl₂, with or without KCl, the recoveryof growth rate corresponded to turgor pressure recovery (t1/2approximately 3 h). (b) At 15 °C. Lowered temperature dramatically influencedthe growth parameters which became r= 8.3±2.8 um min^–1,P=0.78 MPa, r=<0.2 MPa and =15±0.1 µm min^–1MPa^–1. Therefore, Y and are influenced by 10 mol m^–3 K⁺ ionsand low temperature. In each case the effective pressure forgrowth (P-Y) was large indicating that small fluctuations ofsoil water potential will not stop root elongation. Key words: Yield threshold, cell wall extensibility, wheat root growth, temperature, turgor pressur     

Size-fractionated primary production studies in the vicinity of the Subtropical Front and an adjacent warm-core eddy south of Africa in austral winter

Results are presented of size-fractionated primary productionstudies conducted in the vicinity of the Subtropical Front (STF),an adjacent warm-core eddy, and in Sub-antarctic waters duringthe third South African Antarctic Marine Ecosystem Study (SAAMESIII) in austral winter (June/July) 1993. Throughout the investigation,total chlorophyll (Chl a) biomass and production were dominatedby small nano- and picophytoplankton. No distinct patterns intotal Chl a were evident. At stations (n = 7) occupied in thevicinity of the STF, total integrated biomass values rangedfrom 31 to 53 mg Chl a m^–2. In the vicinity of the eddy,integrated biomass at the eddy edge (n = 3) ranged from 24 to54 mg Chl a m^–2 and from 32 to 43 mg Chl a m^–2 inthe eddy (n = 2). At the station occupied in the Sub-antarcticwaters, total integrated biomass was 43 mg Chl a m^–2.Total daily integrated production was highest at stations occupiedin the vicinity of the STF and at the eddy edge. Here, totalintegrated production ranged from 150 to 423 mg C m^–2day^–1 and from 244 to 326mg C m^–2 day^–1, respectively.In the eddy centre, total integrated production varied between134 and 156 mg C m^–2 day^–1. At the station occupiedin the Sub-antarctic waters, the lowest integrated production(141 mg C m^–2 day^–1) during the entire survey wasrecorded. Availability of macronutrients did not appear to limittotal production. However, the low silicate concentrations duringthe survey may account for the predominance of small nano- andpicophytoplankton. Differences in production rates between theeddy edge and eddy core were related to water column stability.In contrast, at stations occupied in the vicinity of the STF,the control of phytoplankton production appears to be relatedto several processes, including water column stability and,possibly, iron availability.     

Seasonal variations of bacterial abundance and biomass and their relation to phytoplankton in the hypertrophic tropical lagoon Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia

The seasonal development of bacteria was studied in the hypertrophiccoastal lagoon Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (Caribbeancoast of Colombia). This large but only 1.5 m deep lagoon issubject to strong seasonal variations of salinity from almostfully marine (April/May) to brackish conditions in October/November.Chlorophyll ranged from 6 to 182 µg L^–1, and grossprimary production amounted to 1690 g C m^–2 per year.Total bacterial number (TBN) ranged from 6.5 to 90.5 x 10⁹ cellsL^–1 and bacterial biomass (BBM) from 77 to 1542 µgC L^–1, which are among the highest ever reported for naturalcoastal waters. Neither TBN nor BBM varied significantly withsalinity, phytoplankton or seston concentrations. Only the bacterialmean cell volume showed a significant relation to salinity,being highest (0.066 µm³) during the period of increasingand lowest (0.032 µm³) during decreasing salinity. Bacterialprotein accounted for 24% (19–26%) and phytoplankton proteinfor 57% (53–71%) of total seston protein. The ratio (annualmean) of bacterial carbon to phytoplankton carbon was 0.44 (range0.04–1.43). At low phytoplankton abundance [chlorophylla (Chl a) < 25 µg L^–1], bacterial carbon wasalmost equal to phytoplankton biomass (i.e. the mean ratio was1.04). In contrast, at Chl a > 100 µg L^–1, BBMwas low compared to phytoplankton biomass (the mean ratio was0.16). In general, BBM varied less than phytoplankton biomass.Most probably, the missing correlation between bacterial andphytoplankton variables was due to (i) organic material partlyderived from allochthonous sources serving as food resourcefor bacteria and (ii) a strong resuspension of bacteria fromthe sediment caused by frequent wind-induced mixing of the veryshallow lagoon.     

Abundance and productivity of heterotrophic nanoplankton in Georgia coastal waters

The population abundances and rates of biomass production ofheterotrophic nanoplankton (HNAN) in Georgia coastal waterswere evaluated by epifluorescence microscopy. HNAN populations(mostly non-pigmented microflagellates <10 µm in diameter)ranged from 0.3 x 10³ cells ml^–1 in shelf waters 15 kmoffshore to 6.3 x 10³ cells ml^–1 in waters 0.25 km fromthe coast. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.83) betweenHNAN and free bacterioplankton population abundances, but noapparent relation (r = 0.38) between HNAN and phototrophic nanopLankton(PNAN) abundances. HNAN biomass production in estuarine andnearshore shelf waters, as estimated from increases in HNANpopulations during laboratory incubations of natural water samples,ranged from 0.10 to 0.79 mg C m^–3 h^–3, with populationgeneration times of 9.7 to 26.5 h. There was a significant linearrelation (r = 0.95) between HNAN biomass and HNAN productivity.We calculated that HNAN may graze at least 30% to 50% of dailybacterioplankton production in Georgia coastal waters.