湖北淫羊藿属植物花粉形态研究

小檗科淫羊藿属(Epimedium)植物全世界约有23种,主要分布在亚热带和北温带,我国约有15种;湖北省分布10种,是全国淫羊藿属植物分布较集中的地区。由于该属植物外部形态比较相似,有些种类叶形变异较大,而且种与种之间还有交叉重叠,这无疑给种的分类鉴定带来一些困难。我们试图通过研究花粉形态特征,来探讨种间的区别。有关淫羊藿属植物中个别种类     

贵州淫羊藿属资源现状及品质影响因素研究进展

淫羊藿属多种植物是我国著名的传统中药材,贵州是淫羊藿属植物小花类群发生和演化的重要区域和分布中心,尤以黔东北地区保存的原始种类最多。随着市场对淫羊藿提取物的需求量急剧增加,淫羊藿属野生资源遭受大面积破坏,资源呈现濒危趋势,人工栽培成为保障市场需求的重要途径。为此,本文整理了贵州现存的20种淫羊藿属植物的资源分布情况,分析了淫羊藿属植物的主要活性成分（黄酮类、生物碱、多糖）,重点论述了光照、温度、土壤及采收时间等因子对淫羊藿属植物品质含量的影响,综合当前人工栽培淫羊藿属植物的繁殖方式、种植密度和管护等栽培技术,分析相关研究存在的问题及瓶颈,以期为贵州淫羊藿属植物资源保护、开发利用及栽培示范提供参考依据。     

七种中国淫羊藿属药用植物细胞分类学研究

该研究应用常规压片法对7种中国淫羊藿属药用植物进行了核型分析,为淫羊藿属药用植物的分类及选育等提供理论基础。结果表明：7种淫羊藿属植物体细胞染色体数目均为2n＝2x＝12,基数x＝6;水城淫羊藿、腺毛淫羊藿、保靖淫羊藿、拟巫山淫羊藿、天全淫羊藿5个种均有4对m染色体和2对sm染色体,核型公式均为2n＝2x＝12＝8m(2SAT)＋4sm,其中水城淫羊藿、腺毛淫羊藿的核型分析为首次报道;镇坪淫羊藿、偏斜淫羊藿具有3对m染色体和3对sm染色体,核型公式为2n＝2x＝12＝6m(2SAT)＋6sm。拟巫山淫羊藿第2对染色体具随体,其余物种第1对染色体均有随体;腺毛淫羊藿、保靖淫羊藿、拟巫山淫羊藿、镇坪淫羊藿、偏斜淫羊藿、天全淫羊藿均属于Stebbins 2A类型,水城淫羊藿为Stebbins 1A类型。结合文献综合分析发现,该属植物不同种间的核型高度一致,核型稳定,种间核型差异小,核型结构与地理分布、形态特征相关性较小。因此,淫羊藿属是一个在核型进化上较为保守的植物类群,用核型分析对该属植物属下进行种类鉴定、遗传演化十分困难,即使是属内远缘物种,其核型系统学的意义有限,但在属上的分类级别有较大的参考价值。     

基于淫羊藿属(Epimedium L.)核型似近系数的聚类分析及其系统演化意义

为揭示淫羊藿属(Epimedium L.)植物染色体组遗传与进化,阐明该属植物系统亲缘关系和现代地理分布格局形成。该文对淫羊藿属植物51个分类群(43种、1亚种、6变种和1个栽培品种)和2种温哥华属(Vancouveria Morren et Decne.)植物的根尖进行了有丝分裂中期染色体核型分析,并运用核型似近系数聚类分析方法对这53个分类群植物的核型进行了聚类研究。结果表明:所有种类的染色体数均为12,二倍体(2n=2x=12),第1对同源染色体均为随体染色体,核型均为Stebbins的2A或1A型。可见,淫羊藿属植物染色体组在遗传进化中确实较为保守,种间核型非常相似。核型似近系数聚类分析为淫羊藿属植物系统进化研究提供了一些明显的线索。分析结果完全支持该属属下两个亚属(Subgen.Rhizophyllum和Subgen.Epimedium)的划分。亚属Epimedium的核型似近系数聚类结果显示,该类群物种间的系统亲缘关系与地理分布密切相关。核型似近系数分析结果还发现,来自东亚地区的淫羊藿属植物染色体组具有明显的变异,显示了更高的遗传多样性。基于上述研究结果,推断了淫羊藿属植物现代地理分布格局的形成过程。该研究结果可为淫羊藿属植物的资源利用、系统分类和遗传演化等领域的研究提供参考。     

北温带水青冈属的间断分布及其泛生物地理学解释

水青冈属(Fagus L.)在北温带呈间断分布, 已发现的丰富的第三纪化石为讨论其起源和演化提供了证据。该文采用泛生物地理学的轨迹分析方法对水青冈属的分布进行了研究, 试图分析水青冈属的分布格局, 进而讨论其进化问题。结果表明, 水青冈属在中国、日本、北美、欧洲的分布是完全间断的, 没有一个共有轨迹连接它们, 即使在毗邻的、且有植物亲缘关系的中国和日本, 也没有一个共有轨迹连接。完全间断的轨迹对分析水青冈属的起源、演化和扩散学说, 没有提供任何信息。仅有两条共有轨迹分别分布在中国东南部和日本, 分别代表了中国4种和日本3种水青冈属种类的连接, 说明水青冈属经历了漫长的历史演化, 扩散能力是有局限性的, 仅在分化和多样性中心进行了一些分化和演化, 整个属并未进行长距离的扩散, 或者长距离扩散早已销声匿迹了, 现代的分布格局完全是以间断为最主要特征的。间断分布的动力解释为古地中海西撤、青藏高原隆起、东亚季风活动等地质历史事件, 第三纪以来特别是第四纪冰期活动等气候波动, 以及水青冈属植物的生物学特性(特别是喜温喜湿)。     

淫羊藿属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展

淫羊藿属植物是中国传统的药用植物,淫羊藿总黄酮是淫羊藿属植物中的主要活性成分,迄今从国内淫羊藿属13种植物中分离鉴定的黄酮类化合物有106种.药理研究表明,淫羊藿总黄酮具有抑制破骨细胞、促进成骨细胞生长、抗抑郁、增强免疫调节、保护心脑血管系统、抑菌、抗炎、抗病毒、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗肿瘤等多方面的药理活性.本文对国内外有关淫羊藿属植物的化学成分及药理作用的研究进展进行综述,为进一步研究与开发利用提供参考.     

粉条儿菜属(肺筋草科)的地理分布及其物种多样性和分化中心

粉条儿菜属(AletrisL.)隶属于肺筋草科,全世界有23种1变种,东亚有18种1变种,北美东南部有5种,为典型的东亚-北美间断分布的属.本文在种(变种)的水平上,研究了粉条儿菜属的地理分布及其分布中心和多样化中心,并对其起源和分化以及现代洲际间断分布格局的成因进行了分析.结果表明,(1)中国共分布有粉条儿菜属植物15种1变种,而广义的横断山地区集中分布有13种1变种,是东亚粉条儿菜属植物分布最为集中的地区,而且包含该属植物各个进化阶段的代表.因此,广义的横断山地区是粉条儿菜属在东亚的分布中心和多样化中心.(2)根据粉条儿菜属及其近缘属的分布格局推测,该属可能在不晚于第三纪早期,起源于古北大陆.东亚和北美的粉条儿菜属植物形态区别明显,应该是隔离分化的结果.(3)该属植物可能曾经广布于北半球,后来地质、气候以及冰川等因素的变化,导致该属在一些地区灭绝,而仅存于东亚和北美东南部.(4)尽管横断山及其周边地区是东亚粉条儿菜属的多样化中心,但该地区很可能并不是粉条儿菜属最早的分化中心,因横断山地区周边的一些特有种可能是在晚近的时期形成的新特有种;另外,东亚粉条儿菜属一些原始的种类主要分布于我国中东部到日本一带.所以,中国中东部到日本一带可能是粉条儿菜属早期的分化中心.     

甘肃风毛菊属植物区系地理研究及与邻近地区区系的关系

根据对风毛菊属植物野外调查,标本的收集、整理和系统鉴定,该地区风毛菊属植物共有57种1变种,隶属于4亚属,在甘肃省有2个分布丰富区:青藏高原东、北缘的甘南地区和祁连山地。分析表明,风毛菊属植物是一个北温带分布的属,可划为5个分布型和2个变型,其中以中国特有、横断山脉—喜马拉雅分布最多(分别占36%和29.5%),特有属为新特有属,说明该区系属于一个年轻的、以横断山脉—喜马拉雅分布为主的温带性质,并与青藏高原、中亚地区有密切联系;喜马拉雅、横断山区是风毛菊属植物的现代分布中心和分化中心,华北、华中地区是一个次生分布中心;菊科在古地中海地区于第三纪的早、中期得到分化与发展,其中原始的帚木菊族向西南亚迁移时分化、衍生出原始的菜蓟族的祖先种,该族在大约第三纪从起源中心向中亚干旱地区分化出风毛菊属植物,因此,该区系起源于第三纪的中亚至喜马拉雅一带;青藏高原的隆起、海浸海退,使属内种类剧烈分化,第三纪、第四纪北半球冰期、间冰期交替作用,使本区系向亚洲温暖地区迁移,并进一步发展,形成了现今的区系成分。     

淫羊藿属植物种质资源及其园林应用

重点介绍了中国原产的淫羊藿属（Epimedium L．）植物种质资源的观赏特点,并讨论其在园林绿化中的应用前景。作者认为国产淫羊藿属植物种质资源园林应用开发的市场潜力巨大,应将淫羊藿属植物作为新型园林植物大力开发,并通过驯化及各种常规和非常规育种方法,充实淫羊藿属可供观赏的品种资源。     

三种药用淫羊藿的地理分布与资源调查

淫羊藿属(Epimedium L.)植物为传统的中草药,也是新优地被观赏植物,具有悠久的药用历史和巨大的开发潜力.对3种重要的药用淫羊藿(朝鲜淫羊藿E.koreanum、心叶淫羊藿E.brevicornum和箭叶淫羊藿E.sagittatum)的地理分布、形态特征和资源现状进行了调查.调查发现,朝鲜淫羊藿分布于中国东北部,主要沿长白山脉分布,长期的过度采收使野生资源遭到严重破坏,保护工作迫在眉睫;心叶淫羊藿分布于西北各省以及山西、河南等省,野生资源丰富,但目前开发利用较少;箭叶淫羊藿广泛分布于华东、华南各省区,但野生资源蕴藏量并不丰富,且不同分布区形态变异较大,物种鉴定尚存诸多疑问.为保证野生资源的可持续利用,未来应控制朝鲜淫羊藿的过度采收,加强心叶淫羊藿的合理开发利用,不同地区的箭叶淫羊藿形态差异较大,质量不稳定,建议对其进行系统的质量评估之后择优开发利用.     

Petal evolution and distribution patterns of Epimedium Linn. (Berberidaceae)

The genus Epimedium as known at present comprises 50 species, in contrast to the 21 species recognized by Stearn in 1938. Its wide and fragmented range from Japan westward to Algeria indicates its antiquity. The species of the genus Epimedium are far from being evenly distributed over Eurasian land. Approximately 80% species of the total species of the genus are now represent ed in the central-southeastern China. This must be considered as a very high concentration of the number of species for a genus in a relatively not very large area like that of the central-southeastern China. On the other hand, an analysis of the petal evolution seems to indicate that the genus Epi medium has enjoyed uninterrupted evolution only in China. From the above facts, we can see clearly that the central-southeastern China has the credit of being a center of concentration for the species of Epimedium in the North Hemisphere. Epimedium occupies two widely separated regions, in East Asia and the Mediterranean regions; within each region there are extensive areas from which the ge nus is entirely absent. Despite the wide and discontinuous distribution outlined above, the ecological requirements of the species appear to be much alike. Essentially woodland herbs, the Epimedium plants often grow in the shade of Fagus forest as dominant species of herb layer in East Asia and the Mediterranean land, and its distribution pattern is very similar to that of Fagus in Eurasian land. It is significant that the distribution pattern of Epimedium coincides in many respects with the modern distribution pattern of the Tertiary genus Fagus. It is reasonable, despite the lack of fossil evidence, to suppose that Epimedium had acquired its wide dispersion in the North Hemisphere during the Paleogene if not before the collision of India with the Eurasia plate and the subsequent uplift of the Himalayas increased aridity in Central Asia. This led to its further disjunction.     

台湾拉拉山的水青冈林及其与广西越城岭水青冈林的生态比较

水青冈林是北半球重要的森林类型之一,广泛分布在欧洲、北美和东亚的平原和山地．东亚拥有水青冈属植物种类最多,特别是在中国,但对它们研究较少,在林业上几乎还没有得到应有的利用．本文主要概略地介绍台湾拉拉山台湾水青冈林的群落学特点,并与广西越城岭的长柄水青冈林和光叶水青冈林作生态比较,为今后进一步开展水青冈林的研究提供一些参考资料．     

Exploring the Formation of a Disjunctive Pattern between Eastern Asia and North America Based on Fossil Evidence from Thuja (Cupressaceae)

Thuja, a genus of Cupressaceae comprising five extant species, presently occurs in both East Asia (3 species) and North America (2 species) and has a long fossil record from Paleocene to Pleistocene in the Northern Hemisphere. Two distinct hypotheses have been proposed to account for the origin and present distribution of this genus. Here we recognize and describe T. sutchuenensis Franch., a new fossil Thuja from the late Pliocene sediments of Zhangcun, Shanxi, North China, based on detailed comparisons with all living species and other fossil ones, integrate the global fossil records of this genus plotted in a set of paleomaps from different time intervals, which show that Thuja probably first appeared at high latitudes of North America in or before the Paleocene. This genus reached Greenland in the Paleocene, then arrived in eastern Asia in the Miocene via the land connection between East Asia and western North America. In the late Pliocene, it migrated into the interior of China. With the Quaternary cooling and drying, Thuja gradually retreated southwards to form today’s disjunctive distribution between East Asia and North America.     

Evolutionary trends in leaf morphology and biogeography of Altingiaceae based on fossil evidence

The extant woody family Altingiaceae, consisting of only one genus Liquidambar L. with ca. 15 species, demonstrates a typical disjunctive distribution among East Asia, North America, and the Mediterranean. However, the fossil record throughout the Cenozoic indicates that Altingiaceae was once widespread in the Northern Hemisphere. After studying the abundant Altingiaceae fossil leaf collections, we revised the easily-confused fossil leaves and corrected the misidentifications. Consequently, we proposed an evolutionary history of Altingiaceae leaf morphology in consulting the modern leaf characteristics. It is revealed that the trilobated leaf morphology is the ancestral character state, whereas both the pentalobated and the undivided, pinnate-veined lineages evolved separately. The latter diverged from the trilobated ancestor in South China in Eocene. The lobed and undivided lineages represent the deciduous and evergreen, respectively. An extensive fossil database of Altingiaceae was built to reconstruct its biogeographical history. We reconfirmed that Altingiaceae developed into a temperate and a subtropical-tropical patterns and migrated across both the Bering and North Atlantic land bridges since Cretaceous, independently. It was widespread in the early Neogene of North America and Eurasia, and became extinct in the high latitude triggered by the global cooling and aridification. The modern disjunctive distribution was finally formed, with southeast Asia as its modern diversity center. This study provides new fossil evidence for understanding the morphology and biogeography of the family Altingiaceae.     

Vuilleminia erastii sp. nov. (Corticiales), an amphi-Beringian species and revision of the occurrence of Vuilleminia comedens in North America

Vuilleminia is a basidiomycete genus the species of which have resupinate, corticioid fruiting bodies. It is apparently a North Hemisphere genus, and the majority of its species are distributed in Europe and western Asia. In North America, there are two reports of Vuilleminia comedens. Detailed study of North American specimens and comparisons with additional collections led to the conclusion that they belong to a new lineage named Vuilleminia erastii sp. nov., whose distribution extends from western North America to East Asia, Siberia, and Finland. The species is recognized by the decorticating fruiting bodies with preference for species of Betulaceae in the boreal zone, relatively small allantoid basidiospores, and little-developed cystidia with apical appendix.     

A comparison of the taxonomic richness of temperate plants in East Asia and North America

The taxonomic richness of seed plants at different taxonomic levels was compared between temperate East Asia and North America at both continental and semi-continental scales. In each comparison, land area and latitude range were adjusted to a comparable level between the two continental regions. East Asia is significantly more diverse than North America. In general, differences in taxonomic diversity arise at and below the genus level. At the continental scale, East Asia has 1.3 and 1.5 times as many genera and species, respectively, as North America. The northern part of East Asia has 1.1 times as many species as the northern part of North America. At the genus level, the northern part of East Asia is less diverse than the northern part of North America by a factor of 0.94. This pattern indicates that the diversity bias between the two continental regions results from the flora of southern East Asia. The diversity differences between East Asia and North America are not homogenously distributed across different plant groups. At the species level, East Asia had significantly more species than expected in magnoliids, alismatids, Liliidae, ranunculids, and rosids and had significantly less species in the Commelinidae, Caryophyllidae, and euasterids than North America.     

松科冷杉属植物的化石历史和现代分布

冷杉是北半球阴暗针叶林的优势种和建群种,现全世界共有52种1亚种12变种,在北半球形成南欧、北美和东亚三个分布中心,这三个地区也是冷杉属化石最丰富的地区。在垂直分布上,冷杉集中分布于1000～2000m（15种）和2500～4000m（13种）两个海拔地段。在中国,冷杉植物呈南北间断分布,集中分布在横断山地区。冷杉属的特有现象和孑遗分布现象都十分突出,有7个种呈孑遗分布。根据冷杉属的地史分布和现代分布的研究并结合最新的系统演化资料,本文推测冷杉属于白垩世中期起源于北半球的中高纬度地区,始新世以后,随着全球气候的变冷,逐步向南迁移,由于喜马拉雅山脉、阿尔卑斯山、落基山脉抬升及东亚季风气候的出现以及第四纪冰期的影响而形成了现代间断的分布格局。冷杉与银杉、金钱松等其它松科植物的形成模式十分相似。     

木兰科的化石记录

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