沙棘叶多酚提取物抗氧化及体外降血糖活性研究

本实验以沙棘叶为原料,通过溶剂提取制得提取物A,将提取物A经大孔树脂纯化制得沙棘叶多酚提取物B,在研究提取物A及提取物B的抗氧化能力和自由基清除能力的基础上,探究了沙棘叶多酚提取物B对猪胰α-淀粉酶的抑制类型,并通过DNS法来评价提取物B的体外降糖能力。实验结果表明:提取物A、提取物B多酚含量分别为18.59%和30.25%;以VC当量计,总抗氧化能力分别为6.15 mgVC/g提取物A、9.79 mgVC/g提取物B,对应的DPPH自由基清除率IC_(50)值分别为20.19μg提取物A/mL、8.6μg提取物B/mL;当猪胰α-淀粉酶浓度为0.5 mg/mL以下,反应时间在1 min以内时,酶反应体系具有良好的线性趋势,在此条件下,沙棘叶多酚提取物B对猪胰α-淀粉酶具有一定的抑制作用,其半抑制浓度为0.25 mg/mL,属于可逆反竞争抑制。本研究可为沙棘叶的开发和利用提供数据支撑。     

香露兜叶提取物抗氧化与辐射效应影响

为研究辐射效应对香露兜叶提取物的影响,本研究中利用超声波萃取技术进行香露兜叶的萃取,再以总多酚、总类黄酮、DPPH自由基清除率、亚铁离子螯合等非酵素系统进行香露兜叶提取物抗氧化能力的评估。以过氧化氢诱发氧化压力的毒性效应测试香露兜叶提取物细胞内抗氧化的能力,再以5.5戈雷(Gy)的辐射剂量照射,用MTT分析方法测定细胞的存活率,评估香露兜叶提取物对辐射效应的影响。研究结果显示香露兜叶总多酚含量为(139.89±0.43) GAE mg/g,总类黄酮含量为(44.24±0.61) RE mg/g,DPPH与亚铁离子螯合的IC50分别为(5.87±0.02) mg/mL和(15.3±0.07) mg/mL。在H2O2对细胞伤害的实验中,香露兜叶提取物对于肝癌细胞(HepG2)有显著(p0.05)的毒杀作用,且细胞存活率会随着提取物浓度增加而增高杀死细胞的比率。萃取液浓度分别为25 g/mL、250 g/mL、1 000 g/mL和1 500 g/mL时,经过72 h培养后,细胞存活率分别为64.7%、50.4%、37.5%和30.6%。低浓度香露兜提取物对于HepG2细胞有辐射增敏作用,以浓度为25 g/mL的香露兜提取物合并5.5 Gy的辐射剂量照射,发现其存活率由单独以5.5 Gy辐射剂量照射的54.58%降至12.11%。综合以上的结果,香露兜叶提取物具有不错的抗氧化能力,并且有不错的辐射效应影响能力。     

青蒿内生真菌Alternaria sp.(PQH12)提取物体外细胞毒活性及抗氧化活性的研究

本文分别采用环己烷、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲醇5种极性不同的溶剂分别提取青蒿内生真菌Alternaria sp.(PQH12)的菌丝体。采用MTT法分别测定不同极性溶剂提取物对3种肿瘤细胞株(HL-60、MCF-7和COLO205)的生长抑制率,采用DPPH自由基清除法和超氧阴离子O-·2清除法评价了青蒿内生真菌Alternaria sp.(PQH12)不同极性溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性。结果显示,正丁醇和乙酸乙酯提取物均表现出对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制作用;浓度为20μg/mL时,正丁醇提取物对HL-60细胞的生长抑制率为80.56%,乙酸乙酯提物对MCF-7和COLO205细胞的生长抑制率分别为54.47%和83.09%;在两种抗氧化活性评价体系中,甲醇提取物的抗氧化活性均明显优于其他溶剂的提取物,其IC50值分别为0.20 mg/mL(DPPH)和0.19 mg/mL(O-·2)。该结果表明,青蒿内生真菌Alternaria sp.(PQH12)具有较好的细胞毒和抗氧化潜力,具有一定的开发利用价值,可以作为进一步实验研究的对象。     

温莪术药渣再提取工艺及其美白活性研究CSCD

以活性成分总姜黄素得率为指标,响应面法优化温莪术药渣的最佳提取工艺,采用DPPH法和ABTS法评价温莪术药渣提取物的抗氧化活性,并考察其对小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞存活率、黑色素合成及其细胞内酪氨酸酶活性的影响。实验结果表明,温莪术药渣提取物的最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度82%,超声时间55 min,液料比22 mL/g,总姜黄素平均提取得率为6.38 mg/g;此外,温莪术药渣提取物对DPPH、ABTS自由基具有一定的清除作用,IC_(50)值分别为24.99、49.72μg/mL;并且能有效抑制B16细胞黑色素合成及酪氨酸酶活性,与正常组相比均具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。本研究为温莪术提油后药渣二次开发利用提供了依据。     

鳢肠不同部位抗骨质疏松活性及化学成分比较研究

为了比较鳢肠不同部位提取物的抗骨质疏松活性及总皂苷、总黄酮含量,采用MTT法和对硝基苯酚磷酸二钠法测定鳢肠不同部位乙醇提取物对UMR106细胞的增殖和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性;采用紫外分光光度法测定鳢肠不同部位总皂苷和总黄酮含量。结果表明,鳢肠根和叶提取物对UMR106细胞的增殖具有促进作用,浓度为50μg/mL时促增殖作用最强,增值率分别为7.7%和16.9%,茎提取物没有明显的作用;鳢肠根、茎、叶提取物对ALP活性均有促进作用,浓度为100μg/mL时促增殖作用最强,分别促进18.9%、20.1%和17.0%;鳢肠根、茎、叶中总皂苷含量分别为3.6%、4.0%和2.2%,总黄酮含量分别为1.4%、1.4%和3.4%。这些结果表明;鳢肠不同部位提取物均有抗骨质疏松活性,其不同部位总皂苷和总黄酮的含量差异较大。     

沙棘籽提取物抗氧化活性与酚类组成的研究

采用卵磷脂脂质体体系比较了沙棘籽不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性,对其中的抗氧化活性成分进行了分析。试验结果表明:当浓度为250μg/mL时,提取物对共轭二烯氢过氧化物的抑制率为0~90.1%,对丙二醛的抑制率为0~88.6%。70%丙酮提取物具有最强的抗氧化活性、清除DPPH自由基能力和还原力。各提取物中主要的酚类物质为原花色素,抗氧化活性与原花色素含量有很好的相关性。     

西藏红景天提取物延长线虫寿命和抗氧化活性探索

探讨红景天苷和西藏红景天粗提物对延长线虫寿命的影响及其体外抗氧化活性的比较。以红景天苷、红景天粗提物为研究对象、以Vc为阳性对照,分别检测以上三种物质对自由基的清除作用。结果表明红景天能够显著延长秀丽隐杆线虫的寿命;在相同浓度下,红景天苷清除DPPH自由基的EC50约为1291.53μg/mL,红景天提取物溶液约为489.76μg/mL;红景天苷清除羟自由基的EC50约为1120.94μg/mL,红景天提取物约为1068.37μg/mL;红景天苷清除超氧阴离子自由基的EC50约为55.57μg/mL,红景天提取物溶液约为40.49μg/mL。中药红景天中含有显著延长线虫寿命的抗氧化物质,而这种成分并非是红景天苷。     

乙醇浸提法提取大枣芦丁及其抗氧化性的研究

以大枣为原料,采用乙醇浸提法提取芦丁,以芦丁得率为评价指标,通过正交试验优化影响大枣芦丁得率的若干因素:液料比、乙醇浓度、浸提时间、浸提温度,确定其最佳工艺条件为液料比20∶1(mL∶g)、乙醇浓度60%、浸提时间3.0 h、浸提温度70℃,此条件下大枣芦丁得率为2.16%;大枣芦丁粗提物中芦丁含量为8.57%。对芦丁进行体外抗氧化能力测定结果表明,大枣芦丁具有一定的清除DPPH自由基的能力,5μg/mL的大枣芦丁对DPPH自由基的清除率可达到58.80%,25μg/mL的芦丁对OH自由基的清除率达49.80%,本研究对芦丁资源的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata)果实乙醇提取物对酪氨酸酶体外活性的影响

以人工栽培条件下三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata)果实为试材,用80%乙醇分别提取果皮、果肉、种子中的有效成分,经离心过滤后,于旋转蒸发仪上减压蒸馏浓缩,再经真空干燥处理得到三叶木通乙醇提取物。以L-DOPA为底物,熊果苷作阳性对照,分析测定了该提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制百分率。结果表明:不同部位的三叶木通果实乙醇提取物对酪氨酸酶活性均有一定的抑制作用,其中果肉对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用最佳,中等浓度的果肉乙醇提取物(200μg/mL)与270μg/mL的熊果苷对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率相当。     

人面果叶子、根部、果实提取物体外抗糖尿病活性研究(英文)

为了评价人面果叶子、根部、果实提取物体外抗糖尿病活性,相应测定了其石油醚提取物(PFr.)、乙酸乙酯提取物(EFr.)、正丁醇提取物(BFr.)、水提取物(WFr.)的α-葡萄糖苷酶与α-淀粉酶抑制活性,以及HepG2细胞的促葡萄糖消耗能力。果实乙酸乙酯提取物(IC50=17.81±1.09μg/mL)、叶子乙酸乙酯提取物(IC50=18.60±1.56μg/mL)、根部乙酸乙酯提取物(IC50=14.05±0.24μg/mL)、根部正丁醇提取物(IC50=13.01±0.38μg/mL)显示了较好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性(acarbose IC50200μg/mL)。而根部乙酸乙酯与正丁醇提取物在600μg/mL的浓度下就显示了90%的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率,在1.5 mg/mL的浓度下显示了90%的α-淀粉酶抑制率。在促葡萄糖消耗试验中,果实乙酸乙酯提取物在浓度为7.5~30 mg/mL时显示了很好的促HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗能力(P0.001),叶子乙酸乙酯提取物、根部正丁醇与乙酸乙酯提取物的促葡萄糖消耗率达到了3.08、3.12、1.93,仅次于果实乙酸乙酯提取物(3.91)。此次研究为人面果抗糖尿病活性开发提供一定理论基础。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.