薇甘菊不同时期的营养繁殖及其生物量分配特征

薇甘菊是世界热带、亚热带地区最具危险性的外来植物之一,较强的无性生长与繁殖是其种群快速建立和扩散的主要原因。该实验采用生长期(40d、30d、20d、10d)和养分(1倍Hoagland’s营养液、清水+土壤、清水)二因子设计,探讨薇甘菊根、茎、叶的营养生长与繁殖和生物量分配特征。结果显示:(1)生长期对薇甘菊茎的存活率和养分对薇甘菊茎的净增生物量比例具有极显著影响(P<0.01),但对其他指标影响均不显著(P>0.05);生长期和养分互作除对薇甘菊根的存活率和茎的分枝数影响不显著外,对其他指标影响均达到极显著(P<0.01)。(2)所有薇甘菊根处理中的存活率为0,茎的分枝数在各处理之间的差异不显著。(3)随着生长期和养分增加,薇甘菊茎和叶的存活率及其生物量逐渐提高,且茎的分枝长、叶的分枝长及其分枝数逐渐提高,但中等养分更有利于提高生长期较短的薇甘菊叶的存活率、分枝长、分枝数及生物量。研究表明,薇甘菊不同营养器官在不同生长期和养分条件具有不同的存活情况以及形态可塑性和生物量分配特征。     

外来入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)对温度升高的响应

为探讨全球变化温度升高对外来入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)化感作用和入侵能力的影响,研究不同温度(22、26和30℃)处理对其种子萌发、幼苗生长、生物量分配、挥发物成分和化感作用的影响。结果表明,薇甘菊种子在温度为22、26和30℃时的萌发率分别为29.2%、52.4%和75.2%。30℃条件下薇甘菊种子萌发率最高,萌发速度快。温度升高显著增加薇甘菊茎的生长、增加对茎的生物量分配。GC-MS和GC测定显示,温度升高改变了薇甘菊挥发物的化学成分。同时,生物测定表明,温度升高增强薇甘菊挥发物对萝卜(Raphanus sativus)和油菜(Brassica campestris)的化感作用。说明温度升高促进了薇甘菊种子的萌发和生长,同时增强了该植物的化感作用,温度升高可能加速薇甘菊的生物入侵。     

异质性光照生境下克隆整合对外来入侵植物薇甘菊生长的影响

薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)原产中、南美洲,1919年薇甘菊作为杂草在中国香港出现,目前已广泛侵入中国广东、海南、云南等省区,是世界上最有害的100种外来入侵物种之一。本文以海南重要外来入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)为实验材料,通过温室盆栽实验,研究了克隆整合对异质性光照生境下薇甘菊克隆片段生长的影响。结果表明:在异质性光照下,克隆整合显著提高了低光斑块分株的生物量,但同时降低了高光斑块分株的生物量,对克隆片段总体的生物量积累无显著影响,且这一结果不受资源输送方向的影响;克隆整合降低了异质性光照下克隆分株间根冠比的差异,加大了克隆分株间净光合速率的差异,且倾向于提高生长在高光斑块分株的比叶面积;克隆整合虽然并不能促进薇甘菊匍匐茎克隆片段在异质性光照生境下总体的生长,但可以促进低光斑块下分株的生长,因而,克隆整合可促进薇甘菊从开阔生境向低光生境(森林、杂草群落等)的入侵能力,因此,克隆整合特性是薇甘菊对异质性光照环境的重要适应对策之一。     

薇甘菊和飞机草抗氧化物和膜脂过氧化物对光照和土壤水分的响应

田间温室控制条件下研究入侵杂草薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)和飞机草(Chromolaena odoratum)在不同光照(高、中、低光照)和土壤水分(高、中、低水分含量)交互作用下, 叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性, 脯氨酸(Pro)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)以及膜脂过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化, 探讨两种杂草对不同光照和土壤水分交互作用的生理适应性。结果表明: 高光下低水处理的两种杂草MDA含量均显著高于全水处理, 表现出明显的胁迫。此胁迫条件下薇甘菊通过迅速提高SOD和CAT活性, 提高Pro和GSH含量来清除活性氧, 维持代谢平衡, 但不能在干旱条件下维持较长时间; 飞机草的SOD活性、Pro和GSH含量也迅速提高, 在高光缺水的适应性响应中起了重要作用, CAT则未能发挥保护作用。相对于其他光照, 低光显著降低了薇甘菊的SOD、CAT活性和MDA含量, 而对飞机草上述指标的影响较小, 说明低光降低了两种杂草尤其是薇甘菊的抗氧化物代谢水平。     

红薯对薇甘菊的竞争效应

在外来入侵生物的生态管理中,利用具有较高经济价值的本地植物或伴生的本地物种进行替代控制是治理入侵植物的有效途径之一。本研究以本地作物红薯(Ipamoea batas)和入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)为试验对象,田间试验条件下采用deWit取代法,研究了红薯对薇甘菊的竞争效应。结果表明:薇甘菊单种时,主茎长、分枝长、节间长和分枝数大于红薯,而主茎节数、不定根节数、叶柄长、叶面积均明显小于红薯,使薇甘菊在与红薯争夺养分和光照时处于劣势;在薇甘菊与红薯共存条件下,各个混种比例中薇甘菊的株高、分枝、叶、茎节不定根和生物量等均受到显著抑制,且受到的抑制率普遍高于其对红薯的抑制率;薇甘菊和红薯的相对产量(RY)、相对产量总和(RYT)均显著小于1.0,说明2物种的种间竞争大于种内竞争;红薯对薇甘菊的竞争平衡指数,只有在薇甘菊所占比例高时(1:3)竞争平衡指数显著小于0,其余各个混种比例下竞争平衡指数均显著大于0,说明红薯与薇甘菊之间存在很强的竞争作用,红薯对薇甘菊的竞争力强于薇甘菊。本研究表明,无论是从形态特征还是生物量来看,红薯都可以作为一种对薇甘菊进行替代控制的理想竞争植物。     

台湾相思林和芒草草丛中薇甘菊枝构件的分枝格局及其生物量

外域杂草薇甘菊 (Mikaniamicrantha)具有极强的分枝能力。在枝构件水平上 ,对生长在台湾相思 (Acaciaconfusa)群落和芒草 (Miscanthussinensis)群落中的薇甘菊枝构件的分枝格局和生物量分配的比较分析得出 :1)同芒草群落相比 ,台湾相思群落中薇甘菊各级枝的分枝数、分枝密度和分枝率都低 ,而分枝长度则较长 ;2 )台湾相思群落中薇甘菊以第一级分枝为主 ,而在芒草群落中则以第二级分枝为主 ;3)台湾相思林中薇甘菊枝构件的叶面积率、比叶面积和比茎长及叶片生物量分配显著大于芒草草丛 ;4)两个群落中薇甘菊枝构件的节间长和比叶柄长没有显著差异。这些结果说明薇甘菊枝构件对环境条件变化具不同响应。     

台湾相思林和芒草草丛中薇甘菊枝构件的分枝格局及其生物量

 外域杂草薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)具有极强的分枝能力。在枝构件水平上,对生长在台湾相思(Acacia confusa)群落和芒草(Miscanthus sinensis)群落中的薇甘菊枝构件的分枝格局和生物量分配的比较分析得出：1）同芒草群落相比,台湾相思群落中薇甘菊各级枝的分枝数、分枝密度和分枝率都低,而分枝长度则较长;2）台湾相思群落中薇甘菊以第一级分枝为主,而在芒草群落中则以第二级分枝为主;3）台湾相思林中薇甘菊枝构件的叶面积率、比叶面积和比茎长及叶片生物量分配显著大于芒草草丛;4     

薇甘菊萎蔫病毒寄主范围、传播媒介和危害特点

薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H.B.K.)是华南地区重要的外来入侵植物.本文从田间薇甘菊萎蔫病株中分离获得薇甘菊萎蔫病毒(Mikania micrantha wilt virus,MMWV).在温室中通过人工摩擦将该病毒接种到9科27种植物上,发现MMWV能侵染其中的6科12种植物.利用透射电子显微镜观察该病毒颗粒呈球状,直径约30 nm.MMWV可由桃蚜(Myzus persicae)以非持久性方式传毒.薇甘菊植株接种MMWV毒30 d后,其茎的长度、叶、茎和根的鲜重分别比健康对照植株减少了75.3％、91.6％、79.5％和75.6％,被侵染的薇甘菊出现萎蔫、皱缩、叶畸形等症状.实验室和野外条件均观察到MMWV可以严重抑制薇甘菊的生长,利用MMWV控制薇甘菊的生物入侵有待进一步深入研究.     

不同光强对薇甘菊生长及光系统的影响

为了控制薇甘菊的生长和危害,对不同照度条件下薇甘菊的生长及光系统进行了测定.分别采用光强40μmol·m-2·s-1(处理Ⅰ);上午自然光,下午照度为40μmol·m-2·s-1(处理Ⅱ);全自然光(处理Ⅲ)处理薇甘菊.结果表明对薇甘菊处理2个月后,处理Ⅰ条件下,薇甘菊生长差,生物量积累少,光系统Ⅰ和光系统Ⅱ的光能转换效率和潜在活性较低,可溶性糖和蛋白质含量较低,细胞膜脂脂肪酸组成中不饱和脂肪酸含量相对较高;在处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ条件下,则生长茂盛,生物量积累多,光系统Ⅰ和光系统Ⅱ的光能转换效率和潜在活性较高,可溶性糖和蛋白质含量较高,细胞膜脂脂肪酸组成中不饱和脂肪酸含量相对较少.这些结果说明光照多方面影响薇甘菊光系统功能的形成,从而影响其生长.     

薇甘菊叶片对光反射、透射和利用效率及其与同群落植物之比较研究

该文对薇甘菊及其所在群落内19种植物(草本和木本)的叶片透射率、反射率和光合特征指标进行了测定, 结果表明:薇甘菊与其它植物透射和反射图谱的变化趋势都比较相近, 在各个光学特征指标与光合相关指标的相互关系中, 薇甘菊并没有表现出区别于同一群落内其它植物的特征。从平均值来看, 200-800 nm下叶片反射率和透射率由大到小依次为: 薇甘菊>草本植物>木本植物, 薇甘菊各光学植被指标(SR680、SR750和PRI)均低于其它植物的平均值, 但是其光合能力(光利用效率、水分利用效率、电子传递速率和净光合速率)与其它植物接近或稍高。而且, 薇甘菊夏季叶片反射和透射率明显高于冬季, 这有利于散失夏季过多光照和充分利用冬季短缺光照。薇甘菊叶片的上述光学特征, 可能是其生长于其它植物表面强光照环境的一种适应性表现, 有利于其在入侵地快速生长。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.