光皮桦中4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶基因Bl4CL的克隆和表达分析

以从光皮桦茎叶组织提取的mRNA为模板,根据其他已克隆到的阔叶类树种中4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)基因的同源序列设计兼并引物,进行RT-PCR扩增,获得部分基因片段,然后结合5’,3’RACE方法从光皮桦中扩增出1个4CL基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为Bl4CL。该基因cDNA全长为1983bp(GenBank登录号FJ410448),具有完整的开放阅读框架(69～1697bp),编码蛋白为542个氨基酸,包含一个AMP结合功能域和一个含有12个氨基酸的功能基序。与其他植物中的4CL进行同源性比对的结果显示,Bl4CL蛋白与东北白桦的同源性最高,达到了98%。该基因在光皮桦的根和茎中表达量较高,而在花和叶中的表达量低。     

无核小枣木质素合成基因Zj4CL的克隆和表达分析

为研究无核小枣果实无核形成机理,应用RT-PCR扩增技术首次从无核小枣果实中克隆得到4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL,4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase)基因,该序列长度1819 bp,包含1776 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码591个氨基酸,命名为Zj4CL(登陆号KP279930)。Zj4CL与基因组序列比对发现,该基因组含有5个外显子,4个内含子。序列比对和结构域分析表明,Zj4CL包含4CL基因家族的Box I和Box II保守区。进化树分析显示,Zj4CL与苹果(XP_008362825)的亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,无核小枣在花后30 d左右基因表达量达到最大值,到花后40 d以后表达量明显下降。     

光皮桦中4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶基因B14CL的克隆和表达分析

以从光皮桦茎叶组织提取的mRNA为模板,根据其他已克隆到的阔叶类树种中4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶（4CL）基因的同源序列设计兼并引物,进行RT—PCR扩增,获得部分基因片段,然后结合5’,3’RACE方法从光皮桦中扩增出1个4CL基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为B14CL。该基因cDNA全长为1983bp（GenBank登录号FJ410448）,具有完整的开放阅读框架（69—1697bp）,编码蛋白为542个氨基酸,包含一个AMP结合功能域和一个含有12个氨基酸的功能基序。与其他植物中的4CL进行同源性比对的结果显示,B14CL蛋白与东北白桦的同源性最高,达到了98％。该基因在光皮桦的根和茎中表达量较高,而在花和叶中的表达量低。     

棉铃虫多核型多角体病毒38k基因的克隆、序列分析及其蛋白高级结构的预测

采用半补齐方法建立棉铃虫多核衣壳型多角体病毒基因组文库,通过对插入片段进行克隆鉴定和序列分析,获得了38k基因.该基因上游具有晚期调控保守序列TTAAG,是一个晚期表达基因,基因阅读框为903 bp,共编码300个氨基酸,氨基酸序列同源性分析结果表明其与α类杆状病毒的同源性较高,有较近的亲缘关系.氨基酸高级结构的分析表明其与与磷酸酶结构相似性达到95%,与病毒核衣壳的组装有关.     

棉花Gh4CL1基因克隆及表达

根据棉花纤维特异表达cDNA文库分析得到的4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶基因EST序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术从棉花中克隆了1个4CL基因,命名为Gh4CL1(GenBank登录号为FJ479707).结果表明:Gh4CL1基因cDNA全长2 331 bp,具有1个1 722 bp的开放阅读框,5′非编码区为64 bp,3′非编码区为445 bp,编码573个氨基酸,预测分子量约为61.951 kD,等电点为5.70.氨基酸同源性分析发现,Gh4CL1与来自白杨、大豆和紫草的4CL同源性较高.半定量RT-PCR检测表明,Gh4CL1基因在不同发育阶段的棉纤维中均有表达,在开花后20 d的棉纤维中表达量最大,说明该基因可能参与调控棉纤维细胞的伸长和次生壁的增厚.Gh4CL1基因在棉花花瓣中表达量最高,在其他组织中低水平表达或不表达.     

芥蓝八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因BaPDS1的克隆及原核表达

本研究以‘明丰香菇’芥蓝叶片总RNA为模板,采用同源克隆法设计并合成特异性引物,采用反转录PCR技术克隆得到芥蓝类胡萝卜素生物合成关键结构基因-八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因Ba PDS1。序列分析表明,该基因c DNA序列长1 692 bp,编码563个氨基酸,推测蛋白等电点为5.96,理论分子量为63.15 k D;序列比对发现芥蓝Ba PDS1基因编码的氨基酸序列与甘蓝、花椰菜、油菜等植物的PDS具有很高的同源性;系统进化树分析表明,芥蓝PDS1与甘蓝PDS1蛋白的亲缘关系最为接近。之后构建p EASY-Blunt E1-Ba PDS1原核表达载体,转入Transetta(DE3)感受态细胞中,诱导后获得特异表达蛋白条带,且大部分以包涵体形式存在。本研究为揭示芥蓝Ba PDS1基因功能提供了一定的理论依据。     

人脑内-含有ACP样结构域新基因的发现

为寻找脑内新基因,以正常成人全脑cDNA为模板,采用锚定PCR方法进行扩增,将经琼脂糖DNA电泳 鉴定获得的一约1200bp大小的特异性条带回收,并克隆入Teasy载体.用310 Genetic Analyzer进行自动测序. 所得序列进行生物信息学分析BLAST相似性分析结果证明所得序列为新序列,读框分析表明,该序列中存在 一完整编码区,编码含357个氨基酸的蛋白质.ProDom软件分析发现其含有酰基携带蛋白(ACP)样结构域. 随后,经3'RACE法克隆到该基因的全长cDNA,其全长为2024bp,染色体定位在14q11.2,含有16个外显子, 15个内含子,该基因已登录到GenBank.经设计编码区引物,从Teasy载体扩增出编码区后再克隆入pGEX-4T1 表达载体,经异丙基硫代-D-乳糖苷(IPTG)化学诱导表达.其编码区克隆人pGEX-4T1表达载体后,转入 JM109宿主菌,经IPTG诱导已得到表达.点杂交及RNA印迹表明,该基因在正常成人脑内广泛高表达.     

传染性支气管炎病毒核衣壳蛋白基因克隆及在E.coli中的表达

核衣壳蛋白基因 (N基因 )是传染性支气管炎病毒的重要结构基因 .根据已报道的序列设计引物 ,利用RT PCR技术从病毒RNA中扩增和克隆到了N基因的cDNA ,并测定了核苷酸序列 .克隆的N基因片段ORF全长 12 30bp ,编码 4 0 9个氨基酸 .将该片段序列与其他IBV病毒株比较 ,核苷酸的同一性为 87 0 %～ 98 6 %,氨基酸的同一性为 91 0 %～ 98 1%.将该cDNA亚克隆到pBV2 2 0表达载体 ,转化大肠杆菌DH5α菌株 ,Western印迹检测 ,获得了分子量约 4 5kD表达蛋白     

小麦NBS类抗病基因同源cDNA序列的克隆与特征分析

根据已克隆植物抗病(R)基因NBS保守结构域设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),在小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系材料TcLr19中进行抗病同源基因cDNA全长的扩增。获得了1个通读的NBS类抗病同源基因S11A11cDNA序列,该序列全长2923bp,编码878个氨基酸序列。生物信息学分析结果表明,该片段含有NB-ARC保守结构域和多个LRR结构域。聚类分析表明,S11A11编码的蛋白与小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr1编码的蛋白亲缘关系较近,而与Lr10亲缘关系较远。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在小麦叶片中为低丰度组成型表达。本研究在TcLr19小麦中成功获得了抗病基因同源序列,为最终克隆小麦抗叶锈病目的基因奠定了基础。     

尾叶桉GLU4无性系F5H基因的克隆表达及序列分析

[目的]克隆尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)GLU4中F5H基因全长,并对其进行序列和表达模式分析。[方法]根据NCBI公布的F5H基因保守序列设计引物,以尾叶桉GLU4茎部组织为试验材料克隆其g DNA和c DNA片段,利用荧光定量PCR分析其在植株不同组织中的表达模式。[结果]该基因g DNA长2 358 bp,c DNA长1 610 bp,含有2个外显子、1个内含子。开放阅读框编码529个氨基酸,Eu F5H编码的蛋白为一个带负电荷、存在跨膜结构、定位在内质网起始分泌途径中的蛋白质,二级结构包含典型的的α-螺旋和β-折叠,根据三级结构推测其可能具有羟化酶活性。Eu F5H蛋白与蓝桉亲缘关系较近,Eu F5H在不同组织中表达水平差异显著,其中半木质化茎中表达水平相对最高。[结论]成功获得了尾叶桉GLU4木质素合成酶基因F5H的全长序列。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.