小麦—中间偃麦草衍生材料农艺性状、HMW-GS及GISH鉴定

本研究分析了143个小麦—中间偃麦草种质材料的农艺性状、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及部分代表性材料的染色体构成,旨在为小麦育种中广泛有效地利用这些种质提供有用信息。结果表明,小麦—中间偃麦草种质主要农艺性状变异丰富,其在穗长、小穗数和分蘖数性状上明显优于主栽品种,分别有142(99.3%)、125(87.4%)和62(43.4%)个小麦—中间偃麦草材料的穗长、分蘖数和小穗数大于主栽品种的平均值。供试材料在Glu-1的3个基因位点上共检测到12个等位变异,形成15种亚基组合类型,以(2*,7+8,5+10)为主,占所有材料的25.7%;Glu-A1(1和2*)、Glu-B1(7+8)和Glu-D1(5+10)位点的优质亚基比例分别达到了68.4%、68.4%和52.0%,有102(71.3%)个材料在Glu-1的2或3个位点同时具有优质亚基;有17个材料的优质亚基组合为(2*,7+8,5+10)或(1,7+8,5+10),且在穗长、小穗数和分蘖数性状上均优于主栽品种。进一步对30个代表性材料GISH分析发现,8个为八倍体小偃麦,其他为非整倍体。研究结果表明这些材料可以作为改良普通小麦的有益基因资源。     

宁夏春麦区小麦资源株高、籽粒性状及抗病性分析

为评价我国4个主要育种阶段来源于不同麦区的小麦资源在宁夏春麦区的株高、籽粒性状和抗病性,以及为宁夏小麦育种提供可行的评价方法和优异种质,本研究以4个育种阶段共228份小麦资源为材料,采用熵值赋权DTOPSIS法对这些资源的株高和籽粒性状进行综合评价,以筛选优良育种亲本。通过田间抗性调查结合18个与宁夏小麦主要病害相关的分子标记对这些资源的抗病性及抗病基因分布情况进行评价。结果表明,从阶段Ⅰ～Ⅳ,材料的株高和蛋白质性状呈降低趋势,而穗粒数和粒重呈增加趋势。根据Ci值筛选出11份资源（占总数5%）,分别为红兴隆3号、糯麦、新疆小麦、上林小麦、宁春45号、会宁19号、宁春32号、宁春58号、甘春25号、永良15号和小冰33号。抗性调查结果表明,228份资源中分别有181份、220份和83份表现抗条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病。Ci值筛选出的11份资源对条锈病和叶锈病表现出较好的抗性,其中红兴隆3号、上林小麦和小冰33号还兼抗白粉病。此外,18个与抗病基因相关的分子标记在228份资源中表现出不同比例的扩增。总之,基于熵值赋权的DTOPSIS法和小麦主要病害相关分子标记检测可用于国内小麦资源不同育种阶段...     

同名小麦地方品种小红芒和小红芒麦形态学和HMW-GS组成的演变分析

为了研究来自不同麦区的61份同名小麦地方品种小红芒和6份小红芒麦的遗传演变趋势,对与6个产量相关的农艺性状和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(high molecular weight glutenin subunits,HMW-GS)组成的变异进行了分析.结果表明,无论是在形态学水平还是蛋白质水平,小红芒和小红芒麦均存在丰富的遗传变异.在形态学水平上,供试材料的变异系数在株高、稳长、有效分蘖数、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重等农艺性状上的变化范围分别为0.03～0.11、0.06～0.22、0.20～0.65、0.04～0.18、0.14～0.44和0.05～0.29.通过形态学数据计算小红芒和小红芒麦品种内多样性指数和品种间多样性指数,发现前者(0.804)占总多样性指数(0.842)的95.5%,而后者仅占4.5%,可见形态学变异主要来源于品种内而非品种闻,说明这些同名材料是由一个品种演变而来.在HMW-GS组成上,共发现了20种亚基组合类型,其中null,7+8,2+12和null,7+8,2+102种亚基组合出现的频率最高,分别为64.48%和20.00%.比较不同麦区种植的小红芒和小红芒麦的遗传多样性水平,发现无论是在形态学水平还是在蛋白质水平,春麦区材料的遗传多样性均普遍高于冬麦区,并且来自西北春麦区和北部春麦区的材料不仅遗传多样性较高,而且变异来源丰富,其中来自西北春麦区的甘肃天祝一带材料多样性最高,且其所处地理位置便于农作物的传播,故甘肃天祝地区有可能是小红芒的最初种植地点,然后再引种到其他种植区.     

小麦-冰草多粒新种质的抗白粉病和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

穗粒数是决定小麦产量的三因素之一,因此通过远缘杂交创造多粒新种质,对于拓宽小麦育种的遗传基础和促进育种水平的持续提高具有重要意义。本研究以通过多年多点鉴定证明具有多粒特性(粒数/穗>80)的31份普通小麦-冰草(Agropyron cristatum,2n=4x=28,PPPP)衍生后代为材料,通过田间接种白粉病生理小种E09进行抗病性鉴定、采用SDS-PAGE方法进行高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成分析以及株高、有效分蘖等农艺性状调查,发现26份材料表现抗白粉病,12份材料具有优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组合,亚基组成为(2*,7+8,5+10)或(1,7+8,5+10)。其中,8份材料的穗粒数大于80粒、株高小于75 cm、抗白粉病且具有优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组合,这为未来培育兼具高产、优质、抗白粉病小麦新品种提供了重要的物质基础。此外,对多粒、抗白粉病和优质亚基的可能来源进行了讨论。     

小麦-冰草多粒新种质的抗白粉病和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析北大核心CSCD

穗粒数是决定小麦产量的三因素之一,因此通过远缘杂交创造多粒新种质,对于拓宽小麦育种的遗传基础和促进育种水平的持续提高具有重要意义。本研究以通过多年多点鉴定证明具有多粒特性(粒数/穗>80)的31份普通小麦-冰草(Agropyron cristatum,2n=4x=28,PPPP)衍生后代为材料,通过田间接种白粉病生理小种E09进行抗病性鉴定、采用SDS-PAGE方法进行高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成分析以及株高、有效分蘖等农艺性状调查,发现26份材料表现抗白粉病,12份材料具有优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组合,亚基组成为(2*,7+8,5+10)或(1,7+8,5+10)。其中,8份材料的穗粒数大于80粒、株高小于75 cm、抗白粉病且具有优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组合,这为未来培育兼具高产、优质、抗白粉病小麦新品种提供了重要的物质基础。此外,对多粒、抗白粉病和优质亚基的可能来源进行了讨论。     

西藏小麦资源在都江堰试种的表现及评价

对125份来源于西藏的小麦地方品种进行农艺性状分析和评价。结果显示,西藏小麦植株高度总体偏高,少数适中。分蘖数多数在10个以下,少数偏多。穗长、小穗数的单位长度着生的小穗数存在明显差异,存在一些密穗类型和多小穗类型。多数小麦品种穗粒数不少,但千粒重明显偏低。性状相关分析表明,随着分集数增多、穗长增长、小穗数增多,株高有增加的趋势,而株高的增加又导致了千粒重的降低。小穗数多其穗长通常比较长。中时西藏小麦资源进行了评价、利用方式进行了探讨、在都江堰与西藏表现差异的原因进行了分析。     

小麦体细胞无性系矮秆变异体AS34株高构成和育种潜力探讨

创制和利用矮秆资源对于小麦品种改良具有重要意义。到目前为止,在小麦属中虽然已鉴定了多个矮秆资源,但多数矮秆资源在小麦中的利用价值有限。本研究对利用无性系变异途径获得的小麦矮秆材料AS34及其与模式小麦品种中国春杂交F1、F2材料进行了株高构成和主要农艺性状分析。结果发现,AS34共有4个节间,比其野生型豫麦66少了1个节间,各个节间长度按相似比例缩短,穗下节长度短于第2节长度;F1株高、节间长度指数介于2个亲本之间,节数与AS34相同,穗长、小穗数、穗粒数超过2个亲本;F2株高、穗长、穗粒数、小穗数变异范围广泛,约70%植株株高为60~89 cm,穗长6.0~9.9 cm、穗粒数50~79粒、小穗数20~24个。结果表明,AS34的矮秆变异由多基因控制,表现为数量性状,其矮秆性状对杂交后代穗长、小穗数、穗粒数等主要农艺性状有正向遗传效应,F2选择穗大、粒多、株高适中优良单株的机率较大,具有很好的育种利用价值。     

农杆菌介导抗储粮害虫转基因小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)的获得及分析

以本实验室选育的小麦优良品系的胚性愈伤组织为材料,采用农杆菌介导将抗虫基因豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因CpTI转入小麦培养细胞,经筛选获得抗卡那霉素的愈伤组织并再生植株。经PCR和实时PCR检测、PCR-Southern和Southernblot验证,确定了3株独立再生植株为含有CpTI的转基因植株。农杆菌菌浓度、侵染时间及转化处理方式对小麦转化率均有明显影响。3株转基因植株正常可育并结籽,形成转基因株系。外源基因在转基因植株T1代中的分离呈多样性,部分株系(转基因株系T-Ⅰ、T-Ⅲ)表现出孟德尔遗传规律。抗虫试验表明,3株转基因植株T2代籽粒对储粮害虫麦蛾具有一定的抗性,转基因株系T-Ⅰ、T-Ⅱ、T-Ⅲ及非转基因植株的T2代籽粒虫蛀率分别为19·8%、21·9%、32·9%和58·3%。转基因植株T1代群体农艺性状调查显示,3个株系具有良好的农艺性状,为小麦的遗传改良提供了新的种质抗虫材料。     

不同地区啤酒大麦品种农艺性状鉴定与分类研究

为筛选可用于云南啤酒大麦改良的优良种质材料,对107份不同来源啤酒大麦品种的农艺性状进行鉴定与分类研究.结果表明,云南啤酒大麦的主要特点是成熟期长,分蘖较强,植株高,旗叶面积大,穗长、穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重、秸秆干重中等,穗草比较高;国外引进品种株型中等紧凑,叶片细长,穗粒重和千粒重较大,穗草比适中.从中筛选出19份性状优良的材料.通过聚类分析,可将供试材料划分成4个性状不同的类群,各类群的农艺性状差异明显,有利于育种目标材料的选择.     

优异大麦种质资源的抗性鉴定和评价

1998～1999年,将1997年筛选出的191个农艺性状表现优良的大麦品种进行大麦黄花叶病、大麦白粉病、大麦赤霉病、大麦条纹病及耐盐等抗性的鉴定评价,结果表明,抗及高抗大麦黄花叶病品种60份,抗大麦赤霉病品种59份,高抗大麦条纹病品种89份,抗大麦白粉病品种19份,芽期耐盐品种17份,苗期耐盐品种2份.     

Evaluation of mercury resistance and accumulation characteristics in wheat using a modified membership function

Mercury pollution in fields has become a potential threat to human health. Planting wheat cultivars with low mercury accumulation in slight or medium mercury-polluted fields is an efficient solution to ensure food safety. Therefore, this study evaluated the mercury resistance and accumulation characteristics of 30 generalized wheat cultivars in major wheat-producing areas of China. A modified membership function that considers the weight of each trait was used.Results demonstrated that the plant height of wheat significantly increased under both low mercury and high mercury stresses. The uppermost internode length significantly increased while the spikelet number significantly decreased under low mercury stress. Yield-related traits, including total grain number, fresh grain yield, and dry grain yield, significantly decreased under high mercury stress. The mercury concentrations in wheat grains presented a significant negative correlation with the mercury resistance coefficients of plant height (−0.38*), spike length (−0.39*), and fresh grain yield (−0.38*) under high mercury stress. The heritability of all traits reached medium to high levels, ranging from 0.31 to 0.68. This finding suggested that the investigated traits are stable and suitable for the assessment system. Selection criteria for wheat mercury resistance were established using discriminant analysis, which integrated the mercury resistance coefficients of effective tiller number, fresh grain yield, and dry biomass into the discriminant function under low mercury stress and the mercury resistance coefficients of dry grain yield and dry biomass under high mercury stress. Ultimately, Liangxing-99, Nongda-3163, and Gaocheng-8901 were screened for high mercury resistance and low mercury accumulation. These wheat cultivars could be planted in fields with low or medium mercury pollution to obtain safe grains.     

Characterization of a Putative New Semi-Dominant Reduced Height Gene,Rht_NM9, in Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Plant height is an important agronomic trait in cereal crops, and can affect both plant architecture and grain yield. New dwarfing genes are required for improving the genetic diversity of wheat. In this study, a novel dwarf mutant, NM9, was created by treating seeds of the wheat variety NAU9918 with ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS). NM9 showed obvious phenotypic changes, which were distinct from those caused by other dwarfing genes, especially the reduced plant height, increased effective tiller number, and elongated spike and grain length. The reduced plant height in NM9 was attributable to a semi-dominant dwarfing gene Rht_NM9, which was flanked by two closely linked SNP markers, SNP34 and SNP41, covering an 8.86-Mb region on the chromosome arm 2AS. The results of gibberellic acid(GA) sensitivity evaluation, comparative genomics analysis and allelism test indicated that Rht_NM9 was neither allelic to Rht7 and Rht21 nor homoeoallelic to Rht8, so Rht_NM9 was proposed to be a new dwarfing locus on the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes of wheat. Rht_NM9has a negative effect on plant height and positive effects on effective tiller number and grain size, thus, Rht_NM9 could be used for elucidating the mechanisms underlying plant architecture and grain development.     

Influence of three resistance sources in winter wheat derived from TAM 107 on yield response to Russian wheat aphid

A study to determine yield response to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), was conducted during the 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 growing seasons at three eastern Colorado locations, Akron, Fort Collins, and Lamar, with three wheat lines containing either Russian wheat aphid-resistant Dn4 gene, Dn6 gene, or resistance derived from PI 222668, and TAM 107 as the susceptible control. Russian wheat aphids per tiller were greater on TAM 107 than the resistant wheat lines at the 10x infestation level at Fort Collins and Akron in 1999. Yield, seed weight, and number of seeds per spike for each wheat line were somewhat affected by Russian wheat aphid per tiller mainly at Fort Collins. The infested resistant wheat lines harbored fewer Russian wheat aphids and yielded more than the infested susceptible wheat lines. Wheat lines containing the Dn4, Dn6, and PI 222668 genes contain different levels of antibiosis or antixenosis and tolerance. Although differences existed among sites and resistance, there is a benefit to planting resistant wheat when there is a potential for Russian wheat aphid infestations.     

Advanced backcross QTL analysis of a hard winter wheat × synthetic wheat population

Advanced backcross quantitative trait locus (AB-QTL) analysis was used to identify QTLs for yield and yield components in a backcross population developed from a cross between hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Karl 92 and the synthetic wheat line TA 4152-4. Phenotypic data were collected for agronomic traits including heading date, plant height, kernels per spike, kernel weight, tiller number, biomass, harvest index, test weight, grain yield, protein content, and kernel hardness on 190 BC₂F_2:4 lines grown in three replications in two Kansas environments. Severity of wheat soilborne mosaic virus (WSBMV) reaction was evaluated at one location. The population was genotyped using 151 microsatellite markers. Of the ten putative QTLs identified, seven were located on homoeologous group 2 and group 3 chromosomes. The favorable allele was contributed by cultivated parent Karl 92 at seven QTLs including a major one for WSBMV resistance, and by the synthetic parent at three QTLs: for grain hardness, kernels per spike, and tiller number. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

河北省冬小麦丰产抗旱性表型鉴定指标分析

以河北省审定的85个冬小麦品种为材料,采用防雨棚春季干旱和露地灌溉2个处理,分别于开花期、成熟期调查株高等27个表型性状,分析了各表型性状与单株子粒产量的相关性。结果表明,单株成穗数等12个性状与单株子粒产量抗旱系数或抗旱指数呈显著或极显著相关;结合表型性状变异系数,明确了提高单株成穗数、穗粒数、灌溉条件下较长的旗叶长度和干旱条件下较短的旗叶长度是培育丰产抗旱小麦新品种的主攻方向;子粒比重、子粒长度及干旱条件下的结实率和每穗小穗数可作为河北省小麦种质资源丰产抗旱性的鉴定依据;河北省小麦品种丰产性高,而抗旱性尚需进一步改善。     

基于MAS的小麦抗赤霉病育种材料抗性评价

为了提高黄淮海麦区小麦育种材料的赤霉病抗性,采用分子标记辅助选择的方法,将来自望水白的4个抗赤霉病主效QTL 3B-QTL、4B-QTL、5A-QTL和6B-QTL导入不同的感病背景中,在后代BC1F3和BC1F4株系中评价它们的抗病效应和农艺性状回复情况。结果表明:(1)导入4个抗病QTL株系的平均病小穗率和病粒率分别为12.2%和6.3%,而受体亲本则分别达到59.1%和44.2%,抗病性显著提高;(2)病小穗数和病粒率与穗长及株高极显著负相关,但与可育小穗数、百粒重、旗叶长和旗叶宽等农艺性状指标没有显著相关性。因此,通过导入抗病主效QTL可以显著改善感病材料的抗性,为进一步选育高产抗病品种提供基础材料。不良农艺性状的紧密连锁阻碍着抗赤霉病主效QTL的高效利用,需要通过继续回交或与其他品种杂交来打破这种遗传连锁关系。     

小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位染色体对小麦农艺性状的影响

南京农业大学细胞遗传研究所选育的小麦－簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系在6VS上携有Pm21基因,用它作抗源已选育出一批高抗白粉病的新品系和新品种。为了研究6VS/6AL易位染色体对普通小麦农艺性状的影响,本研究选用由不同生态类型的推广品种与6VS/6AL易位系经过杂交回交选育的11个高代品系(种)及其轮回亲本和3份涉及6VS/6AL的高代分离品系以及5个F2群体,对产量、株高、穗长、穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重等农艺性状进行比较分析。结果表明,6VS/6AL易位染色体对后代的小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重和产量等农艺性状没有表现出明显的影响,对穗长和千粒重表现出一定的正向效应。多数6VS/6AL衍生品系的株高与亲本相比有所增加,但在同一组合的不同品系之间表现出一定的差异,在育种过程中通过选择能够改变增高趋势。6VS/6AL易位系对白粉病免疫,并且遗传稳定,对小麦的抗病育种是很有潜力的抗源亲本。     

Chromosomal Localization of Genes Conferring Desirable Agronomic Traits from Wheat-Agropyron cristatum Disomic Addition Line 5113

Creation of wheat-alien disomic addition lines and localization of desirable genes on alien chromosomes are important for utilization of these genes in genetic improvement of common wheat. In this study, wheat-Agropyron cristatum derivative line 5113 was characterized by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq), and was demonstrated to be a novel wheat-A. cristatum disomic 6P addition line. Compared with its parent Fukuhokomugi (Fukuho), 5113 displayed multiple elite agronomic traits, including higher uppermost internode/plant height ratio, larger flag leaf, longer spike length, elevated grain number per spike and spikelet number per spike, more kernel number in the middle spikelet, more fertile tiller number per plant, and enhanced resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust. Genes conferring these elite traits were localized on the A. cristatum 6P chromosome by using SLAF-seq markers and biparental populations (F₁, BC₁F₁ and BC₁F₂ populations) produced from the crosses between Fukuho and 5113. Taken together, chromosomal localization of these desirable genes will facilitate transferring of high-yield and high-resistance genes from A. cristatum into common wheat, and serve as the foundation for the utilization of 5113 in wheat breeding.     

QTLs for agronomic traits in the Mediterranean environment identified in recombinant inbred lines of the cross 'Arta' × <Emphasis Type="Italic">H. spontaneum</Emphasis> 41-1

A genetic linkage map has been developed for recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the cross 'Arta' × Hordeum spontaneum 41-1. One hundred and ninety four RILs, randomly chosen from a population of 494 RILs, were mapped with 189 markers including one morphological trait (btr = brittle rachis locus). The linkage map extended to 890 cM. Agronomic traits such as grain yield, biological yield, days to heading, plant height, cold tolerance and others were evaluated at the ICARDA research stations Tel Hadya and Breda during the years 1996–97 and 1997–98. QTLs for agronomic traits related to drought resistance were localized. For the most-important character 'plant height under drought stress', QTLs on 2H, 3H and 7H were detected. The 'plant height' QTLs, specially the one on 3H, showed pleiotropic effects on traits such as days to heading, grain yield and biological yield. QTLs were also identified for other traits associated with adaptation to the Mediterranean environment such as cold tolerance, days to heading and tiller number. The identification of QTLs for agronomic traits is a first step to analyze and to dissect complex characters such as adaptation to drought tolerance.Comunicated by R. Hagemann