五叶风藤茎尖梁色体核型分析

用五叶风藤（Holboellia fargesii Reaub）茎染色体制片,研究其染色体组型,结果表明：五叶风藤的染色体组型的公式为2n=2x=16=12m 4sm,染色体基数x=8,第4号染色体上有一对染色体随体,核型为2B类型,其中2n=4x=32=24m 8sm的四倍性细胞相当普遍。     

桤木属7种植物的核型分析

利用改良去壁低渗法对分布于欧美地区的桦木科(Betulaceae)桤木属(Alnus Mill.)7种植物进行染色体数目与核型分析。结果显示:所有材料染色体形态比较一致,多为由中部(m)及近中部(sm)着丝点染色体组成。意大利桤木(A.cordata)为六倍体,体细胞染色体数为2n=6x=42,核型公式为2n=6x=42=36m+6sm;绿桤木(A.viridis)为八倍体,体细胞染色体数为2n=8x=56,核型公式为2n=8x=56=46m+10sm(SAT);薄叶桤木(A.tenuifolia)、灰桤木(A.incana)、欧洲桤木(A.glutinosa)、裂叶桤木(A.sinuata)和红桤木(A.rubra)均为四倍体,体细胞染色体数均为2n=4x=28,其核型公式分别为2n=4x=28=16m(1SAT)+12sm、2n=4x=28=22m+6sm、2n=4x=28=24m+4sm、2n=4x=28=24m+4sm、2n=4x=28=26m+2sm。其中红桤木(A.rubra)的核型属于1B型,其余均为2B型。     

4种栽培藠头的染色体组型比较研究

研究了不同地区的4种栽培蕌头(Allium chinensis G.Don)的染色体组型,结果表明:兰蕌的染色体组型为2n=4x=32=24m+8sm(SAT);桃源蕌2n=4x=32=28m(SAT)+4sm;利川蕌2n=4x=32=24m(SAT)+4sm+4st;丝蕌2n=3x=24=21m+3sm。通过分析比较4种蕌头的染色体组型,对蕌头的品种分类问题及蕌头常开花而不易结子的原因进行了探讨。     

6种野生草莓的核型分析

以五叶草莓等6种野生草莓为试材,采用常规压片法对其进行了核型分析。结果表明,6种野生草莓的核型公式分别为:五叶草莓2n=2x=14=12m+2sm、黄毛草莓2n=2x=14=8m+6sm、绿色草莓2n=2x=14=10m+2sm+2st、东北草莓2n=2x=14=8m+6sm、森林草莓2n=2x=14=6m+8sm、西南草莓2n=4x=28=16m+12sm,6种野生草莓的核型类型均为"2A"型。供试6种野生草莓的进化顺序可能为:五叶草莓、绿色草莓、东北草莓、黄毛草莓、西南草莓、森林草莓。     

锦鸡儿属3种植物的核型研究

以锦鸡儿属中间锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿为材料,用光学显微镜观察了3种锦鸡儿的染色体,按全国第一次植物染色体学术讨论会建议的标准进行了核型分析。结果表明,3种锦鸡儿的体细胞染色体数目2n=16,核型公式分别为:中间锦鸡儿2n=2x=16=10m 6sm、柠条锦鸡儿2n=2x=16=12m 4sm、狭叶锦鸡儿2n=2x=16=14m 2sm,中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿的核型属于2A型,狭叶锦鸡儿的核型属于2B型。狭叶锦鸡儿二倍体染色体核型为首次报道。     

武汉地区野豌豆属3种植物的染色体研究

本文报道了武汉地区野豌豆属3种植物的染色体数目及核型,结果如下:窄叶野豌豆为2n=2x=12=2sm+2st(SAT)+8st;小巢菜为2n=2x=14=10m+2sm(SAT)+2st;四籽野豌豆为2n=2x=14=4m+2sm(SAT)+8sm。本文还对野豌豆属染色体进化的有关问题进行了讨论。     

风毛菊属5种植物的核型分析

采用常规压片法,对风毛菊属(Saussurea)5种植物的染色体数目和核型类型进行分析。结果表明:大耳叶风毛菊(S.macrota)核型公式为2n=2x=26=10m+12sm+4st,属2A型;长梗风毛菊(S.dolichopoda)核型公式为2n=2x=26=14m+8sm+4st,属2A型;川陕风毛菊(S.licentiana)核型公式为2n=2x=28=12m+16sm,属2B型;杨叶风毛菊(S.populifolia)核型公式为2n=2x=28=6m+18sm+4st,属2B型;尾叶风毛菊(S.caudata)核型公式为2n=2x=30=14m+14sm+2st,属2A型。这5种风毛菊属植物中,除大耳叶风毛菊染色体数目和核型类型与前人报道的一致外,其余4种植物的染色体数目和核型类型均为首次报道,并在川陕风毛菊中发现1对B染色体。     

新疆猪毛菜属植物染色体数及核型分析

以5种新疆猪毛菜属植物为材料,常规压片法制片后观察记录染色体数,并进行核型分析。实验结果表明:钠猪毛菜体细胞染色体数2n=18;浆果猪毛菜2n=2x=18=12m 6sm,属2A核型;木本猪毛菜2n=2x=18=16m 2sm,属2A核型;东方猪毛菜2n=4x=36=26m 10sm,属2B核型;长刺猪毛菜2n=4x=36=24m 4sm 8st,属2B核型。猪毛菜属植物的染色体基数为9,东方猪毛菜、长刺猪毛菜为四倍体,其它3种均为二倍体。与Бочанцев基于形态学特征建立的分组系统及各组的演化地位相比,东方猪毛菜属于原始的硬叶猪毛菜组,而本研究表明该种在核型上相对较为进化;其余3种核型地位与所属组的演化地位相符。     

伞形科3个种5个居群的核型分析

对伞形科前胡属(PeucedanumL.)2个种以及羌活属(NotopterygiumH.Boiss.)1个种3个居群的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。研究表明,它们的染色体数目均为2n=22,核型公式可分别表示为长前胡:2n=2x=22=22 m(1 SAT),属1A型;松潘前胡:2n=2x=22=20 m 2 sm,属2A型;宽叶羌活的3个居群分别是:马边大风顶居群1为2n=2x=22=6 m 12 sm 4 st,属2A型;马边大风顶居群2为2n=2x=22=12 m 4 sm 6 st,属2B型;屏山老君山居群为2n=2x=22=4 m 14 sm 4 st,属2A型。其中长前胡和松潘前胡的染色体数目和核型为首次报道。     

横断山及邻近地区八种菊科植物的染色体数目及核型

对横断山及邻近地区风毛菊属(Saussurea)、帚菊属(Pertya)和针苞菊属(Tricholepis)的8种菊科植物进行细胞学研究,其中异叶帚菊(Pertya berberidoides)(2n=2x=32=28m+4sm)、针苞菊(Trichole-pis furcata)(2n=2x=32=16m+ 16sm)、中甸风毛菊(Saussurea dschungdienensis)(2n=2x=30=30m+Bs)、丽江风毛菊(S.likiangensis)(2n 2x=32=26m+6sm)、倒齿风毛菊(S.retroserrata)(2n=2x=32=14m+18sm)和显梗风毛菊(S.peduncularis)(2n=2x=36=26m+ 10sm)为首次报道染色体数目和核型,长毛风毛菊(S.hieracioides)和三角叶风毛菊(S.deltoidea)的核型公式分别为:2n=4x=64=30m+34sm和2n=2x=34=22m+ 12sm,与前人报道的一致.8种植物中,除中甸风毛菊和异叶帚菊的核型不对称性为1B型外,其余6种的核型不对称性均属于2B型;在中甸风毛菊中首次发现B染色体.结合现有的细胞学资料分析表明,风毛菊属和帚菊木族的染色体数目存在变异,并且存在明显的非整倍性;此外,分布于横断山区的风毛菊属植物仪有两种倍性(二倍体和四倍体),而且多倍化并不占主导地位.     

几种重楼的染色体核型研究

作者对重楼属(Paris)的几个种:球药隔重楼(P.fargesii),毛重楼(P.mairei),花叶重搂(P.marmorata),黑籽重楼(P.thibetica),海南重楼(P.dunniana),巴山重搂(P.bashanensis),以及多叶重楼(P.polyphylla)的两个变种狭叶重楼(var.stenophylla)和华重楼(var.chinensis)的染色体核型进行了研究,发现种间及种内不同居群(population)间的核型都存在不同程度的差别。核型简式为:球药隔重楼K(2n)=2x=10=6m+2t(SAT)+2t+3bs,毛重楼K(2n)=2x=10=6m+4t+1bs,花叶重楼K(2n)=2x=10=6m+4t,黑籽重楼K(2n)=2x=10=2m+4m(SAT)+4t,海南重楼K(2n)=2X=10=6m+2t(SAT)+2t,巴山重楼K(2n)=2x=10=6m+4st,狭叶重楼K(2n)=2x=10=6m+1st+3t,华重楼K(2n)=2x=10=6m+4t。     

安徽黄山木本植物区系中一些种的细胞学研究（Ⅰ）

报道了黄山地区１８种木本植物的染色体数,分属于１５个科中的１８个属,其中１４种和２个属为首次报道;同时对Ａｐｈａｎａｎｔｈｅ,Ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅａｒｉａ,Ｌｏｒｏｐｅｔａｌｕｍ,Ｈｏｌｂｏｅｌｌｉａ,Ｐｌａｔｙｃａｒｙａ属的染色体数及其在分类上的意义作了简单讨论。     

Cytological and breeding behavior of pentaploids derived from 3x × 4x crosses in potato

Cytology and breeding behavior of Solanum commersonii - S. tuberosum hybrids derived from 3 x x 4 x crosses was examined. The chromosome number of hybrids ranged from hypo-pentaploid (2 n=5 x - 8=52), to hyper-pentaploid (2 n=5 x + 7=67), with the euploid pentaploid 2 n=5 x=60 class predominant. The high variability in chromosome number of the 3 x x 4 x hybrids was attributed to the fact that meiotic restitution during megasporogenesis of the 3 x female may have involved poles with various chromosome numbers, resulting in 2 n eggs with 24-48 chromosomes. Microsporogenesis analyses provided evidence that chromosome pairing between S. commersonii and S. tuberosum genomes occurred. In addition, chromosome distribution at anaphase I and anaphase II revealed an average chromosome number of 29.5 and 29.1 per pole, respectively. To further study the extent of transmission of extra genome chromosomes from pentaploids, 5 x x 4 x and 4 x x 5 x crosses were performed, and the chromosome number of resulting progeny was determined. Ploidy ranged from 2 n=4 x=48 to 2 n=5 x=60 following 5 x x 4 x crosses, and from 2 n=4 x + 1=49 to 2 n=5 x=60 following 4 x x 5 x crosses. These results provided indirect evidence that the pentaploid hybrids produced viable aneuploid gametes with a chromosome number ranging from 24 to 36. They also demonstrated that gametes with large numbers of extra chromosomes can be functional, resulting in sporophytes between the 4 x and 5 x ploidy level. Fertility parameters of crosses involving various (aneuploid) pentaploid genotypes were not influenced by chromosome number, suggesting a buffering effect of polyploidy on aneuploidy. The possibility of successfully using (aneuploid) pentaploid genotypes for further breeding efforts is discussed.     

多花水仙(Narcissus tozetta L.)染色体基数x=10和X=11之间进化关系的研究

多花水仙的染色体基数有x=10和x=11两类。基数x=10组型有两种,一种是具6长、4短的典型不对称的二形染色体组型;另一种是具有4长、2中、4短(或5长、2中、3短)的非二形染色体组型。基数x=11则具有4长、2中、5短(或5长、2中、4短)的非二型或非典型二形的染色体组型。x=10的典型不对称的二形染色体组型是原始的组型。基数x=11是从原始的x=10、2n=20组型中的(第5、6号)染色体发生不等长易位后,增加了一对短小的中着丝粒染色体而形成的。另一个x=10、2n=20的非二型新组型,可能从x=11组型丢失了短小的中着丝粒染色体衍生而来,也可能从易位后的个体所产生的不含中着丝粒染色体的雌、雄n配子结合而得到。     

中国淡水三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)的染色体研究(Ⅰ)

利用空气干燥法对不同产地淡水三角涡虫的染色体进行了研究。核型分析表明：河南淇县鱼泉三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)和浙江杭州龙井三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)体细胞中有16条染色体,为二倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=16=16m,均为具中部着丝粒染色体;河南济源不老泉三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)有24条染色体,为三倍体,核型公式为2n=3x=24=24m,亦全部由中部着丝粒染色体组成。上述3个产地淡水三角涡虫染色体的形态较为接近。北京樱桃沟三角涡虫(Dugesia sp)的体细胞染色体数目为24,为三倍体,核型公式为2n=3x=24=22m 2sm,由中部和亚中部着丝粒染色体组成,其中第2、4号各有一条染色体属于亚中部着丝粒染色体。研究结果表明：4个产地三角涡虫的体细胞染色体数目存在较大差异,包括二倍体(2n=2x=16)和三倍体(2n=3x=24),染色体基数属于x=8类型。     

八种国产大戟属植物的核型报道

8种大戟属Euphorbia L．植物的核型分析结果表明,大戟属不同亚属的染色体基数与其形态变 异的复杂性有一定关系。地锦草亚属subgen．Chamaesyce 3个种染色体基数分别为x=8,9,11;一品红 亚属subgen．Poinsettia两个种染色体基数均为x=7,分别为四倍体和八倍体;乳浆大戟亚属subgen． Esula 3个种,染色体基数分别为x=7,10,10。根据以前学者发表的资料分析,一品红亚属和大戟亚属 Subgen. Euphorbia的染色体基数是很稳定的,分别为x=7和x=10;通奶草E．hypericifolia为x=8 的四倍体,它不仅有染色体整倍性的变异,还有异基数性的变化。结合以前学者的研究,笔者支持x= 10为大戟属的最原始基数的观点。齿裂大戟E．dentata和通奶草具不同的染色体倍性,猫眼草E． esula的细胞染色体数目观察证实了我国存在四倍体的居群,与欧洲和北美的植物构成一个典型的多倍体复合体。     

Karyotypes of eight species of Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) from China

In this paper, eight species of the genus Euphorbia L. were cytologically studied. The three species of the subgenus Chamaesyce Raf., E. hirta, E. humifusa and E. hypericifolia, had chromosome numbers of 2n = 18, 22 and 32, with their basic chromosome numbers being x = 9, 11 and 8 respectively. The two species of the subgenus Poinsettia (Grah.) House. E. dentata, with 2n=28, a tetraploid, and E. cyathophora, with 2n= 56, a octoploid, had both the basic chromosome number of x= 7. The three species of the subgenus Esula Pers, E. lathyris, E. helioscopia and E. hylonoma, had chromosome number of 2n= 20, 42 and 20, with their basic numbers being x= 10, 7 and 10 respectively. The basic chromosome number of x = 8 is new for E. hypericifolia, in which x = 7 was previously reported. This indicates that this species had both ploidy(2n = 4x = 28, 8x = 56) and dysploidy(x = 7, 8) variations. In E. dentata, there occurred also ploidy variation (2n = 2x, 4x and 8x). A tetraploid cytotype of E. esula was found in China, its diploid cytotype and hexaploid cytotype being previously reported in North America, the Iberian Peninsula and some other European areas. Based on our results and those previously reported, we support the viewpoint that x＝10 may be the original basic chromosome number of Euphorbiaand discuss the role of polyploidy and dysploidy in the speciation and evolution of this genus     

秦巴山区重楼属的核型研究

本文报道了陕西秦巴山区几种重楼属植物的核型研究结果。在秦岭(太白山)地区,北楼(Paris verticillata)具有一种核型,其核型公式为 2n=4 x=20=10m+2sm+4st+4t;狭叶重楼(P.polyphylla var.stenophylla)在一个居群内不同的个体间具有两种不同的核型,核型公式分别为2n=2x=10=5m+1sm+4t和2n=2x=10+2B=6m+4t+2B。在秦岭和巴山两地,宽叶重楼(P.polyphylla var.latifolia)和球药隔重楼(P.fargesii)分别具有两种不同的核型,前者的核型公式为2n=2x=10+3B=6m+3t+3B和2n=2x=10=5m+1sm+4t,后者的核型公式为2n=2x=10+2B=4m+2sm+4t+2B和2n=2x=10+2B=6m+4t+2B。这些材料均属2A核型,在核型结构及B染色体的有无和数目上与前人报道的结果不完全相同。     

双花木属和壳菜果属(金缕梅科)的核型研究

本文对金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae双花木属Disanthus Maxim．的长柄双花木D．cercidifolius subsp．longipes和单种属壳菜果属Mytilaria Lec.首次进行了染色体计数和核型分析。结果表明：长柄双花木与产自日本的双花木D. cercidifolius subsp．cercidifolius的体细胞染色体数目一致,均为2n＝16,前者无“st”或“t”染色体,表明该亚种可能比较原始;壳菜果Mytilaria laosensis Lec．的染色体数目为2n＝26,x=13。前人报道的金缕梅科染色体基数为x＝8和x＝12,因此x＝13可能是金缕梅科的一个新染色体基数。联系该属的形态特征及其与马蹄荷属Exbucklandia R．W．Brown的关系,作者支持将壳菜果属处理为独立的亚科,即壳菜果亚科Mytilarioideae。     

Study on Population Genetic Structure in Castanopsis fargesii with Microsatellite Markers

Genetic structure of four populations in Castanopsis fargesii Franch. in Fujian Province was studied with microsatellite (SSR) markers. A high level of genetic variation was detected in the populations of C. fargesii by using SSR with A=9.0, Ne=4.8, He=0.65 and the population differentiation coefficient ( Fst ) was only 0.031. The distributions of alleles of all loci were significantly different among the populations of C. fargesii , and the population differentiation could be found according to the distributions of SSR alleles. Some rare alleles in the populations of C. fargesii were revealed by SSR: Fifteen of 54 alleles appeared in one or two populations with lower frequencies; conservation of these rare alleles is of great importance.