中国生态工业园区发展的环境绩效指数构建方法

运用多目标排序方法构建了中国生态工业园区发展环境绩效指数,以量化比较生态工业园区间的环境绩效。首先基于《综合类生态工业园区标准》筛选构建环境绩效评价指标体系,包括经济发展、资源能源消耗、污染排放3个准则层;其次应用标准化方法和正态分布的累积分布函数NORMDIST依次对各项指标原始数据进行2次数据处理;最后准则层、指标层均等权重进行归一化得到环境绩效指数。应用所构建的环境绩效指数方法以2010年为基准年,分析了24家综合类国家生态工业示范园区的绩效,并将《综合类生态工业园区标准》作为虚拟的"标准园区"进行比较。分析了环境绩效指数的影响因素,并基于环境绩效指数方法对中国生态工业示范园区发展的管理决策提出了建议。     

基于熵权灰色关联分析的城市生态安全评价

基于压力-状态-响应概念模型,构建区域生态安全评价指标体系.采用熵权法对各评价指标赋权,熵权赋权克服了多指标评价中主观确定权重的不确定性.建立安全评价指标标准,利用灰色关联方法计算重庆市的生态安全的关联度,以此对重庆市的生态安全做出评估.结果表明:该方法对城市生态安全进行熵权灰色关联评价的结果与实际相吻合,为区域生态安全定量化评价提供了新的手段,具有一定的实用价值和推广意义.     

矿区生态产业评价指标体系

论述了煤炭矿区生态产业评价指标体系设置的理论依据,针对煤炭矿区生态产业链的特点和发展模式,从自然资源、经济效益、环境效益和社会效益四个角度出发选择筛选指标,构建了煤炭矿区生态产业评价指标体系.建立了模糊综合评价模型,探讨了运用层次分析法并通过熵值法修正的确定评价指标权重的新方法,构建了各因素指标的模糊隶属度函数.应用龙口矿区2010年的指标数据对所建模型和方法进行检验,对龙口矿区生态产业发展及生态产业链延伸提出了具体建议.     

黄土高原主要森林类型自然性的灰色关联度分析

为了解陕西黄土高原子午岭林区主要森林类型的自然性,以油松林、辽东栎林、白桦林、山杨林和侧柏林等5种森林类型为研究对象,通过0-1型变量聚类,较为客观地提出了森林群落各个演替阶段的植物组成,并计算出了各自的群落顶极适应值;采用层次分析的方法,得到群落特征指标权重,然后利用灰色关联分析方法,得到了各个森林群落的灰色关联度。研究结果表明,黄土高原不同森林类型的群落顶极适应值由大到小依次为辽东栎林(Quercus wutaishanica)8.37,油松林(Pinus tabulaefomis)8.16,山杨林(Populus davidiana)7.89,侧柏林(Platycladus orientalis)6.88,白桦林(Betula platyphylla)6.87;关联度由大到小依次为油松林1.143、辽东栎林1.085、侧柏林0.893、白桦林0.849、山杨林0.789。油松林和辽东栎林的灰色关联度较高,是这一地区较为稳定的理想森林类型,侧柏林和白桦林的关联度居中,山杨林最小。辽东栎林和油松林属于该地区的顶极和亚顶极群落类型,白桦林和侧柏林属于演替过渡类型,山杨林为演替阶段较低的森林类型。用灰色关联度的方法能够定量地分析森林群落的自然性,研究结果对森林近自然经营、林分改造有一定的应用价值和科学意义。     

以平均距离为基础的两种多元等级聚合新策略

本文基于扩展的Ｌａｎｃｅ和Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ的多元聚合模型之上,提出两种新的聚合策略：新组内平均距离法和加权平均距离法．这两个方法既考虑了组间距离,同时也考虑组内的同质性,聚类结果更好．本文用山西中条山荆条灌丛的数据作为这两种方法的应用实例,结果较好地描述了群落类型间的关系,生态意义明确．这两个方法分辨力较强,适合群落低级单位的分类,宜于群落生态关系的研究．     

生态工业园区生态系统理论及调控机制

随着工业生态学理论的发展 ,尤其是循环经济理念的广泛推广 ,生态工业园区建设在全球范围蓬勃开展起来。然而 ,由于对生态工业园区生态系统结构、功能及其优化调控机制认识的不足 ,导致目前生态工业园区建设走入了单纯构建闭环链以实现废物循环利用的误区。本研究旨在剖析生态工业园区生态系统的特点 ,建立其生态系统概念模型 ,并阐释其优化调控机理。为此 ,作者首先深入分析了生态工业园区生态系统的特点 ,阐释了技术流和知识流在该类生态系统功能中的重要性 ,在此基础上提出了基于社会子系统、环境子系统、经济子系统和资源子系统的四维一体生态工业园区复合生态系统结构框架 ,并给出了系统功能协调度、调节费用及其系统效益之间的理论变化曲线。其次 ,作者又从生态系统功能流的角度分析了其物质流、能量流、信息流、价值流、技术流和知识流 ,并给出了各功能流的表征指标和衡算方法。另外 ,从系统优化调控的角度提出了基于绿色招商和绿色供应链管理的生态工业园区生态系统控制管理体系。最后 ,以苏州工业园区为例 ,对其生态系统做了优化研究     

中国生态工业园区发展现状与展望

综述了中国生态工业园区的发展,主要内容包括:(1)中国工业园区的发展历程和面临的挑战;(2)中国生态工业园区的发展历程与发展模式;(3)3个角度分析中国生态工业园区建设取得的环境绩效,即基于生态工业示范园区验收及规划基准年绩效变化,基于数据包络分析法的生态工业示范园区环境绩效和基于环境绩效指数方法的生态工业园区环境绩效评价;(4)国内外关于生态工业园区的研究现状和热点;(5)中国生态工业园区发展和研究面临的难点及未来发展展望。面向中国工业园区绿色低碳循环发展需求,以期通过对生态工业园区发展的回顾和评述,为园区实践者和决策者及后续研究提供参考。     

基于灰色关联度分析的辽西地区典型种植模式评价

不同种植模式评价是当今种植制度研究中的热点之一,针对辽西地区自然特点和种植模式混杂多样的现状,在多年试验研究和专家问卷调查的基础上,采用灰色关联度分析方法对辽西地区6种典型种植模式进行了评价。结果表明:无论是在等权关联度下还是在侧重生态环境指标或经济指标的变权重下,南果梨+南瓜种植模式与参考模式的关联度均为最大,分别为0.867、0.920和0.841,南果梨+花生种植模式次之,说明南果梨+南瓜‖花生的林粮间作模式的生态和经济效益最好,是辽西地区发展种植业的最佳模式,玉米/大豆间作模式的关联度最小,分别为0.848、0.901和0.821,这种模式的生态和经济效益最差。该研究结果对保护辽西地区生态环境,发展多熟立体农业,推动该区域的社会经济与环境的协调发展提供了理论依据。     

合肥市不同类型湿地植物群落的物种多样性及群落特征研究

运用样地和样方相结合的调查方法,对合肥市不同演替进程的湿地类型进行调查研究,通过计算湿地植物的重要值与群落植物的α多样性与β多样性的相关指标分析了其群落多样性与群落特征.结果表明:合肥市典型的人工型湿地共有植物22科41属47种;半人工半自然型湿地共有植物10科21属21种;自然型湿地共有植物37科65属70种.湿地植物的多样性以及其群落特征与其人工性和自然性有关;在不同的外界干扰下,湿地的类型也不同,湿地处于不断的演替过程中.其群落的稳定性与物种多样性之间关系复杂,两者之间并非简单的正相关关系.在进行湿地群落和生态研究时,不仅要考虑其群落物种的多样性,也要考虑群落优势物种的组成,优势物种的优势度以及群落的演替趋势等因素.     

文峪河上游河岸林群落类型及其生态适应性

以文峪河上游河岸林为研究对象,采用TWINSPAN法对研究地区河岸林进行群落分类,对各群落类型特征进行分析.在提出河岸林群落生态功能适应性指标的基础上,对研究地区河岸林群落进行生态功能适应性分组.通过研究,文峪河上游河岸林可划分为阔叶混交林、华北落叶松阔叶混交林、云杉落叶松混交林、云杉阔叶混交林、阔针混交林、油松阔叶混交林、青杨林、沙棘灌丛和柳树灌丛等9个群落类型,但群落类型之间的分异性总体表现不高,且表现出突出的多样性特征;群落乔木层和灌木层的物种组成复杂,草本层多为一些耐干扰种和耐水湿种,总体上越远离河岸,高地群落中的物种比例越高,表现出高地森林与河流之间生态过渡带的典型特点和河岸带生态环境的高度异质性;根据本文构建的群落的生态功能适应性指标,研究地区9个河岸林群落类型可以划分为强入侵性功能组、中等入侵性功能组、弱入侵性功能组和高逃避性功能组等4个生态适应性功能组,不同生态适应性功能组的群落中,乔木层和灌木层的主要物种具有明显不同的生态对策,而草本层物种的差异不明显.     

国内外产业共生网络研究比较述评

产业共生网络是指基于物质及能量交换以及知识及基础设施共享而形成的在不同产业主体之间的合作共赢网络,是产业转型升级的重要保障。作为产业共生的运作方式,产业共生网络的研究国外从20世纪90年代开始从概念到实例就展开了一系列探讨,国内自2002年也开始在网络结构等方面开展相关研究。尤其在2008年以后,产业共生网络的研究方向不断拓宽,研究成果丰富多样。为明晰国内外产业共生网络研究的发展态势,促进产业共生网络理论体系的发展并使其得到有效应用。本文从共生网络内涵、结构、功能及评价、演化、管理调控等方面比较分析了国内外产业共生网络的研究进展,并对产业共生网络的发展前景做了展望。未来产业共生网络研究在不同尺度的比较及推演、数据信息平台的搭建以及产业共生网络演化模拟及管理调控的耦合等方面需重点关注。     

“Uncovering” Industrial Symbiosis

Since 1989, efforts to understand the nature of interfirm resource sharing in the form of industrial symbiosis and to replicate in a deliberate way what was largely self‐organizing in Kalundborg, Denmark have followed many paths, some with much success and some with very little. This article provides a historical view of the motivations and means for pursuing industrial symbiosis—defined to include physical exchanges of materials, energy, water, and by‐products among diversified clusters of firms. It finds that “uncovering” existing symbioses has led to more sustainable industrial development than attempts to design and build eco‐industrial parks incorporating physical exchanges. By examining 15 proposed projects brought to national and international attention by the U.S. President's Council on Sustainable Development beginning in the early 1990s, and contrasting these with another 12 projects observed to share more elements of self‐organization, recommendations are offered to stimulate the identification and uncovering of already existing “kernels” of symbiosis. In addition, policies and practices are suggested to identify early‐stage precursors of potentially larger symbioses that can be nurtured and developed further. The article concludes that environmentally and economically desirable symbiotic exchanges are all around us and now we must shift our gaze to find and foster them.     

Industrial symbiosis in the forestry sector: A case study in southern Brazil

Industrial symbiosis (IS) is an important concept in the field of industrial ecology that has disseminated worldwide as a practice to decrease the ecological impact of industrial processes through the exchange of by‐products and waste between units in a system. The forestry industry is the main economic activity in the region of Lages in southern Brazil. IS relationships have expanded with the use of waste material from wood processing and strengthened cooperation between companies in different sectors. The aims of this article were to: a) quantify the level of IS in the system, b) identify the benefits of IS for participants, and c) explain why the network further developed IS to the formation of an industrial ecosystem. A questionnaire was administered during visits to 24 forestry companies in order to analyze their products and processes, commercial relations, positive impacts, and local insertion. The industrial symbiosis indicator (ISI) was determined using waste stream data from the system to represent the level of symbiosis among the companies in this region. The results show that the companies participate in a symbiotic network, mainly involving the exchange of chips, bark, sawdust and shavings. In most cases, these exchanges occur between nearby companies, constituting an extensive industrial ecosystem.     

Synergy Management Services Companies: A New Business Model for Industrial Park Operators

The concept of industrial symbiosis (IS) was introduced decades ago and its environmental and economic benefits are well established, but the broad acceptance of IS still faces significant barriers. This article provides a new approach to capture synergies within industrial parks by suggesting a new business model. Building on findings from a survey conducted by the authors and on literature, we first identify potential barriers to low‐carbon synergistic projects. Economic concerns of technically feasible synergies and financial issues turn out to be the largest barriers, because of long payback periods and fluctuating raw material and by‐product market prices. Existing business models do not offer easy ways to overcome or relax these barriers. We therefore introduce the concept of a synergy management services company (SMSCO), a synergy contractor and third‐party financing model, to overcome these barriers. This model shifts the financial risk of the synergistic project from collaborating firms to the SMSCO. We posit that this attribute of the SMSCO model makes it attractive for industrial park operators who seek long‐term solutions to secure future viability of their park.     

A Spatial Analysis of Loop Closing Among Recycling,Remanufacturing, and Waste Treatment Firms in Texas

Industrial ecology has emerged as a key strategy for improving environmental conditions. A central element of industrial ecology is the concept of closing the loop in material use (cycling) by directing used material and products (wastes) back to production processes. This article examines the issue of geographic scale and loop closing for heterogeneous wastes through an analysis of the location and materials flows of a set of recycling, remanufacturing, recycling manufacturing, and waste treatment (RRWT) firms in Texas. The results suggest that there is no preferable scale at which loop closing should be organized. RRWT firms are ubiquitous and operate successfully throughout the settlement hierarchy. The cycling boundaries of RRWT firms are dependent primarily upon how and where their products are redirected to production processes rather than the firm's location in the settlement hierarchy. In other words, loop closing is dominated by the spatial economic logic of the transactions of the firm involved. These results suggest that we cannot assign loop closing to any particular spatial scale a priori nor can we conceive of closing the loop via RRWT firms in terms of monolithic networks bounded in space or place with internal material flows.     

城市废弃物资源化共生网络:概念、特征及体系解析

挖掘城市废弃物中有价值的资源,已经成为世界各国开展废弃物开发与管理的共同选择。产业共生是推动经济绿色发展和提高资源效率的战略工具,已经成为探讨废弃物资源化利用问题的重要视角。将产业共生理论引入城市废弃物资源化利用领域,提出城市废弃物资源化共生网络的概念,并将其典型特征概括为"四个统一",即价值网络与责任网络的统一,集聚共生与虚拟共生的统一,稳健型与脆弱性的统一以及自组织性与主体建构性的统一。借鉴超网络理论构建城市废弃物资源化共生网络体系的结构模型,并从共生单元、共生模式、共生界面和共生环境4个层面对该模型进行详细解析。城市废弃物资源化共生网络可分为核心网络和外围网络,两者之间存在全方位、多层次的合作机制。在城市废弃物资源化共生网络中,共生单元具有多层次性和多样性特征,它们之间存在着不同类型、效率各异的共生关系,推动共生模式向对称互惠一体化共生进化是破解城市废弃物资源化利用难题的关键;共生界面具有物质交换、能量传递、信息共享、知识传播及利益协调等多样化功能,而共生关系的进化以及共生界面功能发挥又依赖于优越的共生环境。此外,城市废弃物资源化共生网络有依托型、平等型、嵌套型和虚拟型等4种运作模式,国内典型案例分析表明这4种运作模式将长期并存。     

Assessing the “Short Mental Distance” in Eco‐Industrial Networks

Like many economic exchanges, industrial symbiosis (IS) is thought to be influenced by social relationships and shared norms among actors in a network. While many implicit references to social characteristics exist throughout the literature, there have been few explicit attempts to operationalize and measure the concepts. The “short mental distance,”“trust,”“openness,” and “communication” recorded among managers in Kalundborg, Denmark, set a precedent for examining and encouraging social interactions among key personnel in the dozens of eco‐industrial networks around the world. In this article we explore the relationships among various aspects of social embeddedness, social capital, and IS. We develop a conceptual framework and an approach using quantitative and qualitative methods to identify and measure these social characteristics, including social network structure, communication, and similarities in norms and conceptions of waste, and apply them in an industrial network in Nanjangud, South India. The findings suggest that there is a fairly high level of shared norms about dealing with waste—the “short mental distance”—in this network, but by‐product transactions are only weakly correlated with the structure and content of communication among managers. Replication of this approach can increase the understanding and comparability of the role of social characteristics in eco‐industrial activities around the world.     

2019工业生物学专刊序言

工业生物技术作为可持续发展的重要途径,其创新发展离不开基础学科的支撑。工业生物学研究工业环境下生物体行为的基本规律和作用机制,解决适应工业环境的生物体设计构建及应用的关键科学问题,是工业生物技术学科基础。为了梳理和凝练工业生物学发展状况,本刊特组织出版专刊,从工业蛋白科学、工业细胞科学和工业发酵科学三个方面,分别阐述学科的发展动态,展望未来的发展趋势,为促进工业生物技术发展奠定基础。     

工业生态系统多样性评述

工业多样性是工业生态学关注和研究的重点,也是工业生态化的重要决策支撑之一。但其含义复杂,指标多种多样。为了深入理解工业多样性的含义及其对工业生态系统的影响,本研究分析了工业生态系统与自然生态系统在结构和功能两方面的异同,梳理了工业多样性概念定义的发展过程,整理了现今应用较多的10个工业多样性指标,从工业种类数量和分布均匀程度、工业的可逐级细分性,以及工业间的经济联系和区域产业组合三方面将指标划分为三组,分别介绍其计算方法和含义,并比较了各指标的优缺点。在实际应用中,综合多个工业多样性指标的计算结果,可以较为全面的反映区域工业组成和结构,有助于理解工业多样性对工业生态系统过程的影响。     

Exploring the emergence of waste recovery and exchange in industrial clusters

Self-organized industrial symbiosis (IS) starts with one actor's decision to invest in a waste recovery plant and the other actors' decision to buy the recovered flow. Technical and institutional conditions of the cluster influence actors' decisions. This paper explores the emergence of IS collaborations in industrial clusters under different techno-economic conditions in the long term. We propose a mixed-integer linear programming model that incorporates costs and constraints associated with waste recovery and exchange to study actors' investment decisions and investigate shaped symbiotic exchanges under rising energy prices and limited electricity supply. The approach is implemented in Iran's Persian Gulf Mining and Metals Special Economic Zone as a case study. The results revealed that changes in internal or external condition simultaneously influence the industrial and waste recovery plants. For instance, increasing energy prices without raising product prices significantly decreased the production level of industrial plants and, consequently, heat recovery potential. Furthermore, the waste heat recovery plants' contribution to improving the cluster's economic and environmental performance was not the same. Electricity recovery from a power plant's waste heat can result in 55 PJ grid electricity intake reduction and 720 M€ cluster cash flow increase. Recovered cooling or electricity from the steelmaking plant waste heat was consumed internally rather than shaping IS. These model outcomes show its capability to study IS within the socio-technical structure of the cluster, not a standalone phenomenon. Implemented conceptualization offers a novel system-level approach, which could be adjusted to assess other industrial development strategies.