略阳乌鸡抗病毒蛋白基因Mx多态性研究

鸡抗病毒蛋白Mx(myxovirus resistance protein)具有抵抗流感病毒等多种病毒感染的能力。Mx蛋白631位氨基酸决定其抗病毒活性。为了揭示地方特色品种略阳乌鸡Mx蛋白631位氨基酸多态性和抗病毒能力,本研究采用PCR特异性扩增Mx基因,通过引物3'末端区分编码631位氨基酸密码子的A/G多态位点,测序PCR产物鉴定Mx基因多态位点。结果显示,138只略阳乌鸡的抗病毒蛋白Mx编码基因有AA、AG和GG三种基因型,其中病毒强抗性AA型公鸡6只,母鸡15只,共21只,比例为15.2%;敏感性GG型34只,比例24.6%,其中10只公鸡和24只母鸡;杂合AG型83只,公鸡31只,母鸡52只,比例高达60.1%。研究结果解析了略阳乌鸡Mx基因多态性,从DNA水平阐释了略阳乌鸡抗病毒能力低的原因,为后续培育强抗病毒能力的乌鸡个体和种质资源保存提供参考。     

略阳乌鸡内源性逆转录病毒鉴定及表达分析

内源性禽白血病病毒等以多种逆转录病毒基因组稳定存在鸡染色体中,其致病性低或无致病性,但是内源性病毒的基因表达降低了鸡抵抗外源病毒感染的能力。本研究以略阳乌鸡为研究对象,利用多重PCR鉴定鸡基因组中禽内源性病毒EAV-HP和禽白血病病毒E亚群(ALV-E),分析ALV-E的env基因表达情况。结果表明,30只略阳乌鸡的基因组中均携带EAV-HP病毒序列,其中28只携带ALV-E序列。通过MEGA和NETWORK软件对ALV-E的gp85基因分析表明,略阳乌鸡与江苏绿壳蛋鸡聚在同一分支,两者同源性高达99.1%。此研究也为后续略阳乌鸡遗传背景分析和选育抗病毒感染优良品种提供基础数据。     

鸡基因组计划及在遗传学研究中的应用

鸡,以其独特的生物学特性,成为研究许多生物学问题的重要模式生物。而在长期选育中形成的肉鸡和蛋鸡两大品系则是研究许多遗传性状的分子机制的理想模型。鸡基因组计划的完成,极大推动了以鸡作为模式生物的研究与开发工作。本文重点介绍了鸡基因组学的研究进展,和利用基因组相关信息对鸡的不同品系的数量性状进行遗传学研究的方法策略;并阐明了以鸡作为模式生物,利用基因组学的信息进行发育和遗传学研究的广阔前景。     

藏鸡对高原环境的适应

藏鸡是我国青藏高原地区特有的地方品种,高原地区特有的高寒低压缺氧的地理环境,使其在高原适应性和机体抵抗力方面更胜于其他鸡种。本文综述了藏鸡对高原环境适应的研究现状,提出分子水平上探究藏鸡对高原环境的适应机制研究,为其标记辅助选育提供借鉴。     

贵妃鸡快慢羽的RAPD分析及其遗传关系的研究

通过对贵妃鸡自别雌雄的快、慢羽羽速基因的KAPD分子标记,研究分析贵妃鸡基因组的遗传多样性,为家禽的配套养殖和良种繁育在分子水平上提供理论依据。采用随机引物扩增多态性DNA（KAPD）分子标记技术,分析了广东海洋大学家禽育种中心的名优珍禽贵妃鸡快羽和慢羽2个品系的12个样品鸡之间,基因组DNA的遗传多样性,并进行了快羽、慢羽及其雄、雌间聚类分析。     

广西南丹瑶鸡PGC-1α基因646位点多态性分析

广西南丹瑶鸡是广西优良的地方品种,其特点是皮脂薄且肉质好,但其形成的分子机制不清楚。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1,PGC-1α)是影响脂肪沉积的重要候选基因。本研究以广西麻鸡作为对照,利用PCR-RFLP技术分析了广西南丹瑶鸡PGC-1α基因646位点的多态性。结果显示,广西南丹瑶鸡和广西麻鸡PGC-1α基因646位点都存在A和G两个等位基因,A等位基因频率在广西南丹瑶鸡和广西麻鸡分别为0.35和0.23。AA、AG和GG 3种基因型频率在广西南丹瑶鸡中分别为0.05、0.60和0.35,在广西麻鸡分别为0.07、0.33和0.6。本研究的结果提示A等位基因可能有助于减少广西南丹瑶鸡皮下脂肪的沉积。     

贵州地方水稻种质资源籼-粳遗传分化的InDel分子标记研究

本研究利用36对InDel分子标记引物对贵州地方水稻种质的籼-粳遗传分化和亲缘关系进行分析,结果表明,82份贵州地方栽培稻中49份为粳稻,33份为籼稻,贵州地方栽培稻“禾”品种主要属于粳稻,而“谷”品种主要为籼稻。基于Nei氏遗传距离的亲缘关系分析表明在粳稻群体和籼稻群体中均存在与野生稻亲缘关系近的品种,其中的粳稻品种与野生稻的遗传关系比之籼稻品种近。而基于MCMC算法的遗传结构分析揭示了贵州地方籼稻品种中存在较为复杂的遗传结构。分子变异分析显示,粳稻和籼稻品种的遗传变异主要来自亚种内,遗传多样性分析表明其亚种内籼稻品种的遗传多样性略高于粳稻品种。研究结果揭示了贵州省黔东南地区栽培稻种质资源的籼-粳分化程度、遗传关系及其遗传多样性。     

家鸡全基因组测序研究进展

鸡具有独特的生物学特性。全基因组测序是即对一种生物的基因组中的全部基因进行测序,主要包括de novo测序和全基因组重测序。近年来,由于测序技术的飞速发展,鸡全基因组研究取得了很多重要的进展,为解释鸡的生物学特性和缩短分子育种周期发挥了重要作用。重点阐述了不同品种鸡全基因组de novo测序的完成、全基因组重测序技术在解析品种遗传多样性、揭示进化机制、质量性状遗传机制广泛应用,讨论了鸡全基因组测序工作存在的问题及其展望,旨在为家鸡种质资源的改良和分子育种提供重要的参考资料。     

湖北神农架地区巴山冷杉（Abies fargesii）种群结构特征与空间分布格局

巴山冷杉群落是湖北神农架地区主要的群落类型之一,从生命表特征、年龄结构、存活曲线以及种群和不同龄级个体空间分布格局等方面研究了湖北神农架地区巴山冷杉的种群结构特征与空间分布规律.研究结果表明:巴山冷杉的种群年龄结构图呈现的是幼苗比例最大,中龄树、幼树和成龄树比例次之的规律;巴山冷杉幼苗储备丰富,巴山冷杉自身的生物学特性及环境因素是形成这种现象的主要原因;湖北神农架地区巴山冷杉种群的存活曲线接近于Deevey C型,I径级巴山冷杉死亡率最高,II径级开始巴山冷杉幼树死亡率大幅度下降,直至老龄期死亡率逐渐升高;巴山冷杉种群不同年龄级的个体呈现出集群分布或随机分布,处于不同发育阶段的个体群,其空间分布格局是随时间变化的.     

海桐花属短萼海桐在陕西省的新分布

【目的】了解海桐花属植物在陕西省巴山地区的分布情况。【方法和结果】通过对巴山地区白河县友好村海桐花属植物的采集研究与标本鉴定,发现海桐花属植物的陕西省新分布种——短萼海桐[Pittosporum brevicalyx(Oliv.) Gagnep.]。【结论】海桐花属植物在中国主要分布在秦岭以南的亚热带地区,本次发现将该种的分布区向东北扩展到陕西省巴山地区,丰富了陕西秦巴山区的植物分布记录,为巴山地区物种多样性研究提供研究资料。     

利用线粒体COI基因揭示中国乌骨鸡遗传多样性和群体遗传结构

全面了解中国乌骨鸡的遗传背景有利于保护和开发利用其种质资源。本研究测定了中国12个乌骨鸡品种线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI)基因, 比较分析其遗传多样性和群体遗传结构。255份乌骨鸡样品共检测到22个变异位点, 占分析位点的3.17%; 核苷酸多样性为0.00142-0.00339, 单倍型多样性为0.380-0.757, 其中略阳乌鸡核苷酸多样性最高, 德化黑鸡最低。检测到7个氨基酸变异位点, 来自6个品种共11个个体。定义了24种单倍型, 其中单倍型H1和H3为12个乌骨鸡品种共享, 出现频率分别为115次和64次; 盐津乌骨鸡单倍型数最多, 广西乌鸡最少。中性检验与错配分析显示实验种群未经历显著的群体扩张事件。分子变异分析显示81.06%的变异来自群体内; 品种间遗传距离为0.002-0.004, 品种间遗传分化系数F_st值为-0.035至0.594, 雪峰乌骨鸡与其他种群间的遗传分化程度最高。邻接树显示, 乌骨鸡未能独立形成分支, 不能从家鸡和红原鸡中有效区分开来。中国乌骨鸡中介网络图将24个单倍型分为3条进化主支, 呈现出一定的品种特异性, 由无量山乌骨鸡、云南盐津乌骨鸡和雪峰乌骨鸡组成单倍型H8、H9、H11、H12游离于这3条进化主支之外。增加其他家鸡和红原鸡COI基因的中介网络图主体结构与中国乌骨鸡的相同。结果表明中国乌骨鸡品种遗传多样性较低, 但品种间遗传分化显著, 可能是从当地家鸡中选育而来, 需要加强种质资源的保护。     

绵羊基因组研究进展

过去几年中,家畜基因组计划取得了巨大进展。已经构建了猪、鸡、牛、绵羊、马、鹿的遗传图谱,其遗传标记间距在5～20cM。这些图谱对于家畜中与重要经济性状相关的基因或遗传标记的鉴定非常重要。该文从绵羊的基因图谱、比较图谱、重要经济性状基因及QTL定位方面对绵羊基因组的研究进展作了简要阐述。 Abstract:During the last few years,advances in livestock genome projects have been remarkable.Species-specific genetic maps exist for pig,chicken,cattle,sheep,horse,and deer with marker intervals of 5 to 20 cM.These maps have been essential for the identification of genes and genetic markers associated with importantly economic traits in livestock.In this paper,advances of gene map,comparative map,the genes for importantly economic traits and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping were briefly introduced in sheep.     

Dissecting the Matrilineal Components of Tongjiang Cattle from Southwest China

Tongjiang cattle are a local cattle population of Sichuan Province, China, numbering approximately half a million in 2005. They have long been grouped into the Bashan breed, although they have a unique breeding history and phenotypic characteristics, as well as a restricted geographic distribution. Morphologically, they can be divided into two groups based on the basic coat color (black and russet). In order to dissect the matrilineal components of Tongjiang cattle and to compare the body size traits of the two morphological groups, we measured five body size traits among 59 Tongjiang cattle samples and further sequenced the mtDNA D-loop sequence of 54 individuals. Among the 54 mtDNAs, 37 (68.5%) were Bos taurus types and 17 (31.5%) were Bos indicus types. Four known B. taurus haplogroups (T1–T4) and one B. indicus haplogroup (I1) were detected in these samples. Two body size traits differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the black group and the russet group, although the two groups possessed similar matrilineal genetic structure. This is the first report to identify all four B. taurus haplogroups in one local Chinese cattle population. Our results suggest that the contribution of different matrilineal lineages to Chinese cattle might be more complex than we originally thought.     

Survival, ovarian development and bloodmeal size for the horn fly Haematobia irritans irritans reared in vitro

Horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (Linneaus) (Diptera: Muscidae) were reared in vitro using cattle, pig, horse, rabbit, sheep, goat or chicken blood. The highest survival, bloodmeal size and rate of ovarian development were recorded for both female and male flies fed cattle blood. Flies fed pig, rabbit, sheep and goat blood showed intermediate survival. Flies fed chicken blood showed the lowest survival rates, ingested the smallest bloodmeals and did not develop ovaries. The relationship between dietary factors and host specificity of the horn fly, and the efficiency of vertebrate blood source of several animals for laboratory colonization of horn fly are discussed.     

Utilization of DNA marker-assisted selection in Korean native animals

The recent progress of DNA technologies including DNA fingerprinting (DFP) and random amplified DNA polymorphism (RAPD) analysis make it possible to identify the specific genetic traits of animals and to analyze the genetic diversity and relatedness between or within species or populations. Using those techniques, some efforts to identify and develop the specific DNA markers based on DNA polymorphism, which are related with economic traits for Korean native animals, Hanwoo (Korean native cattle), Korean native pig and Korean native chicken, have been made in Korea for recent a few years. The developed specific DNA markers successfully characterize the Korean native animals as the unique Korean genetic sources, distinctively from other imported breeds. Some of these DNA markers have been related to some important economic traits for domestic animals, for example, growth rate and marbling for Hanwoo, growth rate and back fat thickness for native pig, and growth rate, egg weight and egg productivity for native chicken. This means that those markers can be used in important marker-assisted selection (MAS) of Korean native domestic animals and further contribute to genetically improve and breed them.     

PCR-膜芯片技术在牦牛及犏牛肉制品的真假鉴定中的应用

旨在利用PCR-膜芯片技术快速高效的鉴定牦牛及犏牛肉制品的真假。采集样品(猪、山羊、黄牛、水牛、牦牛、鸡、鸭、兔、狗、真犏牛、假犏牛肉样各8个,19个肉干制品样品),提取并纯化DNA,利用11对特异性引物进行多重PCR,将扩增产物与含有12个探针的膜芯片反向点杂交,测试膜芯片的准确度及灵敏度,并鉴定市场上销售的牦牛肉制品真假。结果表明,膜芯片准确度高,特异性强,无交叉反应,灵敏度能达到0.1 ng,检测灵敏度高。通过鉴定市场上销售的假牦牛肉干制品几乎都以黄牛和水牛肉为原料制作。应用PCR-膜芯片技术可快速准确的鉴定出牦牛肉制品的真假,有利于打击假冒产品,维护市场平衡。     

中外11个猪种A-FABP基因微卫星遗传变异的研究

利用微卫星技术对五指山猪、沂蒙黑猪、汉江黑猪、莱芜猪、北京黑猪、民猪、成华猪、内江猪、二花脸猪、巴马香猪和大白猪11个猪种共420头猪的脂肪细胞脂肪酸结合蛋白基因内含子的微卫星序列的遗传变异进行了研究。研究表明：（1）中国猪种在A-FABP基因微卫星基因座上有极高的的多态性,五指山猪的PIC最高（PIC=0.7904）并检测到11个等位基因,但北京黑猪仅检测到两个等位基因。（2）本实验中,只有北京黑猪、民猪、巴马香猪和大白猪A-FABP基因微卫星在群体中的分布达到平衡状态。（3）群体间的基因分化系数分析表明,中国猪种在该微卫星基因座上分化程度平均约为40.83%。Abstract：The genetic variations of microsatellites in intron 2 of the porcine adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) genes were investigated in 420 pigs including Wuzhishan pig,Yimeng black pig,Hanjiang black pig,Laiwu pig,Beijing black pig,Min pig,Chenghua pig,Neijiang pig,Erhualian pig,Bama xiang pig and Large White pig.The results suggested as follows：（i）PIC of the Wuzhishan pig breed is the highest（0.7904） and 11 alleles were detected. Compared with Large White pig,Chinese pig breeds showed a great polymorphism of A-FABP microsatellites except Beijing black pig in which only 2 alleles were detected.（ii）Only Min pig, Bama xiang pig, Beijing black pig and Large White pig were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. （iii）The analysis of genetic differentiation showed that the average value of the A-FABP gene differentiation of 10 Chinese pigs is about 40.83%.     

Species authentication of commercial beef jerky based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene

In this study,we determined species-specific variations by analyzing the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence variation(～440 bp) in 17 newly obtained sequences and 90 published cattle,yak,buffalo,goat,and pig sequences,which represent 62 breeds and 17 geographic regions.Based on the defined species-specific variations,two endonucleases,Alu I and Bfa I,were selected for species authentication using raw meat/tissue samples and the PCR-RFLP method.Goat and pig were identified using the Alu I enzyme,while cattle,yak,and buffalo were identified by digestion with Bfa I.Our approach had relatively high detection sensitivity of cattle DNA in mixed cattle and yak products,with the lowest detectable threshold equaling 20% of cattle DNA in a mixed cattle/yak sample.This method was successfully used to type commercial beef jerky products,which were produced by different companies utilizing various processing technologies.Our results show that several yak jerky products might be implicated in commercial fraud by using cattle meat instead of yak meat.