Effects of microhabitat,time of day,and weather on predation of gypsy moth larvae

Summary Wire cages with different-sized meshes were placed on trunks and around leaves at different heights in oak trees and in forest litter. Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, instars II–V tethered with threads were placed in each cage (instars II–III only in leaf cages) as well as outside the cages. Predation of larvae decreased from near ground to mid-crown in trees and was highest in litter and very low on leaves. Predation in litter was not strongly related to cage type, suggesting that small, invertebrate predators were active there, but IV–V instars on trunks were mainly killed by relatively large predators, probably forest mice and shrews. Influences of the time of day and weather on predation were evaluated by observing tethered V–VI instars in litter and on tree trunks hourly. Ants, particularly carpenter ants (Camponotus ferrugineus) and Formica sp., and probably vertebrates, were conspicuous predators in the litter. Ants were most active at lower relative humidities, while other predators were apparently not influenced by humidity. No daily activity rhythms of predation were noted. Invertebrates appear to be important predators of larvae only in the litter whereas vertebrates, such as forest mice and shrews, also readily attack larvae on tree trunks.     

贵州麻阳河自然保护区黑叶猴繁殖周期的初步研究

黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi francoisi),属灵长目(Primates),猴科(Cercopithecidae),疣猴亚科(Colobinae)。分布于越南北部和中国的广西、贵州和重庆等地的山地岩溶地区(Fooden,1976;王应祥等,1999)。由于生境特殊,受人为活动影响较大(汪松,1998),该物种近20年来数量呈下     

Field studies of the temporal response patterns of male Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte and D. barberi Smith and Lawrence to 8R-methyl-2R-decyl propanoate

ABSTRACT. Variations in the diel response of male northern and western corn rootworms attracted to a synthetic pheromone source were examined in southwestern Ontario. Activity was measured by the number of males caught at hourly intervals in sticky traps baited with 8 R -methyl-2 R -decyl propanoate. Northern corn rootworm males were attracted to the pheromone between 22.30 and 0330 hours and were unresponsive at all other times at temperatures above 15°C. Western corn rootworm males had a bimodal response with peaks in attraction from 08.30 to 12.30 hours and again from 15.30 to 18.30 hours. While the period of peak attraction for northern corn rootworm males was well defined, the pattern for western corn rootworm males was erratic and many beetles were caught throughout the day. Evening temperatures below 15°C suppressed the activity of both northern and western corn rootworms. While the nightly period of activity for the northern corn rootworms was shifted by low temperatures to the following morning, that of the western corn rootworm was not altered substantially. As a result, peaks in the response of northern and western corn rootworm males occurred simultaneously under these conditions, suggesting strongly that temporal separation of activity periods was not an important factor in maintaining sexual isolation for these species in Ontario.     

Home range, movement, and site fidelity of translocated northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) in southwest Georgia, USA

During 1997 and 1998, we compared home range, movement, and site fidelity characteristics of translocated wild northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) to resident birds using radiotelemetry. We captured wild bobwhites (n=74) in southwest Georgia, USA just before the breeding season and relocated them (>1.6 km from capture sites) to sites nearby where previous density estimates revealed that populations were low compared to surrounding areas. Translocated birds were equipped with radiotransmitters and released in groups of 8 to 12. Resident birds (n=166) were also captured and simultaneously monitored via radiotelemetry. We found no difference in home range size (F ₁=0.08, P=0.78), mean daily movements (F ₁=0.04, P=0.84), or distance moved from trap or release sites to arithmetic centers of home ranges (F ₁=1.58, P=0.21) between translocated and resident bobwhites. These results suggest that translocating wild bobwhites over relatively short distances into suitable habitat does not negatively influence bobwhite movement and renders site fidelity as reasonable. Therefore, translocation of wild bobwhites before breeding season can result in enhanced numbers of adult breeders in a target location and potentially augments fall populations via reproductive yield.     

The basis of fish community structure: marine and freshwater comparisons

Synopsis Freshwater and marine fish communities are described and compared for arctic, boreal and tropical latitudes. Details of habitat characteristics, species numbers, and diel and seasonal differences in distribution are given for each community type. The order of increasing richness of fish species in these environments is (1) arctic lakes, (2) arctic marine, (3) boreal lakes, (4) tropical lakes, (5) boreal marine and (6) tropical marine. The richness of numbers of species can be related to a series of factors, each of which may function at some threshold value. These factors include climatic perturbation, solar radiation, spatial heterogeneity, available nutrient supply, availability of cover, and geological time. Discontinuities in the availability of some factors can be partially compensated for by torpor or aestivation; this effectively removes the fish from the community for a period of time. Increased diversity may also be effected through the diurnal/nocturnal shift in activity in some fish communities.The development of an organic matrix, notably macrophyte beds or coral reefs, may contribute significantly to an increase in diversity within fish communities. This matrix operates by an increase in spatial heterogeneity and in biological interactions. The apparent lack of resilience of high diversity fish communities can be related to the characteristics of the underlying organic matrix. A change in the matrix will cause a change in the level of fish diversity that can be maintained in the system.This paper forms part of the proceedings of a mini-symposium convened at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 18–19 May 1976, entitled Patterns of Community Structure in Fishes (G.S. Helfman, ed.).     

The effect of season on the properties of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) semen

The objective of the study was to determine the properties of wild boar semen and their changes in annual cycle. During a 14-month study period, 167 ejaculates were sampled from 3 mature boars. In each ejaculate the volume of liquid fraction, percentage of spermatozoa motility, spermatozoa concentration and the total number of spermatozoa were determined. The activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase in the fresh semen plasma was also measured. It was shown that wild boar ejaculates did not differ from those of domestic boars, and the semen of the highest volume, concentration and number of spermatozoa was produced in late autumn. The spermatozoa motility was the lowest in summer. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the semen plasma increased with shortening of the light period.     

不同生殖期鳜肝脏超微结构变化的观察

应用透射电镜对生殖季节与非生殖季节鳜肝脏超微结构的变化进行了观察。鳜肝细胞含有单个卵圆形的核,核仁清楚;细胞质内含有粗面内质网、线粒体、糖原颗粒和脂滴等细胞器和内含物。胆小管由相邻的数个肝细胞质膜凹陷围成,而肝血窦则由内皮细胞的胞质构成。还发现了贮脂细胞、枯否氏细胞和成纤维细胞。胆小管腔和窦周隙内浸润许多由肝细胞发出的微绒毛结构。鳜肝细胞的超微结构在产卵前后呈现明显变化：产卵前的肝细胞内富含线粒体、糖原颗粒和脂滴,粗面内质网发达;而产卵后的肝细胞内核仁发生迁移,部分细胞核囊泡化,糖原颗粒和脂滴排空,少数肝细胞具双核结构。非生殖期多数肝细胞核含有双核仁结构,胞质内溶酶体数量增多。     

卧龙血雉繁殖期行为特征分析

1 995年 4～ 6月在四川卧龙自然保护区五一棚地区 ,采用无线电追踪技术结合野外行为观察 ,对血雉繁殖期行为特征进行了研究。结果表明 ,繁殖前期雄鸟在警戒行为的频次及持续时间上均显著地高于雌鸟 (T test,频次 ,t=-4 73 ,P <0 0 1 ;时间 ,t=-2 80 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;孵卵期 ,雄鸟在警戒行为的总持续时间上显著地高于雌鸟 (T test,t=-4 75 ,P <0 0 1 ) ,雌鸟在取食行为的总持续时间上显著地高于雄鸟 (T test,t=3 41 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;对雌雄个体行为同时进行观察的结果表明 ,雌鸟维持行为的时间与雄鸟警戒行为的时间显著正相关 (Y =49 68+0 2 693X ,r=0 71 79,P =0 0 0 2 6)。繁殖前期和孵卵期雄鸟的警戒行为可以提高雌鸟用于取食、理羽、沙浴的时间 ,而减少用于警戒的时间     

高山雪鸡繁殖期觅食和警戒行为的性别差异

2004年和2005年的4～7月,采用聚焦取样的方法,观察研究了甘肃省东大山自然保护区和盐池湾自然保护区高山雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)繁殖期的两性觅食频率和警戒行为。研究表明,无论是繁殖前期还是孵卵期,雌鸟的觅食频率均高于雄鸟,警戒性则低于雄鸟,而且均有显著差异(P<0.05),同性雪鸡在不同时期的差异不显著(P>0.05);高山雪鸡的雄鸟不参与孵卵和育雏,但在雌鸟产卵和孵卵期担任警戒。另外,本文对野生高山雪鸡的警戒行为进行了分类。     

Crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical dicotyledonous trees of the genusClusia

Summary The performance of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) by dicotyledonous trees of the genusClusia sampled at three sites in the state of Falcon in northern Venezuela is characterized.Clusia leaves have a somewhat succulent appearance. Unlike leaves of many other CAM plants, which are uniformly built up of very large isodiametric cells, there are distinct layers of palisade and spongy mesophyll, with individual cells being smaller. There is no specialized water storage tissue. ¹³C values indicate thatC. multiflora in the elfin-cloud forest on top of Cerro Santa Ana, at 800 m altitude, performs C₃ photosynthesis (¹³ –27.1). However,C. rosea in the tall cloud forest on Cerro Santa Ana (600m altitude), andC. rosea andC. alata in the dry forest on Serrania San Luis (900 m altitude) perform CAM (¹³C –14.1 to –19.2). InC. alta andC. rosea there were large day-night changes in the levels of malic and citric acids ranging from 63 to 240 mmol 1^–1 for malid acid and from 35 to 112 mmol 1^–1 for citric acid. The sum of the changes in malate and citrate levels accounts for the changes of titratable protons measured. With a day-night change of titratable protons of 768 mmol 1^–1 in one of the analyses,C. rosea showed the highest value yet encountered in a CAM plant. Oscillations of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) and of starch were also analysed in the CAM performingClusia species. Carbon skeletons of the precursors involved in nocturnal malate and citrate synthesis largely derive from free sugars and not from polyglucan. Unlike some other CAM plants, there is no clear and quantitative correlation between day-night changes of organic acid levels and cell sap osmolality.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Otto L. Lange on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

The fish community of a high mountain stream in Taiwan and its relation to dam design

Synopsis The fish community of a high mountain stream in Taiwan was studied from 1988 to 1990 in a 16 km section of Ta-chia river where a new dam is planned for construction. There were 16 species of fish belonging to 7 families; 15 genera were recorded. Six species are endemic to Taiwan. The dominant species wereZacco pachycephalus, Acrosscheileus paradoxus andRhinogobius brunneus. The composition of fish fauna was different between the eight study sites. Adjacent sites did not show a higher similarity than remote ones. AdultZ. pachycephalus andA. paradoxus showed seasonal aggregation behavior in the stream. At two distinct sites, Kukan and Tungmau, these two species had similar breeding and stock composition patterns with an intensified production period of juveniles from late autumn to early winter and a low, but continuous production period of juveniles in summer months. This information suggest that fishes in the river have special adaptations to the typhoon season in summer and benthic algal blooming in winter. The similarity of fish community and the independent breeding sites of endemic fishes in Kukan and Tungmau also suggest that these are important factors to consider for conservation when the flooding area of a high mountain dam is designed.     

笼养条件的改变对大鸨繁殖期行为的影响

2002～2004年4～6月,采用瞬时扫描法对哈尔滨动物园饲养的16只（5♂,11♀）大鸨（Otis tarda）的繁殖期行为进行了观察。利用非参数检验法讨论了笼舍面积、舍内设计及外界噪音对大鸨繁殖期的行为分配、日节律、炫耀及一些特殊行为的影响。结果表明,环境因子对大鸨繁殖期行为存在显著影响,当环境条件改变后,大鸨的警戒行为发生显著变化（P〈0．01）,其次为炫耀、游走行为（P〈0．05）。另外,环境因子的变化对雄性大鸨的炫耀路线及求偶方式亦存在影响,同时影响沙浴等特殊行为。     

太湖五里湖仔稚鱼时空分布特征

为探究五里湖仔稚鱼群落结构及分布特征,于2016年4—10月对五里湖仔稚鱼进行系统调查。期间共采集仔稚鱼70678尾,共鉴定出鱼类20种(属),隶属于7目8科18属。五里湖仔稚鱼密度均值为3825尾/100 m3,主要优势种为?属(Hemiculter sp.),其数量占比为68.76%。五里湖仔稚鱼主要采集于4—8月,密度高峰期为6月,各物种密度高峰期存在差异,最早的为鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus,4月),最晚的为短吻银鱼属(Salangichthys sp.,8—9月)。五里湖仔稚鱼分布具有显著的空间差异,沿岸带仔稚鱼密度显著高于(P<0.05)敞水区,密度分别为5650和310尾/100 m3。西五里湖仔稚鱼的密度高于东五里湖,密度分别为4482和3600尾/100 m3。典范对应分析结果显示,水温、溶解氧、浮游植物和浮游动物密度是与仔稚鱼分布显著相关的环境因子(P<0.05)。研究结果显示,五里湖鱼类主要繁殖期为4—8月,主要产卵和育幼水域为沿岸带,其中西五里湖的育幼功能优于东五里湖,因此进一步维持对西五里湖的生境保护...     

洞庭湖区东方田鼠洞群成员分析

通过对洞庭湖区不同栖息地东方田鼠洞群结构分析,结合洞庭湖区的特定生态条件,对东方田鼠在不同繁殖期的栖息习性及其适应意义进行了分析和讨论。洞庭湖区东方田鼠的最适栖息地是洲滩,但洞庭湖湖水季节性涨落,迫使东方田鼠在洲滩与垸内农田间迁移。当东方田鼠栖息在洲滩时（10－5月）,即繁殖盛期,雌雄分居,雌性单独抚养后代。当迁入垸内农田后（6－9月）,东方田鼠营混居生活。洲滩为其理想栖息地,单个雌鼠可以正常抚养后代,分居则有利于最大限度地提高其适合度。迁入垸内后混居可减少对空间资源的需求。从野外和室内观察情况分析,东方田鼠在繁殖盛期的婚配制度以一雄一雌的可能性很小。     

Geographic variations in life-history traits of the intertidal ocypodid crab Macrophthalmus banzai

Reproductive traits of the mud crab Macrophthalmus banzai were compared in populations from Okinawa (26°13′ N) and Amakusa (32°32′ N). Crabs matured earlier and at a smaller size in Okinawa than in Amakusa, but growth rate did not differ between the two localities. Population density was much higher in Okinawa. Breeding occurred in winter in Okinawa and in summer in Amakusa. In Okinawa, females produced one brood at over 1 year of age and then died. In Amakusa, females produced one brood at over 1 year of age, and one or two broods at around 2 years of age, and then died. Egg weight in the Okinawa population was almost twice that of the Amakusa population. Furthermore, brood weight was larger in Okinawa than in Amakusa. Longevity was 16–19 months in Okinawa and 28–30 months in Amakusa. At high latitudes, the winter low temperature blocks reproduction of M. banzai. At low temperature blocks reproduction of M. banzai. At low latitudes, their short lifespan prevents iterative breeding. Thus, the difference in breeding season greatly affects other life-history traits.     

Status of breeding seabirds on the Northern Islands of the Red Sea,Saudi Arabia

We undertook breeding surveys between 2010 and 2011 to assess the status of breeding birds on 16 islands in the northern Saudi Arabia. Sixteen bird species were found breeding at three different seasons; i.e. winter (Osprey), spring (Caspian and Saunder’s Terns), and summer (Lesser Crested, White-cheeked, Bridled Terns). It is postulated that food availability is an important factor influencing the breeding of seabirds in the northern Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Several species laid eggs earlier in northern parts of the Red Sea than in southern parts. The predicted increases in temperatures (T_a) could have a negative effect on species survival in the future, especially on those whose nests that are in the open. Finally, disturbance, predation and egg collection were probably the main immediate threats affecting the breeding seabird species in the northern Red Sea.     

秦岭雄性羚牛的发情行为与其社会状态的关系

2004年5月31日至8月31日在陕西省佛坪县国家级自然保护区,对羚牛秦岭亚种（Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi）的繁殖行为及雄牛的社会状态进行了研究。研究期间每天在比较容易见到羚牛的区域内沿固定路线寻找羚牛,在不惊扰羚牛正常活动的情况下,记录牛群大小、群内个体的性别、年龄、雄性的社会状态,即是单独活动还是在繁殖群中;社会状态的变动,即每只是进入还是离开繁殖群;羚牛群中个体之间的相互关系,包括入群的独牛与群内其它雄牛之间的行为、与群内雌牛之间的行为。同时用摄像机辅助记录羚牛在群内的行为,并根据图像资料对记录的数据进行校正。研究期间累计对277 头次雄性羚牛的繁殖行为进行了观察,记录到241次繁殖行为。虽然6月初至8月下旬都可以见到羚牛的繁殖活动,但80% 以上的繁殖行为发生在6月20日至7月10日期间,其中以6月21 ～ 30日间的繁殖活动最多（105 次）。繁殖季节中雄性羚牛有两种社会状态,即在繁殖群中和单独活动（即独牛）。研究期间累计的独牛比例占成年雄性的30. 32%,其中72. 62%的独牛出现在6月10 日至7 月10 日。6 月21 ～ 30 日间独牛比例最高,占成年雄性个体的50. 67%。雄牛进出繁殖群的现象比较常见,独牛的比例与繁殖行为正相关。繁殖高峰期后,单独活动的雄牛数量迅速减少。雄牛的社会状态会随着繁殖期的不同阶段发生改变,独牛在不同繁殖群之间移动寻求更多的交配机会。我们的研究结果不支持以往认为独牛是繁殖争斗失败者的观点。