中国陆域地表人类活动与自然环境的空间关系研究

在人类活动主导人地矛盾的当代背景下,从空间关联角度测度人类活动与自然环境相互作用是推动区域可持续发展的基本前提。以2015年数据为基础,通过选取特征变量构建综合测度指标体系,利用小波多尺度分析、双变量局域空间自相关、人地系统耦合协调度模型等方法多层次刻画中国陆域地表人类活动与自然环境的空间相关关系、空间匹配关系、空间耦合关系。研究结果表明:①人类活动与自然地理基础的空间相关关系随着地域尺度增大而趋于增强,说明自然环境条件对人类活动格局的基础性作用;②人类活动与自然资源支撑的空间匹配关系呈现非均衡性特征,华北地区人类活动规模与自然资源支撑空间错位显著、区域可持续发展面临严峻挑战;③人类活动与自然环境承载的空间耦合协调度从东南向西北递减,调整人类活动的结构与方式是化解区域人地矛盾的理性选择。     

生境破坏的模式对集合种群动态和续存的影响

构建了空间关联的集合种群模型,该模型不但包含了种群的空间结构信息,而且引入了破坏生境的全局密度和局部密度两个指标,它们描述了破坏生境的模式.模型揭示了破坏生境的空间分布格局复杂地影响了集合种群的动态和续存,破坏和未破坏生境斑块的均匀混合不利于集合种群的增长和续存,而生境类型聚集分布可以促进集合种群的快速增长和长期续存;对于两种斑块类型相对均匀混合的生境来说,均匀场假设可能会高估集合种群的续存,对于相对斑块类型高度聚集的生境,均匀场假设可能会低估集合种群的续存;物种的迁移范围也会影响集合种群的续存,迁移范围越大的物种越容易抵御生境的破坏而免遭灭绝.这意味着在生物保护中不能仅仅考虑生境的恢复和斑块质量的改善,生境结构的构建也是很重要的,加强生境斑块之间的连通性也有利于物种的长期续存.     

Estimating and controlling for spatial structure in the study of ecological communities

Aim Variation partitioning based on canonical analysis is the most commonly used analysis to investigate community patterns according to environmental and spatial predictors. Ecologists use this method in order to understand the pure contribution of the environment independent of space, and vice versa, as well as to control for inflated type I error in assessing the environmental component under spatial autocorrelation. Our goal is to use numerical simulations to compare how different spatial predictors and model selection procedures perform in assessing the importance of the spatial component and in controlling for type I error while testing environmental predictors. Innovation We determine for the first time how the ability of commonly used (polynomial regressors) and novel methods based on eigenvector maps compare in the realm of spatial variation partitioning. We introduce a novel forward selection procedure to select spatial regressors for community analysis. Finally, we point out a number of issues that have not been previously considered about the joint explained variation between environment and space, which should be taken into account when reporting and testing the unique contributions of environment and space in patterning ecological communities. Main conclusions In tests of species‐environment relationships, spatial autocorrelation is known to inflate the level of type I error and make the tests of significance invalid. First, one must determine if the spatial component is significant using all spatial predictors (Moran's eigenvector maps). If it is, consider a model selection for the set of spatial predictors (an individual‐species forward selection procedure is to be preferred) and use the environmental and selected spatial predictors in a partial regression or partial canonical analysis scheme. This is an effective way of controlling for type I error in such tests. Polynomial regressors do not provide tests with a correct level of type I error.     

小兴安岭天然针阔混交林主要树种空间格局及其关联性

在小兴安岭天然针阔混交林1.1 hm~2的固定样地内,本文调查和统计了其物种组成和林分径级结构。运用空间点格局分析方法中的O-ring函数,对种群的空间分布格局及其关联性进行分析。结果表明:样地内共有乔木树种15种,重要值排在前四位的依次为红皮云杉(Picea koraiensis)、枫桦(Betula costata)、春榆(Ulmus davidiana)和色木槭(Acer mono),红皮云杉和枫桦属于样地内的优势种,重要值分别为15.81%和11.10%。林下更新状态良好,枫桦的径级结构有呈正态分布的趋势,其余三种均呈现倒"J"形。O-ring函数结果证实,四个主要树种的种群空间分布格局相似,均在0—5 m小尺度上呈聚集分布,随着尺度的增大,逐渐变为随机分布;红皮云杉与其他三个主要种群之间在较大尺度上均呈现显著正相关或无相关,在小尺度上仅与枫桦呈极显著正相关;色木槭在较小尺度上与其他三个种群呈弱负相关性,随着尺度的增大,逐渐变为无相关性。     

川滇高山栎种群不同海拔空间格局的尺度效应及个体间空间关联

川滇高山栎灌丛(Quercus aquifolioides)是我国西南高山典型的植被类型,研究其空间格局对于研究种群的生态学过程有重要意义。为了弄清川滇高山栎种群空间格局及其个体间空间关联对海拔,尺度和大小级等因素的响应情况,研究中应用点格局分析的方法,在巴郎山沿高山栎分布海拔范围设置4个海拔梯度,并根据体积大小将高山栎分为4个大小级等级,比较不同海拔、不同尺度、不同大小级间的高山栎种群空间格局及个体间空间关联。结果表明,川滇高山栎种群空间格局及其个体间关联与空间尺度、植株形体大小和海拔梯度密切相关:在小尺度上,种群趋向于聚集分布,个体间有较强的空间关联,随着空间尺度的增大,种群逐渐趋于随机分布,个体间空间关联减弱,区域无关联;个体间形体差异越小,个体间正关联就越强,个体间形体差异越大,正关联就越弱,负关联就越强;海拔因子对聚集分布的聚集规模和个体间关联的关联程度有较大影响。     

Great apes track hidden objects after changes in the objects' position and in subject's orientation

Eight chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), five bonobos (Pan paniscus), five gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), and seven orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) were presented with two invisible object displacement tasks. In full view of the subject, a food item was hidden under one of three opaque cups resting on a platform and, after an experimental manipulation, the subject was allowed to select one of the cups. In the rotation task, the platform was rotated 180° while the subject remained stationary. In the translocation task, the platform remained stationary while the subject walked to the opposite side from where she saw the reward being hidden. The final position of the food relative to the subject was equivalent in both tasks. Single displacement trials consisted of only one manipulation, either a rotation or a translocation, whereas double displacement trials consisted of both a rotation and a translocation. We also included no displacement trials in which no displacements took place. No displacement trials were easier than single displacements which, in turn, were easier than double displacements. Unlike earlier studies with children, there was no difference in performance between rotation and translocation displacements. Overall, apes performed above chance in all conditions, but chimpanzees outperformed the other species. This study reinforces the notion that the great apes use an allocentric spatial coding. Am. J. Primatol. 72:349–359, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

中国北方农牧交错带生态系统服务空间格局及影响因子——以内蒙古中西部地区为例

中国北方农牧交错带是我国重要的生态安全屏障之一,面临经济发展与脆弱生态环境保护间的突出矛盾。生态系统服务的定量研究是生态可持续管理的重要科学依据,也是当前的研究热点之一。以北方农牧交错带的核心区域--内蒙古中西部地区为例,结合中高分辨率遥感数据和生物物理模型准确量化了2000-2018年关键生态系统服务,基于Getis-Ord G^*方法分析了生态系统服务的空间格局,考虑地理数据的空间自相关性选取了空间回归模型探索其影响因子。结果表明：（1）净初级生产力（NPP,Net primary productivity）、土壤水蚀控制服务（SC,Soil conservation）、产水量（WY,Water yield）及三层土壤含水量（SM1,Soil moisture of top layer;SM2,Soil moisture of middle layer;SM3,Soil moisture of bottom layer）在东部较高,防风固沙服务（SF,Sand fixation）在南部和西部较高;（2）以上生态系统服务受气候变化、景观格局、地形和土壤条件等综合影响,不同影响因素对生态系统服务的作用存在差异。NPP受森林景观格局和归一化植被指数的影响最为显著;WY、SM1、SM2、SM3及SC受降水量的影响较为显著;风速和表层土壤砂粒含量对SF影响最为显著。研究结果可以为优化景观格局和土地系统,缓解中国北方农牧交错带的社会-生态矛盾提供科学依据和案例参考。     

黄土高原小流域土壤养分空间变异特征及预测

在黄土高原小流域尺度上,地形和土地利用是影响土壤属性变异的重要因素.在横山县朱家沟小流域采集111个表层土样,比较不同土地利用及景观位置土壤养分变异及分布特征,分析土壤养分与地形因素的关系并利用相关环境信息进行空间预测.结果表明,不同土地利用类型土壤养分存在显著性差异.有机质和全氮含量表现为坝地最高,灌木地最低,而全磷含量以梯田最高.在不同景观位置,沟平地有机质和全氮含量显著高于其他景观位置,而全磷差异不显著.土壤有机质与复合地形指数CTI、汇流动力SPI、沉积物运移指数STI显著负相关,全氮与沉积物运移指数STI显著负相关,而全磷只与坡度β显著负相关.多元线性逐步回归模型预测土壤有机质和全氮较好,而全磷预测结果较差;回归-克里格预测有效地减小了残差,与实测值较为接近,预测精度高于回归预测.     

Spatial autocorrelation and the selection of simultaneous autoregressive models

Aim Spatial autocorrelation is a frequent phenomenon in ecological data and can affect estimates of model coefficients and inference from statistical models. Here, we test the performance of three different simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) model types (spatial error = SAR_err, lagged = SAR_lag and mixed = SAR_mix) and common ordinary least squares (OLS) regression when accounting for spatial autocorrelation in species distribution data using four artificial data sets with known (but different) spatial autocorrelation structures. Methods We evaluate the performance of SAR models by examining spatial patterns in model residuals (with correlograms and residual maps), by comparing model parameter estimates with true values, and by assessing their type I error control with calibration curves. We calculate a total of 3240 SAR models and illustrate how the best models [in terms of minimum residual spatial autocorrelation (minRSA), maximum model fit (R²), or Akaike information criterion (AIC)] can be identified using model selection procedures. Results Our study shows that the performance of SAR models depends on model specification (i.e. model type, neighbourhood distance, coding styles of spatial weights matrices) and on the kind of spatial autocorrelation present. SAR model parameter estimates might not be more precise than those from OLS regressions in all cases. SAR_err models were the most reliable SAR models and performed well in all cases (independent of the kind of spatial autocorrelation induced and whether models were selected by minRSA, R² or AIC), whereas OLS, SAR_lag and SAR_mix models showed weak type I error control and/or unpredictable biases in parameter estimates. Main conclusions SAR_err models are recommended for use when dealing with spatially autocorrelated species distribution data. SAR_lag and SAR_mix might not always give better estimates of model coefficients than OLS, and can thus generate bias. Other spatial modelling techniques should be assessed comprehensively to test their predictive performance and accuracy for biogeographical and macroecological research.     

基于供需关系的生态系统服务空间流动研究进展

生态系统服务研究越来越强调服务与人类福利的关系。生态系统服务空间流动研究试图在生态系统服务供给与使用之间构建因果联系,探索服务供给时空动态与人类福利变化的关系。综述了20世纪90年代以来国内外生态系统服务研究的进展,梳理了生态系统服务空间流动研究发展的脉络及其出现的必要性,提出了未来生态系统服务空间流动发展的重要方向是分布式空间模拟,但这受到数据可获得性和专业知识的限制。未来可以通过利用已有地理资源数据库和派生数据库增加数据来源,组建由不同学科人员组成的研究团队来弥补专业知识不足造成的影响。通过生态系统服务空间流动研究,可以在生态系统服务供给和需求之间建立反馈关系,为制定科学合理的管理政策提供科学依据。     

空间和平衡理论在景观生态学中的发展和应用

传统生态学承认生态系统中平衡、稳定状态的存在 ,“自然平衡理论”是其集中体现。而近 30年来 ,非平衡理论的出现 ,使得人们对生态系统的认识发生了彻底的改变。非平衡理论认为 ,偶然事件 (如干扰等 )在生态过程中起着重要作用。随着认识的转变 ,对生态过程中的“空间”和空间异质性的理解也发生了变化 ,传统生态学总是试图回避空间动态和空间异质性问题 ,而着重强调时间格局的重要性。但在近 2 0年来 ,空间格局则得到了广泛重视。空间理论及空间格局的研究表明 ,空间异质性既可能增加生态系统和生态过程的稳定性 ,也可能降低其稳定性。分析两种变化趋势 ,指出了它们的相互关系 ,同时讨论了空间理论的发展及其在景观生态学中的应用 ,并阐述了生态平衡的含义。     

Rapid learning of shelter position in an intertidal fish, the shanny Lipophrys pholis L.

The homing ability of an intertidal fish, the shanny Lipophrys pholis , was investigated using two experiments that were based on the shanny's natural propensity to home to a refuge. A displacement experiment demonstrated that the fish were able to accurately locate the previous position of a refuge once the shelter itself had been removed so that it could not be used as a cue to directly signal the goal location. This shows that the shanny can encode information about its familiar surroundings into a spatial map and use this information to home. A second experiment in which the cues internal and external to the experimental tank were put in conflict with one another suggested that the shanny can encode cues that are both intra- and external-tank cues in its representation of space, but that there is individual variation in the type of cues that are used, or memorized.     

松嫩平原农牧交错区牲畜放牧场的空间转移

研究了松嫩平原农牧交错区牲畜放牧场空间转移动态、不同放牧场对当地畜牧业的贡献率。研究结果表明 :松嫩平原农牧交错区的牲畜放牧场月际变化很大 ,草地、防护林草地和农田在不同阶段是牲畜的主要放牧场 ;牲畜放牧场具有明显的空间转移现象 ,总体趋势为农田 (1～ 3月份 )→草地 (4～ 6月份 )→防护林草地 (7～ 10月份 )→农田 (11～ 12月份 ) ;3种放牧场在不同时期对畜牧业的贡献率变化也很大 ,其变化趋势与放牧场空间转移趋势基本一致 ;草地、防护林草地和农田对松嫩平原农牧交错区畜牧业均起着重要作用 ,贡献率大小分别为农田 (38.8% ) >防护林草地 (31.8% ) >草地 (2 9.4 % )。草地在当地畜牧业中的地位明显下降 ,农田和防护林草地对当地畜牧业的贡献已相当重要。因此 ,应加强松嫩平原农牧交错区防护林草地放牧和农田放牧研究 ,在保护防护林的基础上合理利用防护林草地和杨树叶资源 ,充分利用农田杂草和农田残茬 ,增加可获得性牧草资源 ,促进地区畜牧业发展。     

Food webs in space: On the interplay of dynamic instability and spatial processes

Ecologists increasingly recognize that a consideration of spatial dynamics is essential for resolving many classical problems in community ecology. In the present paper, I argue that understanding how trophic interactions influence population stability can have important implications for the expression of spatial processes. I use two examples to illustrate this point. The first example has to do with spatial determinants of food chain length. Prior theoretical and empirical work has suggested that colonization–extinction dynamics can influence food chain length, at least for specialist consumers. I briefly review evidence and prior theory that food chain length is sensitive to area. A metacommunity scenario, in which each of various patches can have a food chain varying in length (but in which a consumer is not present on a patch unless its required resource is also present), shows that alternative landscape states are possible. This possibility arises if top predators moderate unstable interactions between intermediate predators and basal resources. The second example has to do with the impact of recurrent immigration on the stability of persistent populations. Immigration can either stabilize or destabilize local population dynamics. Moreover, an increase in immigration can decrease average population size for unstable populations with direct density-dependence, or in predator–prey systems with saturating functional responses. These theoretical models suggest that the interplay of temporal variation and spatial fluxes can lead to novel qualitative phenomena.     

节瓜蓟马空间分布图式研究

对节瓜蓟马在节瓜上的空间分布状况进行了调查和分析,结果表明,该虫的空间分布型前期符合奈曼分布,后期符合负二项分布;其空间图式是聚集的,分布的基本成分是个体群;在节瓜不同叶位上分布差异显著。明显向心叶聚集,在瓜栅向光面与背光面虫口比例方面,均以向光面较多。     

Environmental and topographic drivers of amphibian phylogenetic diversity and endemism in the Iberian Peninsula

Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes driving biodiversity patterns and allowing their persistence is of utmost importance. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain spatial diversity patterns, including water-energy availability, habitat heterogeneity, and historical climatic refugia. The main goal of this study is to identify if general spatial drivers of species diversity patterns of phylogenetic diversity (PD) and phylogenetic endemism (PE) at the global scale are also predictive of PD and PE at regional scales, using Iberian amphibians as a case study. Our main hypothesis assumes that topography along with contemporary and historical climate are drivers of phylogenetic diversity and endemism, but that the strength of these predictors may be weaker at the regional scale than it tends to be at the global scale. We mapped spatial patterns of Iberian amphibians' phylogenetic diversity and endemism, using previously published phylogenetic and distribution data. Furthermore, we compiled spatial data on topographic and climatic variables related to the water-energy availability, topography, and historical climatic instability hypotheses. To test our hypotheses, we used Spatial Autoregressive Models and selected the best model to explain diversity patterns based on Akaike Information Criterion. Our results show that, out of the variables tested in our study, water-energy availability and historical climate instability are the most important drivers of amphibian diversity in Iberia. However, as predicted, the strength of these predictors in our case study is weaker than it tends to be at global scales. Thus, additional drivers should also be investigated and we suggest caution when interpreting these predictors as surrogates for different components of diversity.     

Local dispersal can facilitate coexistence in the presence of permanent spatial heterogeneity

Abstract In the presence of permanent spatial heterogeneity, local dispersal, especially short‐range dispersal, can facilitate coexistence by concentrating low‐density species in the areas where their rates of increase are higher. We present a framework for predicting the effects of local dispersal on coexistence for arbitrary forms of dispersal and arbitrary spatial patterns of environmental variation. Using the lottery model as an example, we find that local dispersal contributes to coexistence by enhancing the effects of environmental variation on scales longer than typical dispersal distances, which can be characterized solely by the variance of the dispersal kernel. Higher moments of the dispersal kernel are not important.     

集合生态系统研究15年回顾与展望

集合生态系统(meta-ecosystem)由法国的Loreau教授等于2003年提出,是指"由跨生态系统边界的物质流、能量流和生物体流所连接起来的一系列生态系统的集合",是对只关注生物体(organism)迁移交换的集合种群(meta-population)和集合群落(meta-community)概念的外推,也是为了给生态系统空间异质性研究提供一个重要的分析路径,对研究和理解生态系统的结构、过程、功能和异质性具有重要意义。通过对相关文献的梳理分析,简述了集合生态系统研究的基本状况,分析了对集合生态系统概念的狭义和广义两种理解,指出了探讨集合生态系统结构的两个方向,构建了分析集合生态系统研究的六维整体框架,综述了研究集合生态系统的两类方法,探讨了经验化的集合生态系统(empirical meta-ecosystem)的3种空间结构和两种构建路径。将集合生态系统概念和理论引入流域复合生态系统(integrated watershed ecosystem)的分析,为流域生态学研究提供新的概念框架。