Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after its regional endolymphatic and lymphotropic administration to dogs

It was shown that intralymphatic+ inguinal administration of gentamicin provided its high concentrations in central lymph, blood and ++para-aortic lymph nodes and increased the antibiotic levels in the abdominal organs 2.33 to 6.66 times as compared with its intramuscular administration while lymphotropic retroperitoneal administration of gentamicin provided more prolonged maintenance of the antibiotic therapeutic concentrations in lymph of the thoracic lymphatic duct, central blood, ++para-aortic lymph nodes and the abdominal organs in comparison to its intramuscular administration. Intralymphatic+ inguinal administration of drugs providing the highest concentrations in all the organs of the abdominal cavity and the ways of the infection penetration is useful in therapy of severe inflammatory diseases of the abdominal organs inclined to generalization and lymphotropic retroperitoneal administration of drugs is useful in therapy of less severe purulent inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity.     

Examinations of cell mediated immunity in diffuse peritonitis]

Phagocytic index and rosette test E have been determined in 50 patients, including 15 with diffuse peritonitis and the noncomplicated diffuse peritonitis, 20 patients with septic complications, and 15 patients who underwent abdominal surgery. It was found, that phagocytic index is decreased in all patients after abdominal surgery. The most marked decrease of this index was found in patients with complicated peritonitis. It still decreases in the course of peritonitis and increases in the reference group. The marked decrease in the number of T-cells was observed in complicated peritonitis during the whole period of follow-up while it normalizes in case of noncomplicated peritonitis as in the reference group. Using the tests under study it was possible to assess cell-mediated immunity which is depressed in peritonitis. The tests enable also the prediction of septic complications of peritonitis.     

Polyantibiotic therapy in the complex treatment of patients with acute diffuse peritonitis

On the basis of the analysis of 217 records of acute diffuse peritonitis peculiarities of the postoperative process of that complication in persons treated with 2 antibiotics (161) and 4 antibacterial drugs (56) were discussed. 4 risk levels were defined with an account of the inflammation process severity. The use of poly-antibiotic therapy was validated. The technique of its application is described in detail. The technique allowed to lower the frequency of postoperative complications and lethality 5-fold.     

Effect of a modified terrilytin on ampicillin pharmacokinetics in experimental peritonitis

The effect of modified terrilytin, a new enzyme of the microbial origin on the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in experimental peritonitis was studied on 16 pubertal rabbits. Peritonitis was caused by laparotomy and administration of a 15 per cent fecal suspension into the abdominal cavity. The drugs were injected intramuscularly: the enzyme in a dose of 5 PU/kg and the antibiotic in a dose of 10 mg/kg. The ampicillin levels in the blood and peritoneal exudate were determined with the agar-diffusion method. The specimens were collected 30 minutes, 1, 1.5 and 2 hours after administration of the drugs. The animals were divided into 2 groups: control (not treated with the enzyme) and experimental. An increase in the antibiotic levels in the blood and peritoneal exudate by 50--54 per cent was observed. The maximum increase was recorded 30 minutes after simultaneous administration of the drugs.     

First case of canine peritoneal larval cestodosis caused by Mesocestoides lineatus in Germany

A 13-year-old Dalmatian dog was presented with a history of abdominal enlargement and reduced appetite for several months. Acute clinical signs were anorexia, vomiting and diarrhoea. During exploratory laparotomy, acute intestinal perforation due to a foreign body and peritonitis was diagnosed. In addition, the abdominal cavity was filled with multiple small (0.5 cm), white, cyst-like structures. Histopathology revealed typical cestode structures of the cyst walls but no protoscolices were found. PCR was performed with cestode specific primers of the mitochondrial 12S rDNA. The sequence showed a 99.75% identity with a Mesocestoides lineatus isolate published in the NCBI GenBank®. This is the first case of canine peritoneal larval cestodosis (CPLC) in Germany and the first evidence of M. lineatus as causal agent for CPLC.     

小鼠腹膜炎模型下血小板的生物学特征及其转录组变化

作为血液中最小的无核血细胞,血小板除具有经典的止凝血功能外,在调节固有免疫和适应性免疫方面也发挥着重要作用。但是,对于血小板参与免疫调节的分子机制,目前研究相对较少。通过给小鼠腹腔注射热灭活的大肠杆菌构建了急性炎症模型,并借助血常规、流式细胞术等实验方法检测了炎症条件下腹腔免疫细胞以及外周血细胞的动态变化。研究发现,在感染早期小鼠外周血中性粒细胞能快速迁移至腹腔参与炎症反应,同时,血小板的数目和大小在感染早期也会发生显著变化。进一步的RNA-Seq分析发现,小鼠血小板的转录组在感染后发生显著改变,其中,免疫反应相关基因显著上调,血小板表面黏附分子的表达也显著增强。研究结果揭示了急性炎症条件下血小板转录组的变化,为了解血小板免疫功能的潜在分子机制提供了新的角度。     

Histiocytic sarcoma of the scrotum in a rat

A 225-day-old male fourth generation rat from a developing recombinant inbred line (Lewis x Brown Norway) had a bilaterally symmetrical enlargement of the scrotum. Palpation indicated the presence of a firm lobulated mass extending from the tip of the scrotum to the abdominal wall. Bilateral nodular masses totally occupied the scrotal sacs, surrounded the testicles, and extended along the spermatic cords into the abdominal cavity. Tumor nodules also were present in the intestinal mesentery, omentum, mesenteric lymph nodes, pancreas, and lung. Histologically, the neoplasm presented a spectrum of characteristics varying from that of a granuloma with giant cells to a diffuse proliferation of spindle-shaped mononuclear cells.     

Morphofunctional changes in the lymph nodes and microcirculatory bed of small-intestinal mesentery of dogs in septic peritonitis after endolymphatic administration of ampicillin

With the aim to study effectiveness+ of endolymphatic (EL) administration of ampicillin (AC), using the model of an acute diffuse septic peritonitis in dogs, the morphological and morphometrical investigation has been performed concerning the state of the lymph nodes (LN), which are regional as regards the pathological focus (pelvic) and remote (tracheobronchial, mesenteric) and hemomicrocirculatory bed (HMCB) of the small intestine mesentery. All LN groups studied are involved in the pathological process, that produces certain increasing disturbances in the structure and cell composition in LN. In 6 h the changes are especially manifested in the pelvic LN, and in 18 h--in the animals without application of AC, or at its intramuscular injection LN lose their typical structure. Their dimensions and number of lymphoid nodules++ and medullary cords decrease, a sharp impoverishment of lymphocytes in LN is observed. By this time critical disturbances in the HMCB structure develop; they are characterized as presence of great amount of avascular areas in the mesentery, extended capillary loops, plasmatic saturation of interstitium. When AC is injected endolymphatically, simultaneously with peritonitis modelling T- and B-dependent zones in LN are preserved, a high volumetric part of lymphocytes is kept in all groups of LN, structure and function of HMCB are normalized. The pronounced delay in development and decreasing manifestation of infective-toxic disorder in LN and HMCB depend on effective concentrations of the antibiotic, produces in the lymphatic system.     

Multiple roles for IL-12 in a model of acute septic peritonitis

The present study addressed the role of IL-12 in a murine model of septic peritonitis, induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Although CLP surgery induced IL-12 production at 6 and 24 h after surgery, IL-12 immunoneutralization was clearly deleterious in this model: 54% of CLP mice receiving preimmune serum survived, whereas mice administered IL-12 antisera prior to CLP experienced a 25% survival rate. IL-12 immunoneutralization not only led to increased mortality, but also appeared to promote a shift away from IL-12 and IFN-gamma, in favor of IL-10. This cytokine shift corresponded to changes in bacterial load, as CLP mice receiving IL-12 antiserum yielded more CFUs from the peritoneal cavity at 24 h after CLP. To address the role of bacterial infection in IL-12 antiserum-induced mortality following CLP, antibiotics were administered for 4 days after surgery. Despite regular antibiotic administration, IL-12 immunoneutralization still reduced survival in CLP mice. Furthermore, histology of the ceca revealed that mice administered IL-12 antisera failed to show typical organization of the damaged cecum wall. Accordingly, Gram staining revealed bacteria within peritoneal fluids from these mice, while peritoneal fluids from CLP mice that received preimmune serum and antibiotics were free of bacteria. Altogether, these data suggested multiple important roles for IL-12 in the evolution of murine septic peritonitis.     

The role of the leukocytes in increasing the vascular permeability in an infectious inflammation focus]

The model of acute infectious peritonitis in rats with vinblastine-induced leukopenia has been used to show that the leukocyte depletion significantly influences the vascular permeability of abdominal cavity during the whole period of exudation. It inhibits the vascular permeability rise both in the immediate phase and in the initial period of delayed phase (5 h). 12 hours-5 days after the inflammatory agent action the vascular permeability under conditions of primary leukopenia appears to be more than in the natural course of inflammation, that coincides with excess of the leukocyte number usual for the inflammatory focus and with its significant increase in blood. The results indicate the essential role of leukocytes both during the immediate and delayed phases of increase in the vascular permeability of inflammatory infectious focus.     

Water permeability is a measure of severity in acute appendicitis

Acute appendicitis is the most common indication for pediatric abdominal emergency surgery. Determination of the severity of appendicitis on clinical grounds is challenging. Complicated appendicitis presenting with perforation, abscess or diffuse peritonitis is not uncommon. The question remains why and when acute appendicitis progresses to perforation. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of water permeability on the severity of appendicitis. We show that AQP1 expression and water permeability in appendicitis correlate with the stage of inflammation and systemic infection parameters, leading eventually to perforation of the appendix. AQP1 is also expressed within the ganglia of the enteric nervous system and ganglia count increases with inflammation. Severity of appendicitis can be correlated with water permeability measured by AQP1 protein expression and increase of ganglia count in a progressive manner. This introduces the question if regulation of water permeability can present novel curative or ameliorating therapeutic options.     

Removal of abdominal sources of caudal mediastinal node lymph in anesthetized sheep

We investigated the conditions for and the quantity of abdominal contributions to caudal mediastinal node (CMN) efferent lymph in 15 anesthetized sheep with open thorax and lung lymph fistulas. Contractions of the diaphragm by phrenic nerve stimulation increased lymph flow by 29%. Adding large volumes (10 ml/kg) of 5% albumin solution to the peritoneal cavity increased lymph flow by 19 and 28% during diaphragm contraction. Tracer albumin specific activity in lymph indicated that about half the lymph flow increment came from the peritoneal liquid. Raising hepatic vein pressure 19 cmH2O increased CMN lymph flow 178%. Lymph protein concentration also increased markedly, from 0.72 to 0.91 of the plasma concentration. We devised a simple procedure to cauterize across the pleural surface of the diaphragm to destroy the aberrant lymphatics. This procedure markedly diminished both abdominal cavity and portal system contributions.     

Endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator is protective during Escherichia coli-induced abdominal sepsis in mice

Sepsis is associated with enhanced production of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). We investigated the function of endogenous tPA in the immune responses to Escherichia coli-induced abdominal sepsis using tPA gene-deficient (tPA(-/-)) and normal wild-type (WT) mice. tPA(-/-) mice demonstrated an impaired defense against E. coli peritonitis as indicated by higher bacterial loads at the primary site of the infection, enhanced dissemination, and reduced survival. The protective function of tPA was independent of plasmin since plasminogen gene-deficient (Plg(-/-)) mice were indistinguishable from WT mice. Relative to WT mice, tPA(-/-) mice demonstrated similar neutrophil counts in the peritoneal cavity despite much higher bacterial loads and higher local concentrations of neutrophil attracting chemokines, suggesting a reduced migratory response. In line, tPA(-/-) mice demonstrated a reduced thioglycolate-induced neutrophil influx into the peritoneal cavity and i.p. injection of WT mice with a replication-defective adenoviral vector expressing tPA caused an enhanced cell migration to the peritoneal cavity during E. coli peritonitis. These findings identify a novel protective function of tPA in abdominal sepsis caused by E. coli that seems independent of its role in the generation of plasmin.     

Endometriosis with bacterial peritonitis in a baboon

An adult female Papio hamadryas being used in reproductive studies was found moribund unexpectedly. Palpation revealed acute abdominal pain and a pelvic mass. A tentative diagnosis of endometriosis and shock was made. Necropsy and histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of endometriosis and identified an associated bacterial peritonitis.     

Cecum location in rats and the implications for intraperitoneal injections

Intraperitoneal injection is a common route for parenteral administration of drugs in rodents. A serious consequence associated with this technique, however, is the puncture of vital organs such as the cecum, which causes pain and occasionally peritonitis. Reports have described the cecum as located on either side of the lower abdominal cavity, contributing to the idea that intraperitoneal injections can be performed in either side. The authors investigated the location of the cecum in adult male and female albino and pigmented rat strains, and evaluated the consequences of intraperitoneal injections in the right and left portion of the lower abdomen. Of the rats they investigated, 71.8% had ceca on the left side of the abdomen. The authors also found that injections on the left side were more likely to result in punctured ceca.     

冰醋酸致小鼠实验性腹膜炎模型的研究

目的研究建立小鼠实验性腹膜炎模型,探讨建立一种简便、易行、效果稳定、便于获取实验数据的实验方法。方法小鼠腹腔分别注射2%冰醋酸生理盐水溶液0.1 ml(高浓度组)、1%冰醋酸生理盐水溶液0.2 ml(低浓度组),观察小鼠一般情况及腹腔解剖情况,进行血细菌培养;肝、回肠组织病理学观察;比色法测定肝、回肠LDH活性和MDA含量。结果注射不同浓度和剂量的冰醋酸,均表现出腹膜炎临床征象,高浓度组的小鼠模型病程快、死亡率高,血细菌培养有大量G-杆菌;低浓度组的小鼠模型,经21 d可自愈,无死亡。组织病理学观察,肝和回肠有病理改变。结论高浓度组的小鼠腹膜炎模型可作为急性腹膜炎的实验研究模型,低浓度组的小鼠腹膜炎模型,可作为研究实验性腹膜炎自愈过程机体抗损伤机制的实验模型。     

Various methods of using lincomycin for treating acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]

Comparative data on the treatment of 209 children with acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis are presented; 128 patients hospitalized before 1974 were treated with antibiotics, mainly penicillin and streptomycin without sensitivity testing. From 1974 81 children were treated with lincomycin; 80 per cent of the isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic. In lincomycin therapy the method of electrophoresis on the disease focus, intrabone administration of the drug and administration of the drug into the bone cavity together with the blood clot during surgical interventions in cases with chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis were used. A marked decrease in the rate of the chronic forms of the disease was registered (from 77.2 to 8.8 per cent).     

小鼠腹腔内腺病毒介导的基因表达和分布

本文报道了重组腺病毒－带有报道基因ｌａｃＺ的Ａｄ／ＲＳＶ－β－ｇａｌ注入小鼠腹腔后,在胃、小肠、大肠、等均出现被Ｘ－ｇａｌ染色蓝色的细胞,腹膜下面未见染色细胞。结果表明重组腺病毒可广泛感染腹腔内的组织并使外源基因表达,但不扩散出体腔。     

Antibiotic efficacy in intraabdominal sepsis: a clinically relevant model

We present preliminary data on the role of antibiotics in intraabdominal sepsis using a new, clinically relevant animal model. Peritoneal cavity infection was induced by ligation and perforation of the cecum in adult rats. Surviving rats were randomized to receive either saline or cefoxitin at the time of cecal excision and peritoneal lavage, 18 h after the onset of infection. This is different from previous models of abdominal sepsis (in which antibiotics are given within 4 h of peritoneal contamination) and mimics the clinical setting in which antibiotics are initiated much later, at the time of operation. Antibiotic-treated rats received 20 mg cefoxitin i.m. every 8 h for 7 days; controls received saline at similar times. Thirty-nine of 67 control rats died (58%) versus 20 of 64 (31%) that received cefoxitin (p less than 0.005). We conclude that even with delayed administration, antibiotics appear to improve the outcome of intraabdominal sepsis. With further characterization of this model we plan to use it as an in vivo assay to compare the efficacy of different antimicrobial agents in intraabdominal sepsis.     

Diffuse peritonitis and chronic ascites due to infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in patients without liver disease: new presentation of the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome.

Two women were admitted for increasing abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and severe or moderate chronic ascites. Diffuse peritonitis without evidence of liver disease was found in both cases, and in one the ascites and vaginal discharge contained Chlamydia trachomatis. Both patients responded to doxycycline, and this and the laboratory findings pointed strongly to C trachomatis as the aetiological agent. C trachomatis may cause severe peritoneal infections with chronic ascites formation in the absence of liver disease in women with the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. Prompt diagnosis and antibiotics lead to rapid cure.