癫痫模型大鼠海马原癌基因c-fos mRNA和蛋白质表达时程的研究

为了探讨癫痫发病机理与原癌基因的关系,将马桑内酯注入侧脑室,于大鼠癫痫发作后不同时间点取材海马,用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹分析技术对海马ｃ－ｆｏｓｍＲＮＡ和Ｆｏｓ蛋白表达的动力学进行了定量研究,激光扫描仪定量分析表明：（１）ｃ－ｆｏｓｍＲＮＡ在０．５ｈ表达最高,依次渐减,至４ｈ几无表达;（２）Ｆｏｓ蛋白在１ｈ开始表达,２ｈ最多,以后渐少。以上结果表明：ｃ－ｆｏｓｍＲＮＡ和Ｆｏｓ蛋白的表达随癫痫的发生发展出现规律性变化,ｃ－ｆｏｓｍＲＮＡ是快速,一过性表达,Ｆｏｓ蛋白的表达滞后且延长。提示：ｃ－ｆｏｓ在癫痫发病的基因机制中发挥作用,本文对此进行了讨论。本实验为深入研究癫痫发病的分子机制奠定了基础。     

缺氧诱导体外培养大鼠海马神经元c-fos的表达及人重组白细胞介素-1β的影响

采用免疫组化方法,观察缺氧诱导体外培养大鼠海马神经元ｃ－ｆｏｓ的表达及人重组白细胞介素－１β（ｒｈＩＬ－１β）的影响。结果显示,缺氧后海马神经元中Ｆｏｓ染色阳性胞核的百分率随缺氧时间的延长而显著增加。图像分析的结果显示,缺氧后Ｆｏｓ染色阳性胞核的平均光密度亦随缺氧时间的延长而显著增加。经ｒｈＩＬ－１β孵育的神经元缺氧后Ｆｏｓ染色阳性胞核的百分率和Ｆｏｓ染色阳性胞核的平均光密度均明显低于对照组。本结果表明,缺氧能诱导体外培养海马神经元ｃ－ｆｏｓ表达,ｒｈＩＬ－１β能抑制缺氧神经元ｃ－ｆｏｓ表达。提示ｒｈＩＬ－１β对海马神经元缺氧损伤具有一定调控作用。     

四氯化碳损伤成年大鼠肝细胞后原癌基因（c—fos／c—jun）表…

用四氯化碳（ＣＣｌ４）损伤正常大鼠后,采用Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹法和免疫组化法观察肝细胞原癌基因（ｃ－ｆｏｓ／ｃ－ｊｕｎ）的表达。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹法表明,当成年大鼠的静息期肝细胞受到ＣＣｌ４损伤性刺激后,ｃ－ｆｏｓ／ｃ－ｊｕｎ产物（Ｆｏｓ和Ｊｕｎ）水平升高,在ＣＣｌ４处理后３０ｍｉｎ开始升高,在４ｈ时消失。８ｈ后Ｆｏｓ／Ｊｕｎ再度出现,并持续２４ｈ以上。ＩＣＣ法表明,Ｊｕｎ阳性细胞为靠近肝中央静脉区     

大鼠液压冲击脑损伤脑干c-fos mRNA表达的定位观察

目的：研究大鼠中度侧位液压冲击脑损伤时脑干ｃ－ｆｏｓ ｍＲＮＡ及其表达产物Ｆｏｓ变化规律。方法：雄性ＳＤ大鼠,随机分为正常对照组、手术对照组和损伤组。损伤组动物均给以０．２ＭＰａ液压冲击脑损伤,按冲击后处死时间不同再分为５ｍｉｎ、１５ｍｉｎ、３０ｍｉｎ、１ｈ、２ｈ、４ｈ、８ｈ和１２ｈ组。应用免疫组织化学和原位杂交方法观察ｃ－ｆｏｓ在脑干的表达。结果：脑冲击后１５ｍｉｎ－１２ｈ,Ｆｏｓ阳性细胞数逐渐     

四氯化碳损伤成年大鼠肝细胞后原癌基因（c－fos／c－jun）表达的观察

用四氯化碳（ＣＣｌ４）损伤正常大鼠后,采用Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹法和免疫组化法观察肝细胞原癌基因（ｃ－ｆｏｓ／ｃ－ｊｕｎ）的表达。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹法表明,当成年大鼠的静息期肝细胞受到ＣＣｌ４损伤性刺激后,ｃ－ｆｏｓ／ｃ－ｊｕｎ产物（Ｆｏｓ和Ｊｕｎ）水平升高,在ＣＣｌ４处理后３０ｍｉｎ开始升高,在４ｈ时消失。８ｈ后Ｆｏｓ／Ｊｕｎ再度出现,并持续２４ｈ以上。ＩＣＣ法表明,Ｊｕｎ阳性细胞为靠近肝中央静脉区的肝实质细胞。根据上述资料推测,肝受ＣＣｌ４损伤后肝细胞的原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ／ｃ－ｊｕｎ出现即时的与滞后的两次表达,这与肝细胞进入细胞周期有关,这种基因表达也许可作为肝再生过程中识别特殊体液因子的标志。     

大鼠脑室注射高渗氯化钠和蔗糖诱导饮水行为和脑内c—fos的表达

用ＳＤ种系清醒大鼠,观察脑室注射高渗物质引起的饮水及ｃ－ｆｏｓ在脑内的表达部位。实验结果表明,脑室内微量注射１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＣｌ或３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖均可诱导饮水反应,并在前脑的终板血管器官、正中视前核和下丘脑视上核与室旁核中见到Ｆｏｓ样免疫反应阳性细胞,同样在后脑的最后区、臂旁外侧核与孤束核中也能见到Ｆｏｓ样免疫反应阳性细胞,同样在后脑的最后区、臂旁外侧核与孤束核中也能见到Ｆｏｓ     

辣椒素引起脑干内心血管活动相关核团中c-fos的表达

在１６只切断两侧缓冲神经的大鼠,观察颈总动脉注射辣椒素对脑干内心血管活动相关核团ｃ－ｆｏｓ原癌基因表达的影响。在剂对照组大鼠脑干,仅见少数Ｆｏｓ蛋白样免疫反应（ＦＬＩ）神经元。与对照组相比,颈总动脉注射辣椒素（１０μｍｏｌ,０．１ｍｌ）时,脑干内巨细胞旁外侧核（ＰＧＬ）、蓝斑（ＬＣ）、最后区（ＡＰ）和孤束核（ＮＴＳ）等部位的ＦＬＩ神经元显著增加,而中脑中央灰质（ＰＡＧ）和中缝核群（ＲＮ）的ＦＬＩ神     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对大鼠肾小球系膜细胞原癌基因c-fos和c-myc表达的影响

在建立大鼠肾小球系膜细胞（ＭＣ）体外培养方法的基础上,通过３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ参入实验,ＲＮＡ印迹分析和斑点杂交观察ｂＦＧＦ对ＭＣＤＮＡ合成及原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ表达的影响．结果表明,ｂＦＧＦ作用于ＭＣ１８ｈ,ＭＣ的３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ参入率明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）,２４ｈ达到高峰（Ｐ＜０．０１）;ｂＦＧＦ显著诱导原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ表达,其表达活性分别于３０ｍｉｎ和１ｈ达到高峰．提示ｂＦＧＦ是ＭＣ的强效丝裂原,其对ＭＣＤＮＡ合成的促进作用与诱导原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ表达有关．     

一次给予红藻氨酸对大鼠脑内细胞信息传递通路及癫痫敏感性的作用

本实验给大鼠皮下注射红藻氨酸（ＫＡ,１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）诱发癫痫活动,７２ｄ后进行深部前梨状皮层（ｄｅｅｐ ｐｒｅｐｙｒｉｆｏｒｍ ｃｏｒｔｅｘ,ＤＰＣ）电点燃刺激（ｋｉｎｄｌｉｎｇ）,该组动物点燃形成加速,或再给予同样剂量ＫＡ,其再次诱发的癫痫活动明显加重。ｃ－Ｆｏｓ免疫反应活性（ｃ－Ｆｏｓ－ｉｒ）作为神经元兴奋的标志,标绘再次诱发癫痫活动时大鼠脑内细胞信息传递通路,并与对照组,即７２ｄ前给予生理盐     

神经激肽-1(NK-1)受体介导福尔马林诱发的大鼠脊髓c-fos表达

本文用Ｆｏｓ作为背角伤害性反应神经元活动的一个标志物,结合免疫细胞化学和神经药理学方法,观察了速激肽受体拮抗剂对福尔马林诱发的脊髓ｃ－ｆｏｓ原癌基因表达的影响。一侧大鼠后肢跖部皮下注射福尔马林,仅在同侧脊髓背角有ｃ－ｆｏｓ表达。Ｆｏｓ阳性神经元最密集分布于Ｉ层和Ⅱ层背侧的内侧部,中等量分布于Ⅳ层和Ｖ型,少量定位于Ⅱ层腹侧部、Ⅲ、Ⅵ和Ⅹ层。若预先在一侧大鼠后肢跖部皮下注射福尔马林前,鞘内给予神经激肽     

Structure-Related Oxidative Damage in Rat Brain After Acute and Chronic Electroshock

The role of oxidative stress in electroconvulsive therapy-related effects is not well studied. The purpose of this study was to determine oxidative stress parameters in several brain structures after a single electroconvulsive seizure or multiple electroconvulsive seizures. Rats were given either a single electroconvulsive shock or a series of eight electroconvulsive shocks. Brain regions were isolated, and levels of oxidative stress in the brain tissue (cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum) were measured. We demonstrated a decrease in lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and striatum several times after a single electroconvulsive shock or multiple electroconvulsive shocks. In contrast, lipid peroxidation increases both after a single electroconvulsive shock or multiple electroconvulsive shocks in cortex. In conclusion, we demonstrate an increase in oxidative damage in cortex, in contrast to a reduction of oxidative damage in hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum.     

Rat Hippocampal Lactate Efflux During Electroconvulsive Shock or Stress Is Differently Dependent on Entorhinal Cortex and Adrenal Integrity

The role of the entorhinal cortex and the adrenal gland in rat hippocampal lactate formation was assessed during and after a short-lasting immobilization stress and electroconvulsive shock (ECS). Extracellular lactate was measured on-line using microdialysis and enzyme reactions (a technique named lactography); in some rats, unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex were made or the bilateral adrenal glands were removed. The stress-evoked increase in hippocampus lactate was not altered either ipsi- or contralateral to an entorhinal cortex lesion. The response to ECS was attenuated only in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the entorhinal cortex lesion. Removal of bilateral adrenal glands caused some delay in the increase in hippocampal lactate after ECS and a major reduction in the stress-evoked lactate response. These results indicate that (1) the entorhinal cortex is activated by ECS, thereby activating hippocampal lactate efflux and presumably metabolism, and (2) the adrenal gland is essential in the response to stress and, to a minor extent, in the ECS-altered hippocampal metabolism.     

Medial temporal lobe projections to the retrosplenial cortex of the macaque monkey

The projections to the retrosplenial cortex (areas 29 and 30) from the hippocampal formation, the entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and amygdala were examined in two species of macaque monkey by tracking the anterograde transport of amino acids. Hippocampal projections arose from the subiculum and presubiculum to terminate principally in area 29. Label was found in layer I and layer III(IV), the former seemingly reflecting both fibers of passage and termination. While the rostral subiculum mainly projects to the ventral retrosplenial cortex, mid and caudal levels of the subiculum have denser projections to both the caudal and dorsal retrosplenial cortex. Appreciable projections to dorsal area 30 [layer III(IV)] were only seen following an extensive injection involving both the caudal subiculum and presubiculum. This same case provided the only example of a light projection from the hippocampal formation to posterior cingulate area 23 (layer III). Anterograde label from the entorhinal cortex injections was typically concentrated in layer I of 29a-c, though the very caudal entorhinal cortex appeared to provide more widespread retrosplenial projections. In this study, neither the amygdala nor the perirhinal cortex were found to have appreciable projections to the retrosplenial cortex, although injections in either medial temporal region revealed efferent fibers that pass very close or even within this cortical area. Finally, light projections to area 30V, which is adjacent to the calcarine sulcus, were seen in those cases with rostral subiculum and entorhinal injections. The results reveal a particular affinity between the hippocampal formation and the retrosplenial cortex, and so distinguish areas 29 and 30 from area 23 within the posterior cingulate region. The findings also suggest further functional differences within retrosplenial subregions as area 29 received the large majority of efferents from the subiculum. ? 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The effect of acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock on [3H]phorbol-dibutyrate binding to rat brain membranes

The present study investigated the effect of single and repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on proteinkinase C in rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus and striatum using [3H]Phorbol-12, 13-butyrate binding. In the postictal period and 24 hr after a single ECS there was no alteration in any brain region. Twenty four hr after 10 once-daily ECS there was a significant decrease the number of binding sites in cerebral cortex (30%) and in cerebellum (20%) without a change in the affinity constant. These findings are discussed with regard to earlier reports on phosphoinositide turnover following chemically and electrically induced seizures.     

Electroconvulsive shock and brain muscarinic receptors: relationship to anterograde amnesia

Rats were administered one electroconvulsive shock daily for 7 days (ECS X 7) and were killed 24 hours after the last treatment. Muscarinic cholinergic receptor number, as determined by [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate [( 3H]QNB) binding, was significantly reduced in the cerebral cortex. A parallel group of rats was trained on a passive avoidance task 24 hours following the last ECS and tested for retention of the original avoidance response 24 hours later; these animals exhibited a profound amnesia. Animals tested 1 hour following training were not amnestic, indicating that learning was unimpaired. Animals trained 7 days following ECS X 7 were not amnestic and [3H] QNB binding changes were not demonstrable at this time. A single ECS which does not significantly affect cortical [3H] QNB binding, did not induce amnesia in rats trained 24 hours after the treatment and tested 24 hours later. The parallel, cumulative nature of ECS-induced muscarinic receptor down-regulation and ECS-induced anterograde amnesia suggests a possible causative relationship.     

CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES IN MURINE BRAIN: EFFECT OF HYPOTHERMIA ON ADENOSINE 3'',5'' MONOPHOSPHATE, GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE, GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE AND METABOLITES FOLLOWING MAXIMAL ELECTROSHOCK OR DECAPITATION

Abstract —The accumulation of adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) has been investigated in murine brain following electroconvulsive shock and decapitation. Animals were made hypothermic (20°C) to minimize the freezing time of the brain and to delay metabolic events. Cyclic AMP concentrations were decreased in the cerebral cortex of hypothermic rats and mice. Furthermore, the changes in cyclic AMP elicited by electroconvulsive shock and decapitation were delayed. In hypothermic animals, the metabolic rate as determined by high energy phosphate use was decreased to 65% of control values. The interconversions of the active and inactive forms of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase were sufficiently retarded in hypothermic animals to correlate with changes in cyclic AMP concentrations. The conversion of phosphorylase b to a and synthase a to b occurred when cyclic AMP concentrations had increased from 2 to 5 μmol/kg, following either electroconvulsive shock or decapitation. The results indicate that cyclic AMP plays a role in regulation of glycogen metabolism in cerebral cortex.     

Effect of Electroconvulsive Shock on Polysomes of Rabbit Brain, Liver, and Kidney

Abstract: Following electroshock treatment of the rabbit, polysomes have been found to disaggregate in the liver and kidney to an extent comparable with disaggregation in the cerebral cortex. After a single electroconvulsive shock, the process of polysomal disaggregation in the former two organs reaches maximum values at 10 and 60 min, but returns to control values at intermediate times. In the cerebral cortex the shift to control values observed at 20 min is not statistically significant     

Studies on [3H]Diazepam and [3H]Ethyl-β-Carboline Carboxylate Binding to Rat Brain In Vivo. II. Effects of Electroconvulsive Shock

In vivo specific binding of [3H]diazepam was not altered by a single electroconvulsive shock given 5, 30, or 60 min, or 24 h previously, nor 24 h after the last of 10 daily shocks. Similarly, in vivo [3H]ethyl-beta-carboline carboxylate binding was not changed in the brains of animals that had been given a single electroconvulsive shock 30 min previously or a series of 10 daily shocks. Brain areas examined included cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and striatum. However, cortical binding of [3H]diazepam was increased by 32% in animals which were present in the same room while another was being injected and killed. This may represent a response to stress and/or anxiety.     

Autoradiographic distribution of I-galanin binding sites in the rat central nervous system

Galanin (GAL) binding sites in coronal sections of the rat brain were demonstrated using autoradiographic methods. Scatchard analysis of ¹²⁵I-GAL binding to slide-mounted tissue sections revealed saturable binding to a single class of receptors with a Kd of approximately 0.2 nM. ¹²⁵I-GAL binding sites were demonstrated throughout the rat central nervous system. Dense binding was observed in the following areas: prefrontal cortex, the anterior nuclei of the olfactory bulb, several nuclei of the amygdaloid complex, the dorsal septal area, dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the ventral pallidum, the internal medullary laminae of the thalamus, medial pretectal nucleus, nucleus of the medial optic tract, borderline area of the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus adjacent to the spinal trigeminal tract, the substantia gelatinosa and the superficial layers of the dorsal spinal cord. Moderate binding was observed in the piriform, periamygdaloid, entorhinal, insular cortex and the subiculum, the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, anterior hypothalamic, ventromedial, dorsal premamillary, lateral and periventricular thalamic nuclei, the subzona incerta, Forel's field H₁ and H₂, periventricular gray matter, medial and superficial gray strata of the superior colliculus, dorsal parts of the central gray, peripeduncular area, the interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra zona compacta, ventral tegmental area, the dorsal and ventral parabrachial and parvocellular reticular nuclei. The preponderance of GAL-binding in somatosensory as well as in limbic areas suggests a possible involvement of GAL in a variety of brain functions.     

Multisynaptic Inputs from the Medial Temporal Lobe to V4 in Macaques

Retrograde transsynaptic transport of rabies virus was employed to undertake the top-down projections from the medial temporal lobe (MTL) to visual area V4 of the occipitotemporal visual pathway in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). On day 3 after rabies injections into V4, neuronal labeling was observed prominently in the temporal lobe areas that have direct connections with V4, including area TF of the parahippocampal cortex. Furthermore, conspicuous neuron labeling appeared disynaptically in area TH of the parahippocampal cortex, and areas 35 and 36 of the perirhinal cortex. The labeled neurons were located predominantly in deep layers. On day 4 after the rabies injections, labeled neurons were found in the hippocampal formation, along with massive labeling in the parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices. In the hippocampal formation, the densest neuron labeling was seen in layer 5 of the entorhinal cortex, and a small but certain number of neurons were labeled in other regions, such as the subicular complex and CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus proper. The present results indicate that V4 receives major input from the hippocampus proper via the entorhinal cortex, as well as “short-cut” pathways that bypass the entorhinal cortex. These multisynaptic pathways may define an anatomical basis for hippocampal-cortical interactions involving lower visual areas. The multisynaptic input from the MTL to V4 is likely to provide mnemonic information about object recognition that is accomplished through the occipitotemporal pathway.