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1.
Cuticles, mature epidermis, and stomatal ontogeny in some speciesof the three genera of Ophioglossaceae and in Angiopteris evectawere studied. Development of stomata is perigenous in all Ophioglossaceaebut it is mesoperigenous (Piper type) in A. evecta. 相似文献
2.
The epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata in 19 speciesof Centrospermae and two of Polygonales are described. The cellsof the epidermis are polygonal, isodiametric, or elongated invarious directions and arranged irregularly. The anticlinalepidermal walls are thick, sinuous, straight, or arched. Eleventypes of glandular and eglandular trichomes have been observed.Six types of stomata: anomocytic, paracytic, stomata with asingle subsidiary cell, diacytic, anisocytic, and transitionalbetween diacytic and paracytic, have been noticed in the speciesinvestigated. The ontogeny of anomocytic stomata is haplocheilicor perigenous, while that of the other five types is syndetocheilicor mesogenous. Abnormal stomata with a single guard cell, unequalguard cells, aborted guard cells, and arrested development arecommon. Groups of stomata are also frequent but contiguous stomataare rather rare. 相似文献
3.
This paper describes the cuticle, epidermis, and the differentkinds of stomata met with in three species of Anemia.Observationsmade on the ontogeny of the Anemia type or floatingstomata in A. rotundifolia show that their meristemoids giverise to a guard cell mother cell by the formation of a periclinalwall as suggested earlier by other workers. 相似文献
4.
Mature epidermis and cuticles of the two genera of Pailotales,viz. Psilotum nudum and Tmesipteris tannensis and the stomatalontogeny of the latter are described. 相似文献
5.
Epidermal structure and development of stomata in 15 speciesof the Malvaceae and two of Bombacaceae are described. The cellsof the epidermis are polygonal, isodiametric, or elongated withthick, straight, arched, or sinuous anticlinal walls and containchloroplasts and abundant druses of calcium oxalate. Cuticularstriations radiating from the guard cells or hair bases arenoticed. Six types of glandular and non-glandular trichomesare seen. The mature stomata are anomocytic, anisocytic, andparacytic in the members investigated of both the families.The ontogeny of anisocytic and paracytic stomata is syndetochelicor mesogenous, while that of anomocytic is haplocheilic or perigenous.An abnormal stoma with a single guard cell is also observed.An increase in number of subsidiary cells in anisocytic stomatais due to the division of the subsidiary cells. 相似文献
6.
伞形科部分类群气孔结构及其分类学价值 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
该研究对变豆菜亚科及芹亚科基础类群20属29种(变豆菜亚科9属11种,芹亚科基础类群11属18种)植物叶片(苞片或果实)的气孔结构进行显微观察分析,以明确变豆菜亚科及芹亚科基础类群的气孔特征及其与伞形科其他类群的区别。结果显示:(1)变豆菜亚科及芹亚科基础类群的气孔类型有无规则型、不等型和平列型3种,其中变豆菜亚科的变豆菜族气孔为无规则型(占总气孔比例的35%~75%)及不等型(25%~65%),仅刺芹属(Eryngium)具平列型,而Steganotaenieae族的气孔均为无规则型;芹亚科基础类群除柴胡属(Bupleurum)外多为或仅为无规则型(75%~100%),少为不等型(5%~25%)。(2)气孔结构支持分子系统学将Arctopus放入变豆菜亚科的变豆菜族,Choritaenia移入芹亚科。(3)变豆菜亚科气孔特征同芹亚科及牵环花亚科的较为相似,而同参棕亚科差别较大。 相似文献
7.
Epidermal and Guard Cell Interactions on Stomatal Aperture in Epidermal Strips and Intact Leaves 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
Despite the observation first made by von Mohl in 1856, thatepidermal cells greatly influence stomatal aperture, subsequentstudies have failed to pay adequate attention to epidermal cellviability or to quantify the degree of its influence on aperturein epidermal strips and leaf sections. Using Vicia faba stripsand leaf sections we found the following: (i) a non-linear relationshipbetween aperture and guard cell contact with live epidermalcells; (ii) epidermal cell viability on isolated strips hada threshold at about 25 °C; (iii) epidermal strips withdead epidermal cells had wider apertures and lower variabilitythan strips with live cells or intact leaf sections; (iv) afterepidermal cell viability was accounted for, stomatal aperturesshowed no significant differences between isolated strips orstrips removed from leaf sections treated in the same manner;(v) highly variable apertures appeared to be the normal conditionof the intact leaf. Caution should therefore be used in interpretingstomatal behaviour from epidermal strips without first takinginto account mechanical interactions between the guard and surroundingepidermal cells. Vicia faba L, broad bean, epidermal strips, leaf impressions, stomata, guard cells, temperature effects 相似文献
8.
Measurements were made of changes in stomatal pore widths inepidermal strips of leaves ofVicia faba and Commelina communis.Strips were incubated in dilute KCI solutions (1 and 10 molm3) flowing through a perfusion chamber on the stageof a microscope and kept for 4 d in continuous light. Circadianrhythms of stomatal apertures were detected in both species.Although the amplitude was small it was statistically significant.It is concluded that at least partof the mechanism for the stomatalrhythm resides in the epidermis, probably in the guard cells. Key words: Cireadian rhythm, epidermal strips, stomata 相似文献
9.
The present paper deals with epidermal structure and developmentof stomata in 14 species of Verbenaceae. The epidermal cellsare either polygonal, isodia-metric, or elongated in variousdirections, and irregularly arranged. The anticlinal walls arethick, mostly sinuous, occasionally arched or straight. Thesurface of the cuticle shows parallel, rarely corrugated, striations.Some 12 types of eglandular and glandular trichomes, and foliarnectaries are noticed. The mature stomata are diacytic, anisocytic,paracytic, with a single subsidiary cell, anomocytic and perigenous.The development of anomocytic stomata is perigenous, while thatof others is mesogenous or syndetocheilic type. Abnormalitiesnoticed here include contiguous stomata, stomata with a singleguard cell, and aborted guard cells. 相似文献
10.
11.
Gorton HL Williams WE Binns ME Gemmell CN Leheny EA Shepherd AC 《Plant physiology》1989,90(4):1329-1334
Circadian rhythms in stomatal aperture and in stomatal conductance have been observed previously. Here we investigate circadian rhythms in apertures that persist in functionally isolated guard cells in epidermal peels of Vicia faba, and we compare these rhythms with rhythms in stomatal conductance in attached leaves. Functionally isolated guard cells kept in constant light display a rhythmic change in aperture superimposed on a continuous opening trend. The rhythm free-runs with a period of about 22 hours and is temperature compensated between 20 and 30°C. Functionally isolated guard cell pairs are therefore capable of sustaining a true circadian rhythm without interaction with mesophyll cells. Stomatal conductance in whole leaves displays a more robust rhythm, also temperature-compensated, and with a period similar to that observed for the rhythm in stomatal aperture in epidermal peels. When analyzed individually, some stomata in epidermal peels showed a robust rhythm for several days while others showed little rhythmicity or damped out rapidly. Rhythmic periods may vary between individual stomata, and this may lead to desynchronization within the population. 相似文献
12.
The cuticle, epidermis and stomatal ontogeny of Casuarina equisetifoliaForst. is described. The cuticle shows well marked impressionsof the epidermal cells and stomata. The epidermis of leaf andstem shows transversely oriented, tetracytic, mesoperigenousstomata with two lateral mesogene subsidiaries and two polarperigene neighbouring cells. Although the epidermal structureof Casuarina shows a good deal of resemblance with that of theBennettitales, it may not indicate any phylogenetic relationshipssince there are important differences in the structure and reproductionof the plants of these two groups. 相似文献
13.
The Role of the Epidermal Cells in the Stomatal Movements 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
M. G. Stárlfelt 《Physiologia plantarum》1966,19(1):241-256
The water deficit of the leaves, the osmotic values of the stomatal cells and epidermal cells at incipiment plasmolysis, as well as the width of the stomatal apparatus and pore opening, were measured every hour from 6-17 o'clock under natural environmental conditions. During the noon hours, the intensity of light in clear weather ranged from 40,000-55,000 lux in the open position, and from 15,000-20,000 lux in the shade. The temperature was usually 15–20°C. The experimental object was Vicia Faba growing in a field, both plants freely rooted and plants in pots buried in the soil. The experiments resulted in the following observations and conclusions: 1. When leaves are exposed to strong light, the osmotic value at incipient plasmolysis changes not only in the guard cells, but also in the epidermal cells. If the epidermal cells' osmotic value rises, water is sucked from the guard cells and their uptake of water by suction is decreased, which promotes closure and counteracts opening, respectively. If the value falls, the effect is the reverse. The guard cells react passively to these epidermal changes. The passive stomatal movement eliciteed in this way has therefore been denoted as “osmopassive”, in contrast to the long known passive movement caused by a change in turgor of the epidermal cells, and which has therefore been denoted as “turgorpasslve”. The osmopassive component of stomatal closure has an earlier and more rapid onset than the hydroactive closing reaction, which consists of a decrease in the guard cells' osmotic value. Stomatat closure often starts with the osmopassive rapid process, and is completed and stabilized by the hydroactive process. It has not been possible to determine whether the osmopassive closing reaction is identical with the rapid reaction previously described, and interpreted as of adenoid nature, and tlius belonging to the active group. 2. The osmotic potential of the guard cells - i.e., the difference between the osmotic value of guard cells and epidermal cells at incipient plasmolysis - is, therefore, formed not only by a cbange in the osmotic value of the former cells, but also by a cbange in that of the latter. 3. Although the pore width runs largely parallel to the osmotic value of the guard cells, there is greater agreement between pore width and osmotic potential. When the water deficit of the leaf exceeds a certain threshold value, potential and stomatal width start to decrease. Closure is completed when the fall in potential approaches the zero value. If the water deficit subsequently continues to increase, the potential becomes negative and the stomata remain closed. 4. The stomatal movements are regulated by physiological processes which form two kinds of equilibrium between increase and decrease of the osmotic potential of the guard cells, i.e. the osmopassive increase - osmopassive decrease and the photoactive increase - hydroactive decrease. These equilibria complement each other in rate and stability. The osmopassive processes start rapidly and as soon as the deficit cbanges; hydroactive closure and sometimes also photoactive opening, are, on the contrary, time-consuming. When the water deficit is suboptimal, turgorpassive opening and closing are superadded, but only in those cases in which the osmotic potential of the guard cetls is positive. 相似文献
14.
Isolated epidermal strips of Vicia faba and Commelina communis release malate into their bathing medium when stomata close. This release was largest (about 0.6 of the initial malate content) when epidermal strips of C. communis were floated on 10−5 M (±)-abscisic acid. 相似文献
15.
Energy Supply for Stomatal Opening in Epidermal Strips of Commelina benghalensis 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Raghavendra AS 《Plant physiology》1981,67(2):385-387
The influence of light or darkness on stomatal opening in epidermal strips of Commelina benghalensis was evaluated in the presence or absence of O2 and/or metabolic inhibitors. Opening was restricted in nitrogen and was promoted by NADH and acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (succinate and α-ketoglutarate) in CO2-free air in light as well as in darkness. The enhancement by light of stomatal opening was prevalent under nitrogen or in the presence of the respiratory inhibitors (sodium azide and oligomycin). Respiratory inhibitors decreased the opening in light or darkness under CO2-free air but exhibited no effect under nitrogen, whereas phosphorylation uncouplers were inhibitory in light or darkness under both CO2-free air and nitrogen. The results suggest that oxidative phosphorylation is a basic source of energy for stomatal opening, although photophosphorylation could be an energy source. 相似文献
16.
Ion-Stimulated Stomatal Opening Induced by Preillumination in Epidermal Strips of Commelina communis 下载免费PDF全文
The effects of preillumination were investigated on ion-stimulated stomatal opening of epidermal strips isolated from Commelina communis L. leaves, which are dark-starved 24 hours or more. The rate and the extent of ion-stimulated stomatal openings were increased by preexposure of epidermal strips to light. The evidences are interpreted as indicating that the energy induced by preillumination can be conserved in guard cells for considerable time periods and then used for a delayed stomatal opening in the presence of higher concentration of potassium or sodium ions. Action spectrum showed two peaks, one in blue and one in the red light region. The ratio of the blue peak to the red peak is 1.2; which is the smallest reported value in action spectra of stomatal movements. 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,-1-Dimethylurea suppressed the ion-stimulated stomatal opening induced by the preillumination. We conclude that the photosynthetic electron transport system, containing photosystem II, in guard cell chloroplasts is a basic system of energy acquirement for stomatal opening. 相似文献
17.
18.
The ontogeny and structure of stomata in 22 genera and 51 speciesof the Polemoniales are described. Five main types of stomatanoticed are: anisocytic, anomocytic, diacytic, paracytic, andstomata with a single subsidiary cell. Three modes of stomataldevelopment: syndetocheilic or mesogenous, haplocheilic or perigenous,and meso-perigenous or syndeto-haplocheilic are observed. Abnormalitiesseen are: stomata with single guard cells, arrested developmentand contiguous stomata variously oriented. Contiguous stomataresult from adjacently placed meristemoids or readjustment duringmaturation. Stomata with a single guard cell are formed as aresult of degeneration of one of the guard cells before or afterpore formation. The stomatal apparatus varies in different organsof a plant in form, number, orientation and arrangement of thesubsidiary and also the surrounding cells. Three lines leadingto Polemoniales, Boraginales, and Solanales are distinet. 相似文献
19.
Stomatal Responses to Humidity and the Water Potentials of Epidermal and Mesophyll Tissue 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Effects of ambient humidity on relative water contents (RWC)and water potentials were measured separately for epidermaland mesophyll tissues in leaves of two species. Water potentialsdid not always change in the same direction as RWC within thesame tissue and rarely were the changes in water potential andRWC of one tissue correlated with those of the other. The natureof the humidity responses of stomata in certain species is discussedin relation to these results and to the anatomical propertiesof epidermal tissues. 相似文献
20.
Calcium Inhibits Ion-Stimulated Stomatal Opening in Epidermal Strips of Commelina communis L. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Inoue, H. and Katoh, Y. 1987. Calcium inhibitsion-stimulatedstomatal opening in epidermal strips of Commelina communis L.J.exp. Bot. 38: 142149. Ca2+ suppressed both the ion-stimulated stomatal opening andH+ extrusion of pre-illuminated epidermal strips isolated fromCommelina communis L. In the absence of Ca2+, the rate of H+release was 18 nmol H+ cm2 h1 per epidermal stripunit area in 150 mol m3 KCL at pH 7?4. Half-maximum inhibitionof stomatal opening was observed with 220 mmol m3 ofCa2+. The hexavalent dye, ruthenium red, showed concentration-dependentprevention of the inhibition by Ca2+ of the ion-stimulated stomatalopening. The effect of ruthenium red was non-competitive, andthe K1 for the calcium inhibition was found to be 3?6 mmol m3.The calcium inhibition of H+ extrusion was also prevented byruthenium red. These results suggest that Ca2+ inhibits theactivity of electrogenic H+ translocating ATPase of the guardcell plasma membrane and leads to the suppression of stomatalopening. Key words: Calcium, Commelina communis, ruthenium red, stomata 相似文献