土壤快速强烈还原对于尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense,FOC)引起的一种世界性的土传病害,每年造成大量的经济损失,目前尚未找到有效的防治办法。实验采取土壤淹水及添加有机物料的方法,抑制土壤中FOC的数量。结果表明:土壤淹水处理在第5天显著增加了土壤的pH值,但随着处理时间的增加,淹水的处理中土壤pH值逐渐下降;土壤淹水及添加有机物料显著降低了土壤中SO2-4和NO-3的浓度;土壤中添加秸秆、猪粪和石灰的处理显著增加了土壤中NH+4的浓度。土壤淹水及添加有机物料对于土壤中可培养细菌数量无显著影响;但显著降低了土壤中可培养放线菌和真菌的数量;土壤淹水及添加秸秆、甘蔗渣和石灰的处理显著降低了土壤中FOC的数量,其中添加高量秸秆处理中FOC的数量下降最多,仅为处理前土壤中FOC数量的2.88%。添加有机物料但未加石灰的处理土壤中总微生物量较处理前相比显著增加。研究表明土壤淹水及添加有机物料是一种可以防控香蕉枯萎病的高效和环保的方法。     

月腺大戟根总黄酮对尖孢镰刀菌抑制作用的研究

采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法分别测定月腺大戟根总黄酮对尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制率,显微观察总黄酮处理尖孢镰刀菌后菌丝体形态结构的变化,并测定菌丝体相对电导率,菌丝体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果表明:月腺大戟根总黄酮对尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发均有显著的抑制作用,抑制率随总黄酮浓度增加而增高,20 mg/L时抑制率达100%。总黄酮处理后的尖孢镰刀菌菌丝较细,分支减少,透明度差,液泡数量增多且形成较大的液泡;菌丝体细胞膜透性增加,SOD、CAT活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。以上实验结果可为植物病害生物防治及开发植物源农药方面提供理论依据和实验技术。     

尖孢镰刀菌全基因组测序及其致病相关基因分析

尖孢镰刀菌是导致三七根腐病的病原之一。本研究采用Illumina高通量测序技术对三七根腐病原菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的基因组扫描测序,并进行了基因组序列分析、基因功能注释和比较基因组学分析,从全基因组水平鉴定致病相关基因。扫描结果表明,基因组大小为48.12 Mb,G+C含量为51.5%,15 746个基因编码区(CDS),其中11 330个基因(71.95%)可以在COG数据库中得到其分类信息,编码有功能的蛋白6 022个。该序列已经提交GenBank数据库,登录号为SAMN09976373。进一步分析得到细胞壁降解相关基因45个,搜索数据库中F. oxysporum MAPK级联途径组分的基因序列,与酿酒酵母中MAPK级联途径进行比对并进行系统进化分析。研究结果对深入理解尖孢镰刀菌导致三七致病的分子机理,从而进一步有效控制病害的发生具有重要意义。     

33株尖孢镰刀菌遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为明确尖孢镰刀菌种内各菌株间的遗传差异与亲缘关系,采用ISSR分子标记技术对33株地理来源不同的尖孢镰刀菌进行了遗传多样性分析.结果表明:利用筛选出的11条引物扩增出105条条带,其中多态性条带91条,多态性位点比例为86.7％;遗传相似性与聚类分析结果供试菌株间的遗传相似系数为0.606 ～0.962,平均0.756,当遗传相似系数为0.962时,供试的33株菌可被全部区分开.表明,尖孢镰刀菌基因组在SSR区域具有丰富的多态性.寄主来源相同的供试菌株间的遗传相似性与其地理来源有一定的相关性.     

尖孢镰刀菌生产蒽醌色素的液体发酵条件研究

优化了尖孢镰刀菌液体发酵生产蒽醌类红色素的发酵条件。通过单因素实验和正交优化实验,确定最佳产色素发酵培养基为：可溶性淀粉30％,(NH4)2SO4 3％,MgSO4 0.3％,KH2PO4 4％,pH 6.0。产色素最适培养条件为：初始pH6.0,装液量20％,接种量10％,吐温-80添加量1％,温度28℃,摇床转速200r/min,发酵周期120h。此条件下,色素效价即可达到8.184U/ml,比优化前提高了1.8倍。国内首次对尖孢镰刀菌所产蒽醌色素进行研究,为其进一步应用奠定基础。     

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型胱硫醚γ-合成酶的功能分析

甲硫氨酸在真菌、细菌和植物的生物学过程中起着重要作用。禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium graminearum的FgMETB基因编码一个胱硫醚γ-合成酶,是甲硫氨酸合成所必需的。本研究利用同源重组的方法,在尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.cubenserace4(Foc4)获得了FgMETB同源基因FoMETB的敲除突变体菌株;与野生型菌株相比,突变体菌株ΔFoMETB在以SO42-为唯一硫源的基本培养基(minimal medium)上不能生长。1 mmol/L甲硫氨酸的添加恢复了突变体菌株ΔFoMETB的生长,但半胱氨酸的添加不能恢复该缺失突变体的生长,说明FoMETB的敲除阻遏了Foc4半胱氨酸转化甲硫氨酸的通路。此外,ΔFoMETB的气生菌丝和菌丝干重明显减少、分枝增多、产孢量显著降低、疏水性缺失和对巴西蕉组培苗的致病性显著减弱。由此表明,FoMETB参与调控尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型的生理特性和致病性,甲硫氨酸合成途径的关键合酶FoMETB有望成为新的抗真菌药物靶标。     

滁菊连作土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的分离、鉴定及变化特征

采用传统平板培养法及尖孢镰刀菌专性培养基对滁菊连作土壤的真菌和尖孢镰刀菌进行分析测定,结果表明,在滁菊连作条件下,土壤中真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量显著增加,平均分别达到8.71×105 cfu/g干土和3.12×104cfu/g干土,各自是对照土壤的2.24倍和5.57倍。土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量显著增加可能是导致滁菊连作障碍的重要因素。     

一株产铁载体内生细菌对尖孢镰刀菌的拮抗作用

通过改良蔗糖-天冬氨酸培养基筛选到一株产铁载体的内生细菌HS-4,测定了该菌在不同铁离子浓度下对棉花枯萎病致病菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的抑菌效果,并结合形态、生理生化、16S rDNA序列同源性和系统发育分析对菌株进行鉴定.结果表明:内生细菌HS-4在MSA培养基中产生荧光型铁载体,其铁载体相对含量为80%.该铁载体在低铁条件下对F.oxysporum具有抑制作用.内生细菌HS-4初步鉴定为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Ba-cillus atrophaeus).     

尖孢镰刀菌致病机理和化感作用研究进展

尖孢镰刀菌引起的枯萎病在生产中的防控相当困难。通过总结国内外相关文献,综述近年来有关尖孢镰刀菌致病机理和化感作用的研究进展。尖孢镰刀菌通过分泌毒素和细胞壁降解酶共同致病,谱系特异性区域的存在是其致病性强和宿主范围广的主要原因;在尖孢镰刀菌各专化型中已分离出大量致病相关基因;其他植物和拮抗微生物(木霉菌、丛枝菌根真菌、非致病性尖孢镰刀菌以及植物生长促生菌)可以分泌化感物质,作用于宿主植物和尖孢镰刀菌,直接抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长或激活宿主植物的防御反应。未来有关尖孢镰刀菌致病机理研究应该在基因组测序基础上构建精细的遗传图谱;对化感作用的研究应当深入探讨分子机理,利用高通量测序等技术在转录组或蛋白组水平上明确宿主植物抗枯萎病相关基因,同时利用分子标记辅助育种来筛选新的抗枯萎病品种。     

木霉(Trichoderma spp.)对三种引起大棚蔬菜病害病原菌的影响

通过木霉属(Trichoderma) 3菌株与双鸭山蔬菜大棚中的黄瓜枯萎病菌(FusariumoxysporumSchlecht.f.cucumerinum)、黄瓜果腐病菌(PhytophthoracapsiciLeonian)、菜豆叶枯病菌(Cladosporiumsp .)的对峙培养试验,结果表明:绿色木霉1(TrichodermaviridePers.exGray 1)可作为双鸭山蔬菜大棚中的黄瓜枯萎病、黄瓜果腐病、菜豆叶枯病3种病害的生物防治拮抗菌加以利用,该拮抗菌对菜豆叶枯病菌抑制效果最好;绿色木霉2 (Tricho dermaviride 2 )对黄瓜果腐病菌抑制效果最好;而哈茨木霉(TrichodermaharzianumRifai)对以上3种病原菌都有抑制效果,对菜豆叶枯病菌抑制效果最好。从试验结果还可看出,绿色木霉2对黄瓜枯萎病菌和菜豆叶枯病菌的生长有促进作用。     

Relationship of in vitro and in planta screening: improving the selection process for biological control agents against Fusarium root rot in row crops

Fusarium root rot in row crops is typically managed by cultural practices and fungicide seed treatments. Biological control using microbial agents is another option but needs further development for improved disease management. Screening to identify biocontrol agents are crucial. However, relationships among the steps and how to improve the screening process are unresolved questions. Strains of Burkholderia (4), Bacillus (5) and Trichoderma (26) were studied in vitro against six Fusarium pathogens. All the bacteria and five selected Trichoderma strains were tested in planta in the greenhouse against diseases of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium oxysporum. Burkholderia ambifaria C628, Bacillus simplex R180, and all Trichoderma isolates showed high reduction in disease levels in corn, soybean and wheat, ranging from 16 to 63%. Responses of the biocontrol agents during in vitro and in planta screening did not always correlate. In vitro and in planta tests should be considered independently in selecting biocontrol candidates.     

Evaluation of Streptomyces spp. and Bacillus spp. for biocontrol of Fusarium wilt in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

A study was carried out to test direct and indirect antagonistic effect against Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC), and plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits of bacteria isolated from rhizosphere soils of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). A total of 40 bacterial isolates were tested for their antagonistic activity against FOC and of which 10 were found to have strong antagonistic potential. These were found to be Streptomyces spp. (five isolates) and Bacillus spp. (five isolates) in the morphological and biochemical characterisation and 16S rDNA analysis. Under both greenhouse and wilt sick field conditions, the selected Streptomyces and Bacillus isolates reduced disease incidence and delayed expression of symptoms of disease, over the non-inoculated control. The PGP ability of the isolates such as nodule number, nodule weight, shoot weight, root weight, grain yield and stover yield were also demonstrated under greenhouse and field conditions over the non-inoculated control. Among the ten isolates, Streptomyces sp. AC-19 and Bacillus sp. BS-20 were found to have more potential for biocontrol of FOC and PGP in chickpea. This investigation indicates that the selected Streptomyces and Bacillus isolates have the potential to control Fusarium wilt disease and to promote plant growth in chickpea.     

Effects of vanillin on the community structures and abundances of Fusarium and Trichoderma spp. in cucumber seedling rhizosphere

Soil microbial communities are crucial to the functioning of agricultural systems but little information is available on the effects of allelochemicals on soil microorganisms in vivo. Cucumber seedlings grown in soil were treated with different concentrations of vanillin (0.02–0.2?μmol/g soil), a phenolic compound with autotoxic activity. The community structures and abundances of Fusarium and Trichoderma spp. in cucumber rhizosphere were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR, respectively. Results showed that vanillin changed the community structures of Fusarium and Trichoderma spp. Vanillin decreased the number of bands of Fusarium spp., but increased the number of bands, Shannon–Wiener and evenness indices of Trichoderma spp. (p?Fusarium and Trichoderma spp. (p?Fusarium and Trichoderma spp., and that these two microbial groups showed different responses to vanillin.     

三七连作土壤浸提液对其根腐病菌的化感效应

采用甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水分别按液土比3∶1、6∶1和9∶1对三七连作土壤进行浸提,研究其浸提液对三七根腐病菌生长和种群数量的影响。结果表明: 平板培养72 h后,甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水浸提液对尖镰孢菌和腐皮镰孢菌的菌丝生长均表现为化感促进,其中,甲醇和乙酸乙酯浸提液对尖镰孢菌的化感效应指数为14.0%～19.8%和16.2%～20.2%,高于水浸提液的8.9%～14.2%,且不同浸提比例之间差异不显著;而甲醇浸提液对链格孢菌菌丝生长表现为化感抑制,且抑制效应在浸提比例为3∶1时最强,达到-33.2%～-38.5%,乙酸乙酯和水浸提液对链格孢菌菌丝生长无显著影响。土壤培养4周后,甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水浸提液均能增加土壤中尖镰孢菌的数量,其中,水浸提液的增加效应最强,达到每克干土3.49×10⁶～9.56×10⁶拷贝数,高于甲醇(每克干土1.68×10⁴～6.73×10⁴拷贝数)和乙酸乙酯浸提液(每克干土1.77×10⁴～3.72×10⁴拷贝数),且这种增加效应随浸提比例的增加逐渐减弱;水浸提液和低浸提比例的甲醇提取液均能增加土壤中腐皮镰孢菌的数量,而重茬土壤浸提液对链格孢菌的数量影响不显著。因此,三七连作土壤浸提液对根腐病菌如尖镰孢菌和腐皮镰孢菌均表现出明显的化感促进效应,这可能是再植三七易发生根腐病等土传病害的原因之一。