深红酵母JLC固态发酵废弃烟梗制备类胡萝卜素研究

烟梗是卷烟工业的一种典型固态废弃物,为资源化利用废弃烟梗(waste tobacco stem,WTS),采用Plackett-Burman(PB)设计对影响一株深红酵母(Rhodotorula rubra)JLC固态发酵WTS生产类胡萝卜素的相关因素进行了评价。PB设计与统计学分析表明:在选择的10个相关因素中,装载量、培养时间和酵母粉添加量是影响类胡萝卜素产量的3个关键因素。在PB实验条件下,深红酵母JLC发酵产类胡萝卜素的最高量可达21.54μg/g。     

深红酵母JLC固态发酵废弃烟梗制备类胡萝卜素研究北大核心CSCD

烟梗是卷烟工业的一种典型固态废弃物,为资源化利用废弃烟梗(waste tobacco stem,WTS),采用Plackett-Burman(PB)设计对影响一株深红酵母(Rhodotorula rubra)JLC固态发酵WTS生产类胡萝卜素的相关因素进行了评价。PB设计与统计学分析表明:在选择的10个相关因素中,装载量、培养时间和酵母粉添加量是影响类胡萝卜素产量的3个关键因素。在PB实验条件下,深红酵母JLC发酵产类胡萝卜素的最高量可达21.54μg/g。     

一株固态发酵烟梗产类胡萝卜素脉孢菌的分离鉴定

从霉变的废弃烟梗中分离出一株真菌LGL,LGL在废弃烟梗上生长迅速并产生类胡萝卜素,色素最大吸收波长为472 nm。30℃固态发酵6 d,菌丝干重,色素产量和色素含量分别为50.50 g/Kg,21.98 mg/kg和435.15μg/g。为确定LGL的分类地位,PCR扩增其ITS基因序列,在GenBank中进行同源性比较,并与一些相关真菌构建系统发育树,结合其培养和形态特征,初步鉴定为一株好食脉孢菌(Neurospora sitophila)。     

黑曲霉HG-1发酵苹果渣生产果胶酶的工艺优化及部分酶学性质

目的：采用价格低廉的农业废弃物苹果渣为主要原料生产果胶酶,优化其生产工艺,并对果胶酶的部分酶学性质进行研究。方法：以黑曲霉HG-1为生产菌种,采用单因子实验和正交试验进行固态发酵。结果：最适培养基为苹果渣10g、棉粕10g、（NH4）2SO40.2g、K2HPO40.06g、初始水分含量60%;最适发酵条件为装料量为20g干料/250ml三角瓶,30℃恒温培养48h,果胶酶酶活力可达22248U/g。果胶酶酶促反应最适温度为45℃,最适pH为5.0;在50℃以下,pH3.0～6.0时稳定性良好;Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、Fe^2＋对该酶有激活作用,而Ba^2＋、Mn^2＋、Zn^2＋有抑制作用。结论：以苹果渣代替麸皮作为黑曲霉HG-1固态发酵生产果胶酶的主要原料在技术上具有可行性,可大幅度降低生产成本;同时还可以部分解决苹果渣的综合利用问题。     

固态发酵反应器

关于固态发酵反应器虽然已有多种形式,但真正用于饲料发酵的固态反应器由于工程放大等难题,目前国内外很少有定型产品,从文献报道固态发酵反应器有以下几种类型。 1 浅盘式发酵器此类反应器很早已应用,作为表面培养的抗生素生产工艺中曾广泛用于药厂。其又可分为带盖式、不带盖式及底部有强制通风和无强制通风等形式。虽然浅盘反应品操作简便,产率较高,产品均匀,但因占体积过大,耗费劳动力大,无法机械化操作等缺点,不适宜在工业生产中应用。     

固态发酵生产腺苷酸脱氨酶

对多株曲霉产腺苷酸脱氨酶的性能进行了比较,发现米曲霉3.800(Aspergillus oryzae)产酶水平较高。该菌株固态发酵产酶的适宜培养基为：以麸皮为主原料,蔗糖2％,鱼粉2％,（NH4）2SO4 0．1％,柠檬酸钠0．2％,MgSO4 0.05%,吐温－80 0．1％,含水量50％。最佳的培养条件为：250mL三角瓶装20g培养基,在28－30℃培养60h。在优化条件下,培养物酶活可达到1543．48u/g鲜曲。     

固态发酵

本世纪以来,由于人口不断增加,在世界范围内出现了粮食短缺,蛋白质极度不足的现象,这一矛盾在发展中国家变得愈来愈尖锐。本世纪初,科学家曾认为,大规模培养微生物作为人类食物或动物饲料中蛋白的一种直接来源,可根本解决这一矛盾。但由于技术及成本等等一系列问题,这一设想仅在欧洲少数国家中研究,并未真正形成世界性工业生产的规模。自60年代以来,由于发酵技术的迅速发展,如大规模的青霉素通气搅拌发酵普及以及由于谷氨酸、氨基酸发酵业形成,以代谢调控的发酵技术成熟,为大规模生产微生物蛋白奠定     

烟梗中鞣质的含量测定

目的:建立测定烟梗中鞣质含量的方法。方法:样品经浸泡超声提取后,采用干酪素法测定烟梗中鞣质的含量。结果:通过方法学验证表明该方法测定烟梗中的鞣质含量具有较好的稳定性,没食子酸在25.65μg/ml~256.5μg/ml浓度范围内,浓度与吸光度之间呈良好的线性关系。加样回收率达到98.65%,结论:该方法能快速、简便、准确、稳定地测定烟梗中鞣质的含量,可用于烟梗质量的监控。     

固态发酵生产微生物脂肪酶

脂肪酶在水相和非水相中都具有催化活性,在众多工业领域应用前景十分广阔.但脂肪酶的生产成本仍然过高,限制了其在某些工业领域的大规模使用.固体发酵因具有设备比较简单、能耗低、成本低、对环境危害小、易于推广等诸多优点,已逐渐成为微生物脂肪酶生产的一个重要方式.由于能源成本的抬高和人们环保意识的加强,自上世纪90年代以来,原来一直认为技术含量较低的固态发酵技术重新受到重视并得到了快速的发展.综述了固态发酵在脂肪酶生产中的应用研究,重点介绍了固态发酵生产脂肪酶的特点、脂肪酶固态发酵的影响因素及其生物反应器.     

黑曲霉固态发酵生产单宁酶的条件优化

研究采用响应面法优化黑曲霉固态发酵生产单宁酶的培养条件。应用Plackett—Burman试验筛选出重要影响因子：五倍子粉含量、（NH4）2SO4浓度以及接种孢子量,最陡爬坡试验逼近最大响应区域。应用Box．Behnken响应面试验对重要影响因子进一步优化。得到最佳培养条件：每250mL三角瓶中装入1．0g五倍子粉、4．4g稻壳和0．5g麸皮、液固比（mL／g）2：1且营养盐溶液组成为（NH4）2s0421g/L、MgSO4·7H2O1g／L、NaCl1g／L,培养基pH自然,接种5．7×10^7个孢子后在30℃温度下培养4d。在此条件下,单宁酶产量从40U／g提高到114U／g,3次重复验证性试验平均值为115U／g,验证了模型的可靠性。     

Production of pectinases by Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation at high initial glucose concentrations

Exopectinase (exo-p) and endopectinase (endo-p) production by Aspergillus niger CH4 in solid state culture was studied at initial glucose concentrations of 100, 250, 350 and 450 g/l. The highest activity of exo-p (35 U/g) was produced at 72 and 120 h in the medium containing 100 and 250 g glucose/l, respectively. The maximum endo-p activity (9 U/g) was produced at 72 h in the medium with 250 g glucose/l. The reduction in pectinase production at 350 and 450 g/l initial glucose concentration was due neither to repression of the synthesis of the enzyme nor to the glucose consumption rate of the strain but due to a drastic drop in pH of the medium.S. Solis-Pereyra, E. Favela-Torres, M. Gutiérrez-Rojas, G. Saucedo-Castañeda and G. Viniegra-González are with the Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, A.P. 55-535, C.P. 09340, México D.F., México; S. Roussos is with the Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, ORSTOM, B.P. 5045, 34032, Montpellier Cedex, France, and P. Gunasekaran is with the Department of Microbial Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625-021, India.     

牛樟芝固态发酵产物的降胆固醇作用

本实验主要探究牛樟芝(S-29)固态发酵产物对高脂饮食小鼠胆固醇调节的影响。小鼠随机分为正常组、高脂模型组、护肝片阳性对照组、固态发酵组及液态发酵组;小鼠经高脂饲料喂养6周,相应物质灌胃4周。检测小鼠血清及肝脏相关指标; q-PCR检测胆固醇代谢相关基因的mRNA表达量。结果表明,与模型组比较,固态发酵组小鼠血清游离脂肪酸(NEFA)及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)浓度显著降低,分别降低了38. 5%和40. 7%;肝脏总胆固醇(TC)浓度显著降低,降低了23. 5%;低密度脂蛋白受体(LDL-R)的mRNA表达量显著增加,增加了3. 6倍。结果证明,牛樟芝固态发酵产物具有较好的降胆固醇作用,其主要机制可能是通过上调LDL-R基因的表达,以促进胆固醇的分解代谢,进而降低小鼠体内胆固醇浓度。     

固态发酵降低上部低次烟叶中淀粉及蛋白质的含量

利用固态发酵的方法降低上部低次烟叶中淀粉和蛋白质的含量,并对发酵过程中的厌氧细菌和酵母的数量进行检测。采用单因素和正交试验对固态发酵的条件进行优化,结果表明:各因素对发酵上部低次烟叶影响显著性主次次序依次为发酵时间(C)、发酵温度(A)和发酵水分质量分数(B),固态发酵的最佳条件为A2B2C3,即温度45℃、水分质量分数50%、发酵时间9 d。在该发酵条件下,上部低次烟叶的淀粉降解率为20.41%,蛋白质降解率为12.35%。通过固态厌氧发酵的方法可取得较好的、短期内快速降解上部低次烟叶中淀粉和蛋白质含量的效果。     

利用黑曲霉固态发酵啤酒糟生产饲料复合酶的研究

以啤酒糟为主要基质,利用黑曲霉固态发酵生产酸性蛋白酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶等多种饲料复合酶,研究了黑曲霉固态发酵培养基组成对复合酶酶活的影响,确定最优培养基配方为:啤酒糟75%,麸皮25%,硫酸铵1%,KH_2PO_4 0.2%,MnSO_4 0.1%、ZnSO_4 0.2%,料水比1:2。在适宜的发酵条件下,经30℃发酵5 d,烘干后得到的复合酶制剂中,具有多种酶活性(以干基计)。其中酸性蛋白酶活力3 800 U/g,木聚糖酶活力12 00 U/g和纤维素酶活力18 U/g。     

Production of pectinesterase and polygalacturonase by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid state systems

Production of pectinesterase and polygalacturonase by Aspergillus niger was studied in submerged and solid-state fermentation systems. With pectin as a sole carbon source, pectinesterase and polygalacturonase production were four and six times higher respectively in a solid state system than in a submerged fermentation system and required a shorter time for enzyme production. The addition of glucose increased pectinesterase and polygalacturonase production in the solid state system but in submerged fermentation the production was markedly inhibited. A comparison of enzyme productivities showed that those determined for pectinesterase and polygalacturonase with pectin as a carbon source were three and five times higher by using the solid state rather than the submerged fermentation system. The productivities of the two enzymes were affected by glucose in both fermentation systems. The membranes of cells from the solid state fermentation showed increased levels of C18:1, C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids. Differences in the regulation of enzyme synthesis by Aspergillus niger depended on the fermentation system, favoring the solid state over the submerged fermentation for pectinase production. Received 12 May 1997/ Accepted in revised form 19 September 1997     

金龟子绿僵菌固态发酵产壳聚糖酶

对金龟子绿僵菌（Metarhizium anisopliae）AS3．4606产壳聚糖酶进行了固态发酵条件优化及酶学部分特征的研究。正交实验结果表明,以麸皮为碳源,日本根霉菌丝体粉末为氮源,在起始pH5．0,m（碳）：m（氨）为1：4,m（干重）：m（液体）为1：1．4,27℃下培养120h,壳聚糖酶活性可达35．08U／g（干培养基）。粗酶液的最适反应温度为40℃,最适反应pH为5．0,酶在pH5．0～6．0条件下稳定性最高。该酶不能水解固体甲壳素和纤维素粉末,最适底物为胶体壳聚糖。     

固态间歇补料乙醇生料发酵新工艺

浓醪发酵是酒精生产的发展方向。与现行酒精厂普遍采用的热蒸煮工艺相比, 生料发酵技术的发展使得浓醪发酵更容易进行。本研究首次在生料发酵中直接采用固态原料间歇补料, 比较了STARGENTM生淀粉水解酶间歇补料工艺和传统无补料工艺, 并对不同补料方式进行了研究。结果表明: 与传统无补料生料发酵工艺相比, 在相同的干基配料浓度30%、相同的生料酶添加量0.22%(W/W)的条件下, 采用15%的起始配料浓度、发酵15~25 h进行间歇补料的新工艺, 酒精产量从17.06%提高到18.50%。该间歇补料优化工艺的建立, 丰富了生料发酵技术的应用。     

Production and isolation of chitosan by submerged and solid-state fermentation from Lentinus edodes

A method for the laboratory-scale production and isolation of chitosan (polyglucosamine) by liquid and solidstate fermentation from Lentinus edodes was developed. The yields of isolated chitosan were 120 mg/L of fermentation medium under liquid fermentation conditions and 6.18 g/kg of fermentation medium under solid-state fermentation conditions. The latter method, which gives up to 50 times yields than other chitosan production methods from fungi, provides a new flexible and easily scaledup procedure for the production of low acetylation degree chitosan. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Production of lipases by solid state fermentation using vegetable oil-refining wastes

Lipases were produced by a microbial consortium derived from a mixture of wastewater sludges in a medium containing solid industrial wastes rich in fats, under thermophilic conditions (temperature higher than 45 °C for 20 days) in 4.5-L reactors. The lipases were extracted from the solid medium using 100 mM Tris–HCl, pH 8.0 and a cationic surfactant agent (cetyltrimethylammonium chloride). Different doses of surfactant and buffer were tested according to a full factorial experimental design. The extracted lipases were most active at 61–65 °C and at pH 7.7–9. For the solid samples, the lipolytic activity reached up to 120,000 UA/g of dry matter. These values are considerably higher than those previously reported in literature for solid-state fermentation and highlight the possibility to work with the solid wastes as effective biocatalysts.