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1.
Based on the authors' interview survey for 608 randomly selected women of the rural Arab population in the South Ghor district of Jordan, this paper examined the effects of polygyny and consanguinity on high fertility, which was recognized as natural fertility. The prevalence of polygynous and consanguineous marriages was 28.0% and 58.1%, respectively, largely reflecting the population's traditional marriage customs. The findings highlighted a significantly higher total marital fertility rate (TMFR) in the monogamous wives (10.5) than in the senior polygynous (8.1) and junior polygynous wives (8.6); the TMFR did not significantly differ among the wives of non-consanguineous, first-cousin and second-cousin marriages. The formation of polygynous marriage was decided by the husband, mostly as a result of his senior wife's infecundity or sub-fecundity, and the age of the husband at marriage to his junior polygynous wife was high in many cases, leading to a decline in this wife's fecundity.  相似文献   

2.

Background

Hormonal contraceptive (HC) use may increase cardiometabolic risk; however, the effect of HC on emerging cardiometabolic and other disease risk factors is not clear.

Objectives

To determine the association between HC use and plasma proteins involved in established and emerging disease risk pathways.

Method

Concentrations of 54 high-abundance plasma proteins were measured simultaneously by LC-MRM/MS in 783 women from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study. C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured separately. ANCOVA was used to test differences in protein concentrations between users and non-users, and among HC users depending on total hormone dose. Linear regression was used to test the association between duration (years) of HC use and plasma protein concentrations. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to identify plasma proteomic profiles in users and non-users.

Results

After Bonferroni correction, 19 proteins involved in inflammation, innate immunity, coagulation and blood pressure regulation were significantly different between users and non-users (P<0.0009). These differences were replicated across three distinct ethnocultural groups. Traditional markers of glucose and lipid metabolism were also significantly higher among HC users. Neither hormone dose nor duration of use affected protein concentrations. PCA identified 4 distinct proteomic profiles in users and 3 in non-users.

Conclusion

HC use was associated with different concentrations of plasma proteins along various disease-related pathways, and these differences were present across different ethnicities. Aside from the known effect of HC on traditional biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk, HC use also affects numerous proteins that may be biomarkers of dysregulation in inflammation, coagulation and blood pressure.  相似文献   

3.
4.

Objective

This paper analyzes the impact of wealth on the use of contraception in Mozambique unmixing the contextual effects due to community wealth from the individual effects associated with the women''s situation within the community of residence.

Methods

Data from the 2011 Mozambican Demographic and Health Survey on women who are married or living together are analyzed for the entire country and also for the rural and urban areas separately. We used single level and multilevel probit regression models.

Findings

A single level probit regression reveals that region, religion, age, previous fertility, education, and wealth impact contraceptive behavior. The multilevel analysis shows that average community wealth and the women’s relative socioeconomic position within the community have significant positive effects on the use of modern contraceptives. The multilevel framework proved to be necessary in rural settings but not relevant in urban areas. Moreover, the contextual effects due to community wealth are greater in rural than in urban areas and this feature is associated with the higher socioeconomic heterogeneity within the richest communities.

Conclusion

This analysis highlights the need for the studies on contraceptive behavior to specifically address the individual and contextual effects arising from the poverty-wealth dimension in rural and urban areas separately. The inclusion in a particular community of residence is not relevant in urban areas, but it is an important feature in rural areas. Although the women''s individual position within the community of residence has a similar effect on contraceptive adoption in rural and urban settings, the impact of community wealth is greater in rural areas and smaller in urban areas.  相似文献   

5.
Nawa Y  Asahi T 《Plant physiology》1973,51(5):833-838
l-Leucine-U-14C was incorporated into mitochondrial protein in pea (Pisum sativum var. Alaska) cotyledons during the imbibing stages. Incorporation was almost completely inhibited by cycloheximide but not by chloramphenicol. Both antibiotics did not affect increases in mitochondrial activities and components of the cotyledons during imbibition. Therefore, mitochondrial development seems to be achieved by a transfer of protein pre-existing in the cytoplasm into the mitochondria rather than by de novo synthesis of mitochondrial protein. Cycloheximide stimulated an increase in bile saltsoluble protein of mitochondria in imbibing pea cotyledons. The recovery of cytochrome oxidase activity after sucrose density gradient centrifugation was enhanced, and the morphological properties of mitochondria were altered by cycloheximide.  相似文献   

6.
7.
Fertility is important to women and men with cancer. While options for fertility preservation (FP) are available, knowledge regarding the medical application of FP is lacking. Therefore we examined FP practices for cancer patients among reproductive endocrinologists (REs). A 36 item survey was sent to board-certified REs. 98% of respondents reported counseling women with cancer about FP options. Oocyte and embryo cryopreservation were universally offered by these providers, but variability was noted in reported management of these cases—particularly for women with breast cancer. 86% of the respondents reported using letrozole during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in patients with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer to minimize patient exposure to estrogen. 49% of respondents who reported using letrozole in COS for patients with ER+ breast cancer reported that they would also use letrozole in COS for women with ER negative breast cancer. Variability was also noted in the management of FP for men with cancer. 83% of participants reported counseling men about sperm banking with 22% recommending against banking for men previously exposed to chemotherapy. Overall, 79% of respondents reported knowledge of American Society for Clinical Oncology FP guidelines—knowledge that was associated with providers offering gonadal tissue cryopreservation (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.14–2.90). These findings demonstrate that RE management of FP in cancer patients varies. Although some variability may be dictated by local resources, standardization of FP practices and communication with treating oncologists may help ensure consistent recommendations and outcomes for patients seeking FP.  相似文献   

8.
Human Ecology - Ethnic minorities in northern Laos have experienced changes in their subsistence portfolios since the implementation of nature conservation and rural development projects in the...  相似文献   

9.
目的:探讨研究影响早期糖尿病肾病(DN)预后的主要危险因素,为延缓早期糖尿病肾病向糖尿病终末期肾病进展提供依据。方法:回顾性分析52例早期DN的临床、实验室及治疗等临床资料,了解年龄、控制血糖、血压、血脂、尿蛋白对早期糖尿病肾病预后的影响。结果:50岁以下早期糖尿病肾病患者5年进展为终末期肾病高达25%,明显低于50岁以上的患者(75%)。血糖、血压、血红蛋白、血浆白蛋白、血脂、尿蛋白等指标控制良好的早期糖尿病肾病的预后明显好于控制不佳者(P<0.05)。结论:控制血糖、血压、血脂、尿蛋白和不吸烟或戒烟对改善早期糖尿病肾病的预后、提高患者生活质量、延长患者的肾存活期和生存期有着十分重要的意义。  相似文献   

10.
We investigated the effect of background scene on the human visual perception of depth orientation (i.e., azimuth angle) of three-dimensional common objects. Participants evaluated the depth orientation of objects. The objects were surrounded by scenes with an apparent axis of the global reference frame, such as a sidewalk scene. When a scene axis was slightly misaligned with the gaze line, object orientation perception was biased, as if the gaze line had been assimilated into the scene axis (Experiment 1). When the scene axis was slightly misaligned with the object, evaluated object orientation was biased, as if it had been assimilated into the scene axis (Experiment 2). This assimilation may be due to confusion between the orientation of the scene and object axes (Experiment 3). Thus, the global reference frame may influence object orientation perception when its orientation is similar to that of the gaze-line or object.  相似文献   

11.

Introduction

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder affecting women both physically and psychologically and can lead to a poor quality of life compared to their normal counterparts. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of various clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome on the health-related quality of life of Iranian women diagnosed with this syndrome.

Materials and Methods

A total of 796 women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome, aged 15–49 years, completed the questionnaires, interviews, and medical assessments required for this study. A reliable and validated Persian version of the health-related quality of life questionnaire for polycystic ovary syndrome patients was used. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome and health-related quality of life.

Results

The mean age of participants was 28.02 years. 35.4% of the subjects were classified as overweight or obese. Hirsutism, was reported to have the strongest impact on the patients’ health-related quality of life, followed in descending order by body mass index, irregular menses and infertility. The relative level of hirsutism was directly proportional to decrease in health-related quality of life score (p<0.001).

Conclusions

The results of the study found that hirsutism had the strongest impact on the health-related quality of life measures in Iranian women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome. Health care officials need to evaluate in depth the effect of each clinical feature of polycystic ovary syndrome separately and design management strategies, keeping in mind the psychological and physical manifestations.  相似文献   

12.
张卓  王光权  朱飞跃  张永立  王菊芳 《生物磁学》2011,(16):3131-3134,3165
目的:探讨研究影响早期糖尿病肾病(DN)预后的主要危险因素,为延缓早期糖尿病肾病向糖尿病终末期肾病进展提供依据。方法:回顾性分析52例旱期DN的临床、实验室及治疗等,临床资料,了解年龄、控制血糖、血压、血脂、尿蛋白对旱期糖尿病肾病预后的影响。结果:50岁以下早期糖尿病肾病患者5年进展为终末期肾病高达25%,明显低于50岁以上的患者(75%)。血糖、血压、血红蛋白、血浆白蛋白、血脂、尿蛋白等指标控制良好的早期糖尿病肾病的预后明显好于控制不佳者(P〈0.05)。结论:控制血糖、血压、血脂、尿蛋白和不吸烟或戒烟对改善早期糖尿病肾病的预后、提高患者生活质量、延长患者的肾存活期和生存期有着十分重要的意义、  相似文献   

13.
During the 1977 field season at the Early Bronze Age site of Bab edh-Dhra 92 individuals were recovered from underground shaft tomb chambers. Morbid conditions found in these skeletons include trauma, possibly two cases of tuberculosis, osteomyelitis, post-menopausal osteoporosis and congenital anomalies. Of the 92 skeletons recovered 56 (61%) were 18 years of age or older, 28 (30%) were between 1 and 18 years of age and 8 (9%) were less than one year of age.  相似文献   

14.
15.
In recent years, the use of hormonal contraception in captive, free-ranging, and wild mammal populations has increased, but the effects on these nonhuman animals' behavior and the associated welfare impacts remain poorly understood. This study of free-ranging adult female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Trentham Monkey Forest compared females implanted with the progestin-only contraceptive Implanon to those not receiving contraception. Females with contraceptive implants had higher rates of self-scratching and spent more time self-grooming (2 behavioral indexes of anxiety) than those without implants. They also directed more aggression at others, spent more time receiving grooming and traveling, and spent less time giving grooming and resting. No significant differences between the 2 groups of females were seen for time spent foraging. These results suggest that Implanon had a number of effects on Barbary macaques, although these need to be considered in light of the significant benefits afforded by the use of this contraceptive. The findings of this study provide important information to those evaluating the relative welfare costs and benefits of alternative methods of population control in this and other species.  相似文献   

16.
17.
In this paper we have analyzed 49 vertebrate gene families that were generated in the early stage of vertebrates and/or shortly before the origin of vertebrates, each of which consists of three or four member genes. We have dated the first (T1) and second (T2) gene duplications of 26 gene families with 3 member genes. The means of T1 (594 mya) and T2 (488 mya) are largely consistent to a well-cited version of two-round (2R) genome duplication theory. Moreover, in most cases, the time interval between two successive gene duplications is large enough that the fate of duplicate genes generated by the first gene duplication was likely to be determined before the second one took place. However, the phylogenetic pattern of 23 gene families with 4 members is complicated; only 5 of them are predicted by 2R model, but 11 families require an additional gene (or genome) duplication. For the rest (7 families), at least one gene duplication event had occurred before the divergence between vertebrate and Drosophila, indicating a possible misleading of the 4:1 rule (member gene ratio between vertebrates and invertebrates). Our results show that Ohno's 2R conjecture is valid as a working hypothesis for providing a most parsimonious explanation. Although for some gene families, additional gene duplication is needed, the credibility of the third genome duplication (3R) remains to be investigated. Received: 13 December 1999 / Accepted: 7 April 2000  相似文献   

18.
19.
There are two sewage outfalls along the Jordanian coastline in the Gulf of Aqaba. During 1982 and 1983 a total of 328 core samples (0.01 m2 to a depth of 15 cm) were collected from the two outfalls, two control stations which resemble the outfalls in depth and sediment texture, and from two stations 100 m on both sides of each outfall. Faunal analysis revealed that the total number of individuals, number of species, species richness, and faunal similarities of macrobenthic invertebrates were lower at the sewage outfall near the phosphate loading port than the control station during both collections. At the 100 m stations, the numbers of individuals were generally higher than the sewage and control stations. The number of species, however, was highest at the control station and lowest at the sewage outfall. At the other sewage outfall, where the sewage effluent is discharged sporadically, no measurable effects on macrobenthic invertebrates were found.  相似文献   

20.

Background

Counseling/advice is one of the key interventions to promote family planning (FP) in developing countries, including India. It helps to improve the quality of care and reduce maternal deaths. This paper investigates the continuity of maternal health (MH) service utilization from antenatal care to post-natal care and the impact this service utilization has on contraceptive use and on meeting the demand for family planning among currently married women in rural Uttar Pradesh, India.

Methods and Findings

The study assesses the impact of FP advice on unmet need and contraceptive use by adopting the propensity score matching method. It uses data from the District Level Household Survey (DLHS) (2007–08) that covered 76,147 currently married women (CMW) in the age group 15–44 years in Uttar Pradesh. Results show that the utilization of MH services [Antenatal care (ANC), institutional delivery, Postnatal care (PNC)] and FP advice during ANC and PNC has led to increase in current use of contraception by 3.7% (p<.01), 7.3% (p<.01) and 6.8% (p<.01), respectively. However, a greater utilization of these services has not translated into a reduction of unmet need for contraception at a similar manner.

Conclusion

MH service utilization including FP advice is more effective in increasing current use of spacing methods as compared to limiting methods. Findings support the need for “effective FP advice” interventions to reduce unintended births and unmet need. However, women from Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe communities are less likely to receive MH services. Thus, efforts are required to ensure that currently married women across socio-economic backgrounds have equal opportunity to receive MH services and information on contraceptive use to meet the demand for family planning methods.  相似文献   

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