中国毛冠鹿三亚种头骨比较分析

毛冠鹿在我国主要分布于西南、华中、华南区域,有三亚种(指名亚种、华中亚种、华南亚种)。为探讨各省头骨性状的差异及各省毛冠鹿亲缘关系,在选取32项较为完整的头骨测量性状的基础上,运用统计分析软件SPSS 11.0对其进行分析,结果推测如下:1)毛冠鹿3个亚种的地位是确定的。2)四川、云南所属指名亚种与重庆、湖北所属华中亚种较近,二者与广东、江西、湖南、浙江所属的华南亚种关系较远。3)在头骨32个性状中,两两亚种之间具有显著差异的性状:指名亚种与华南亚种14个(颅全长、颅基长、基长、基底长、前颌长、吻宽、鼻骨长、鼻骨宽、最小眶间距、眼窝高、腭长、前颌骨内叶长、两上颊齿最大距离、下齿列长);指名亚种与华中亚种2个(吻宽、上齿列长),华南亚种与华中亚种有19个(颅全长、颅基长、基长、基底长、前颌长、额骨长、最小眶间距、眶间宽、枕部最窄、脑颅最大宽、鼻骨宽、泪骨缝长、腭长、颧宽、前颌骨内叶长、上齿列长、两上颊齿最大距离、最小颅高、下齿列长)。     

内生真菌IV. Sporormiella属的两个中国新记录种(英文)

In a survey of endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plants, two species of the genus Sporormiella Ellis ＆ Everh. were isolated in 2005. So far only one species S. minimoides was reported in China （Wang ＆ Guo, 2004）. The two species are found to be new records in China, and they are redescribed and illustrated herein.     

东方田鼠头骨和脏器的形态学指标

对实验室封闭群第7、8代东方田鼠（Microtus fortis calamorum)头骨和脏器的形态学指标进行了测量,并探讨了各指标在雌雄间、年龄组间的差异及其与体重的关系。结果表明,头骨大小在亚成年雌雄鼠间无显著差异,成年雄鼠显著大于成年雌鼠;脏器绝对和相对指标雌雄鼠间差异不显著。头骨指标、脏器绝对指标成年鼠显著长于或大于亚成年鼠,肝、肾脏、睾丸相对重量以及盲肠、大小肠相对长度在年龄组间差异显著。头骨和脏器指标（Y）与体重（X）的关系为Y＝aX^b,头骨形态指标、脏器绝对重量或长度与体重正相关,脏器相对重量或长度除睾丸与体重正相关外其余均与体重负相关。     

中国蝮蛇头骨形态比较及分类学讨论

目前,我国蝮蛇某些种类的分类仍存在不同见解,对蝮蛇类群的分类主要集中在外部形态的比较,而较少涉及内部结构的研究.因此,本文对我国13个地区的8种(亚种)共26号蝮蛇的头骨进行了比较解剖.以头骨特征为依据,对岩栖蝮Agkistrodon saxatilis、乌苏里蝮A.ussurensis、蛇岛蝮A.shedaoensis、短尾蝮A brevicaudus、秦岭蝮A.qinlingensis等的有效性及分类地位进行了讨论;同时对尖吻蝮Deinagkistrodon acutus的骨骼形态与其他种类也进行了比较,认为它们在谱系上应代表两个不同的类型,将它们分隶于蝮属Agkistrodon和尖吻蝮属Deinagkistrodon是合理的.还以头骨形态特征为依据对8种蝮蛇编制了检索表.     

完美中国颌兽(Sinognathus gracilis)头骨化石标本的新观察

通过ＣＴ扫描对完美中国颌兽（犬齿兽科,爬行纲）头骨正型标本进行再研究,实现了无损伤观察化石标本内部结构之目的,发现脑颅内腔的上方有特别长大的三棱柱形的构造,暂解释为额－顶窦。对鳞骨后外侧面的外耳道作了详细观察记述。     

鲤鱼墩新石器时代居民头骨的形态学分析

本文对广东省湛江市遂溪县鲤鱼墩新石器时代遗址所出土的5例人类头骨进行了形态学分析。这些个体在种族特征方面较为一致, 应属于蒙古大人种的范畴, 可被视为\"古华南类型\"群体, 较接近于现代的南亚类型。岭南地区6组史前时期人群的聚类分析(马氏距离)和特征分析结果表明, 鲤鱼墩组、东湾仔北组、鱿鱼岗组与河宕组之间存在相对较近的形态学关系; 柳江人和甑皮岩组关系最为密切。在更为广泛的地理空间范围内, 对18组不同时期人群进行的聚类分析(马氏距离)和因子分析的结果显示, 鲤鱼墩人群与其他人群保持了相对较远的形态学距离。另外, 岭南地区的古人类从晚更新世阶段到新石器时代晚期, 在颅骨的绝对测量值上反映出一个短颅化、狭颅化和高颅化的过程, 而颅指数反映的却是长颅化的趋势, 说明该地区古人类的颅宽值较之颅长值减小得更快, 形成了颅骨尺寸在绝对值上的减小, 在颅指数上却反映出长颅化趋势的现象。由此可以推测, 现代南亚类型居民的典型长颅型特征可能是在全新世之初开始逐渐形成的。     

云南高山姬鼠头骨的几何形态学研究

表型可塑性是指同一基因型在不同环境条件下而产生多种不同表现型的反应能力。哺乳动物头骨形态的变化是在进化过程中出现的重要表型特征之一。云南省地势西高东低、海拔变化剧烈、是古北界寒带物种南迁,中南半岛热带物种北移的交汇地,自然环境的地带性和非地带性变化明显,栖息在该地区的动物为了适应多样的环境,可能出现不同的表型分化。高山姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri)为我国特有种,主要分布在中国西南的横断山及其附近地区,是研究表型与生态适应之间关系的理想物种。为研究在云南特殊生态环境下物种的微进化,采用几何形态学的方法测量云南不同地区高山姬鼠头骨形态的变异,采用线粒体细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cyt b)基因和线粒体控制区(Mitochondrial control region,D-loop)探讨基因型的变化。结果显示:昆明种群与横断山种群(中甸、剑川、丽江)间发生了明显的形态变异和遗传分化,高山姬鼠头骨背面和腹面,横断山种群和滇中昆明种群很少重叠,这两个种群变异较大;但头骨的侧面和下颌侧面变异不明显。因此,分布于云南地区的高山姬鼠可能正处于生态物种形成的早期阶段。     

Alloptox gobiensis(兔形目 ,鼠兔科 )头骨形态及系统位置

产于宁夏同心地区中中新世红柳沟组的戈壁跳兔 (Alloptoxgobiensis)头骨化石 ,是Al loptox属头骨化石的首次发现。其主要特征是 :个体较大。颅顶平缓 ,额骨有眶上嵴且两侧平行。颞嵴、上枕骨、项嵴和枕外嵴发育。眶裂后的翼蝶骨上排列有 6个孔。有外颈动脉孔 ,颈静脉孔为圆形小孔。下颌骨水平支唇侧上缘前倾 ,垂直支前缘有一深沟 ,冠状突位于垂直支前缘唇侧壁中部 ,呈薄片状。基于头骨性状的支序分析结果表明 ,Alloptox与非洲的Kenyalagomys亲缘关系最近 ,应归入亚科Sinolagomyinae。Alloptox和Kenyalagomys可能起源于亚洲的共同祖先 ,由Sinolagomys或与其相近的属种演化而来 ,在新近纪早期迁入非洲。     

中华姬鼠与大林姬鼠头骨的几何形态学研究

中华姬鼠Apodemus draco和大林姬鼠A.peninsulae形态与习性相似,北京地区的这两种鼠都存在还是只有大林姬鼠存在一直存在争议.通过新兴的几何形态测量技术对北京地区捕获的137只姬鼠头骨与黑龙汀的9只大林姬鼠头骨进行背面和侧面的形态对比分析.系统聚类分析结果、主成分分析结果和判别函数分析结果显示,北京地...     

中国史前人类的头骨变形

头骨变形是一种具有广泛时空分布的古老文化习俗,可能与身份等级标记、美学、宗教等多方面有关,同时也是古代社会育婴行为的结果。中国史前人类的头骨变形线索最早见于旧石器时代,在新石器时代以后发展为普遍的文化习俗,存在额枕-环状变形和枕部变形两个本地起源的体系。额枕-环状变形发源于东北北部地区,具有强烈的外观展示性,所需技术复杂,是中国乃至世界范围内最早出现的有意识头骨变形习俗之一,并可延续至历史时期;其起源可能与东北地区独特的资源地理环境以及旧、新石器时代过渡阶段采集渔猎社会复杂性的发展,如性别分工、等级分化等存在关联。枕部变形的地理分布以黄河流域为中心,其对外观改造较弱,技术相对简单,在新石器时代晚期至末期普遍流行;最初出现可能与北方农业社会的育婴实践有关,并逐渐演变为文化习俗。枕部变形在新石器时代末期开始衰落并在青铜时代以后基本消失,这一过程应与新石器时代晚期以来的文化发展历程,尤其是中国新石器末期传统文化核心区衰落的史前文化格局重大变革有关。     

Blood and intestinal parasites of squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Amazonian Brazil

We report the result of an examination for blood and intestinal protozoa in 12 specimens of the red squirrel Sciurus spadiceus (Rodentia: Sciuridae) from Birroque, municipality of Placido de Castro, state of Acre, Brazil. No parasites were detected in thin, Giemsa-stained blood films of the animals, but culture of the blood of three in Difco B45 medium blood-agar slants gave rise to isolates of epimastigotes. Inoculation of one isolate into laboratory mice resulted in the appearance of Trypanosoma cruzi-like trypomastigotes in their peripheral blood, and the other two isolates gave rise to transient infections with a T. lewisi-like parasite in inoculated mice and hamsters. The failure of the latter parasite to develop in the triatomine bug Rhodnius robustus suggests that it is probably not T. rangeli. This appears to be the first record of a T. lewisi-like trypanosome in neotropical squirrels. Oocysts of an Eimeria sp., were detected in the faeces of 10 animals (83.3%). The parasite develops in the epithelial cells of the intestine, where it may cause severe damage and sometimes results in death of the animal. No oocysts were detected in bile.     

Study of hybridization in four species of ground squirrels (spermophilus: Rodentia,Sciuridae) by molecular genetic methods

Four species of ground squirrel--yellow (Spermophilus fulvus), russet (S. major), small (S. pygmaeus), and spotted (S. suslicus)--occur in the Volga region. Between S. major and S. pigmaeus, S. major and S. fulvus, and S. major and S. suslicus, sporadic hybridization was reported. Using sequencing and restriction analysis, we have examined the mtDNA C region in 13 yellow, 60 russet, 61 small, 45 spotted ground squirrels, and 9 phenotypic hybrids between these species. It was shown that 43% of S. major individuals had "alien" mitotypes typical of S. fulvus and S. pygmaeus. Alien mitotypes occurred both within and outside sympatric zones. No alien mitotypes were found in 119 animals of the other three species, which suggests that only one parental species (S. major) predominantly participates in backcrosses. Phenotypic hybrids S. fulvus x S. major and S. major x S. pygmaeus) were reliably identified using RAPD-PCR of nuclear DNA. However, we could find no significant traces of hybridization in S. major with alien mitotypes. Analysis of p53 pseudogenes of S. major and S. fulvus that were for the first time described in the present study produced similar results: 59 out of 60 individuals of S. major (including S. major with S. fulvus mitotypes) had only the pseudogene variant specific for S. major. This situation is possible even at low hybridization frequencies (less than 1% according to field observations and 1.4 to 2.7% according to nuclear DNA analysis) if dispersal of S. major from the sympatric zones mainly involved animals that obtained alien mtDNA via backcrossing. The prevalence of animals with alien mitotypes in some S. major populations can be explained by the founder effect. Further studies based on large samples are required for clarifying the discrepancies between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data.     

Predation on giant flying squirrels (Petaurista philippensis) by black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China

Predation on vertebrates is infrequent in gibbons. In a 14-month field study of the central Yunnan black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China, we observed gibbons attacking, killing and eating giant flying squirrels (Petaurista philippensis). During 845 h of observation on one study group, the gibbons attacked giant flying squirrels 11 times, and succeeded in 4 cases. Although all members of the group attempted to attack the squirrels, all four successful attacks were made by the same adult female. The victims were infants in three cases and a juvenile or sub-adult in one case. Black crested gibbons also attacked adult giant flying squirrels by grabbing their long tails and throwing them from the canopy, but they failed to catch or kill the prey in three cases observed. Passive meat sharing occurred in three out of four successful cases. Besides hunting giant flying squirrels, the black crested gibbons also ate eggs or chicks in two birds’ nests and one lizard.     

中国巨松鼠Ratufa bicolor(Sciuridae:Ratufinae)头骨形态的地理学变异

巨松鼠(Ratufa bicolor)是东洋界的特有类群.中国仅有一种,分布于海南、广西西南部、云南南部、西南部、西部和西北部,关于其亚种的分化结论过去主要依据其皮毛的颜色特征.本研究共测取75个巨松鼠头骨,每号头骨标本测取23个变量,运用统计分析软件SPSS 11.0对巨松鼠的可测量变量进行主成分分析、判别分析及聚类分析,以探讨巨松鼠各亚种地位的有效性及其头骨形态的地理学变异.研究结果显示阿萨姆亚种R.b.gigantea和海南亚种R.b.hainana均为有效亚种,前者分布自广西西南部向西经云南南部、西南部、西部达西北部,后者分布于海南.同时,本研究结果不支持滇南亚种R.b.stigmosa作为一个有效的亚种.     

Phylogenetic Relationships among Asian species of Petaurista (Rodentia, Sciuridae), Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene Sequences

To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among four species belonging to the genus Petaurista (P. alborufus castaneus, P. alborufus lena, P. leucogenys leucogenys, P. leucogenys nikkonis, P. petaurista melanotus, and P. philippensis grandis), we investigated the partial sequences (1,068 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for these giant flying squirrels. Phylogenetic trees (NJ, MP, and ML trees) constructed from cytochrome b sequences indicated that P. leucogenys was grouped independently with other species, and that P. philippensis was most closely related to P. petaurista with 99-100% bootstrap values. In addition, two subspecies of P. alborufus did not form a single clade: P. alborufus castaneus from China was most distantly related to the other species, whereas P. alborufus lena from Taiwan was closely related to P. petaurista and P. philippensis with 82-90% bootstrap values. This result suggests that it is reasonable to regard P. alborufus lena as a distinct species from P. alborufus castaneus.     

Serum thyroxine and seasonal fattening of free-living Piute ground squirrels, Spermophilus mollis (Rodentia: Sciuridae)

Serum thyroxine and body composition of free-living Piute ground squirrels were examined during the season of above-ground activity. Serum thyroxine titers were 2-10 times higher than those reported in laboratory studies on other species. Among juveniles, both body size and lipid content were negatively correlated with thyroxine, whereas these variables were not significantly correlated among adults. Significant sex differences in serum thyroxine were observed for both age groups. Results suggest that the seasonal cycle of body weight is driven by an underlying metabolic cycle but that individual fattening schedules are determined by environmental conditions.     

Genetic connections and differentiation of ground squirrels Marmotinae Pocock, 1923 (Rodentia, Sciuridae) from Palearctics]

Genetic distances between eight species of sousliks (Spermophilus) and five species of marmots (Marmota) were estimated on the basis of 39 biochemical loci. All taxa were shown to be genetically discrete. The genetic differentiation was minimal (Pfd = 11.3) between parapatric species of Palearctic sousliks of the suslicus pigmaeus group and Marmota species, intermediate (Pfd = 34.7) between allopatric sousliks species, and maximal (Pfd = 56.7) between representatives of different genera. The following trends were revealed in the geographic differentiation of the genus Spermophilus: (1) genetic similarity was associated with the geographic distance; (2) the eastern and western Palearctic phyla were markedly different genetically; (3) the eastern Palearctic forms exhibited higher differentiation than the western ones. The revealed speciation pattern is consistent with the general trend of temporal differentiation in Palearctic phyla and confirms the periodic speciation mode in the Palearctics.     

Molecular genetic relationships among east Palearctic ground squirrels of the genus Spermophilus (Sciuridae, Rodentia)

Genetic diversity in the four east Palearctic ground squirrel species of the genus Spermophilus--S. undulatus, S. parryi (subgenus Urocitellus), S. dauricus, and S. relictus (subgenus Citellus)--- was investigated using RAPD PCR with ten random primers. Siberian chipmunk, Tamias sibiricus, was used as an outgroup. Molecular markers for different taxonomic ranks were identified, including those for the genera Spermophilus and Tamias, subgenera Urocitellus and Citellus, as well as for each of the four species, S. undulatus, S. parryi, S. dauricus, and S. relictus. For the ground squirrel species and subgenera, genetic differentiation indices (H(t), H(s), D(st), G(st), Nm, and D) were calculated. In addition, for these groups the NJ phylogenetic reconstructions and UPGMA dendrograms of genetic similarity of the individuals and combined populations were constructed. Comparative molecular genetic analysis revealed a high genetic differentiation between S. undulates, S. dauricus, S. relicts, and S. parryi (G(st) = 0.58 to 0.82; D = 0.53 to 1.06), along with a low level of genetic differentiation of the subgenera Citellus and Urocitellus (G(st) = 0.33; D = 0.27), distinguished in accordance with the existing taxonomic systems of the genus Spermophilus.