不同成熟度菠萝贮藏特性的差异

随着菠萝果皮由绿转黄,果肉硬度及可溶性固形物含量降低,可溶性糖醛酸含量增加,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性持续升高,而果胶脂酶(PE)活性在过熟期达到高峰并开始下降。研究表明,同一菠萝不同部位果肉硬度、PG活性及可溶性糖醛酸含量差异较大。     

真空和低温处理对红毛丹保鲜效果的研究

采用低温和真空处理的方法,研究海南红毛丹"保研-7号"果实在处理过程中的相关生理生化指标和品质变化。结果表明真空和低温结合处理显著抑制了果皮中多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性和花色素苷含量的降解,降低了果皮的相对电导率,延缓了红毛丹果皮的褐变,同时减缓了红毛丹果肉的可溶性固形物(TSS)和Vc含量的下降,使红毛丹果实的保鲜期延长了13 d。本研究旨在为红毛丹果实的采后保鲜技术提供理论和实践指导意义。     

ClO2处理对油桃采后生理及相关酶活性的影响

以秦光2号油桃为试验材料,研究了ClO2浸泡处理对油桃采后生理及相关酶活性的影响,结果显示:ClO2处理可以有效降低油桃呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,减少MDA的积累,降低果实组织相对电导率,显著抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸(PG)酶和纤维素(Cx)酶的活性,延缓果实硬度的下降.保持了可溶性固形物的含量,但对可滴定酸含量的影响不大.实验表明,ClO2浸泡处理对秦光2号油桃具有一定的保鲜作用.     

柿果实采收后软化生理分析（简报）

柿子(乾县火柿)采后的粗纤维、原果胶、单宁和可溶性固形物含量都随硬度的降低而降低,可溶性果胶则升高。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶活性逐渐升高,果胶甲酯酶活性和蛋白质含量逐渐降低,都在果实变软时同时出现高峰;随后出现呼吸峰和乙烯峰。     

猕猴桃简易降温和低乙烯贮藏技术及应用

通过对猕猴桃果实成熟主要指标的测定,确定了秦美适宜采收期为１０月３日至１２日,西选１号和海沃德为１０月下旬。这时果实可溶性固形物含量为６．５─９％,硬度１２─１６ｋｇ／ｃｍ２。猕猴桃贮鲜技术在１９９２／９３年度中试（示范）成功的基础上,１９９３／９４年度在６４ｔ果实上的应用又取得了好结果。秦美贮藏１５７天,果实新鲜,完好果和商品果分别为９６．６％和９７．４％。果实在贮藏期间硬度逐渐降低,由采收时１２─１６ｋｇ／ｃｍ２下降到１．６ｋｇ／ｍ２;淀粉在酶的作用下不断转化为可溶性糖,可溶性固形物由采收时６．５─９％增加到１３．７％。简易降温库成本低,可利用自然低温设施,果实在箱袋内加保鲜剂后置该库内有利于延长猕猴桃贮藏保鲜期。     

黑莓品种'Boysen'鲜果贮藏特性的研究

对黑莓(Rubus spp. )品种'Boysen'不同成熟度(七成熟、八成熟和九成熟)的鲜果在常温(25 ℃)和低温(4 ℃)条件下的贮藏特性进行了研究,对贮藏时间以及贮藏前后果实的感官指标(色泽、香味和霉烂指数)、形态指标(质量和平均果径)及品质指标(可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、总花色苷含量以及固酸比)进行了比较.结果表明,不同成熟度和贮藏温度对黑莓鲜果的贮藏时间有明显影响,常温条件下九成熟、八成熟和七成熟果实的贮藏时间分别为3、4和5 d,低温条件下则分别为7、9和14 d;果实霉烂指数则随成熟度的提高及贮藏时间的延长不断提高,成熟度或贮藏温度越低(大于0 ℃),霉烂指数越小,果实的贮藏时间就越长;七成熟和八成熟的果实贮藏后色泽加深、香味变浓,而九成熟果实贮藏前后色泽和香味变化不大.采摘时不同成熟度的果实形态指标和品质指标具有一定的差异,其中,果实成熟度越大,果实质量、平均果径、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比及总花色苷含量越高,可滴定酸含量越低.低温及常温下贮藏后果实质量及平均果径、可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量均不同程度减少,而固酸比和总花色苷含量均不同程度提高,但在低温贮藏条件下各项指标的变化幅度明显小于常温.总体上,在低温条件下,八成熟果实的霉烂指数低,贮藏时间较长,贮藏后的果实质量和平均果径变化幅度小,可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和总花色苷含量以及固酸比逐渐接近九成熟果实,果实品质提高.因而,在实际生产中宜采收八成熟果实并在4 ℃条件下贮藏和运输,能较好地保持黑莓鲜果的品质.     

猕猴桃品种‘金桃’采收指标与果实软熟品质相关性研究

分别对河南省27个果园的中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch.)品种‘金桃’果实的5项采收生理指标及果实软熟时的8项品质性状进行测定,采用主成分分析法对果实软熟时的品质指标进行综合评分,并对果实的采收生理指标、果实软熟品质指标及综合分值间进行相关性分析。结果显示,采收时的生理指标(干物质、色度角、硬度和可溶性固形物)均与果实软熟品质综合分值间呈极显著相关,其中干物质相关系数最高,为0. 437。干物质与体现果实软熟品质的关键指标(可溶性固形物、总糖和糖酸比)均呈极显著性相关。研究结果表明‘金桃’果实采收时,干物质含量是果实软熟时品质的重要评价指标,而可溶性固形物和色度角是评判采收期的辅助指标。     

枇杷冷藏过程中果肉木质化与细胞壁物质变化的关系

“大红袍”和“解放钟”枇杷果实在 1℃下贮藏时 ,细胞壁物质代谢异常 ,果肉硬度持续升高而出汁率逐渐降低 ,果胶酯酶 (PE)和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶 (PG)活性和水溶性果胶含量下降 ,原果胶含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性及木质素和纤维素含量不断增加。约经 3周贮藏后 ,果实出现果皮难剥、果肉质地变硬、粗糙少汁的异常劣变现象。在 12℃下贮藏的枇杷果实 ,细胞壁物质代谢正常 ,果肉硬度增加少 ,PE和PG活性及水溶性果胶含量较高 ,无原果胶增加现象 ,PAL活性呈下降趋势 ,木质素和纤维素含量变化不大 ,果实不出现木质化败坏。这些结果表明冷藏枇杷的木质化败坏可能是一种低温失调现象     

串番茄果实货架期间与耐贮性有关的生理特性的变化

串番茄品种随着货架期延长,果实硬度、果肉硬度、原果胶含量逐渐下降;可溶性果胶含量逐渐上升;多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性呈峰值变化,变化幅度小于普通番茄.     

高压静电场对草莓采后一些生理指标的影响

草莓果实经-50和-100 kV*m-1高压静电场处理后,呼吸速率受到明显抑制,果实中可溶性固形物含量较高,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和羧甲基纤维素酶活性降低,果实硬度下降缓慢.     

Polyuronides in Avocado (Persea americana) and Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Fruits Exhibit Markedly Different Patterns of Molecular Weight Downshifts during Ripening

Avocado (Persea americana) fruit experience a rapid and extensive loss of firmness during ripening. In this study, we examined whether the chelator solubility and molecular weight of avocado polyuronides paralleled the accumulation of polygalacturonase (PG) activity and loss in fruit firmness. Polyuronides were derived from ethanolic precipitates of avocado mesocarp prepared using a procedure to rapidly inactivate endogenous enzymes. During ripening, chelator (cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diamine tetraacetic acid [CDTA])-soluble polyuronides increased from approximately 30 to 40 [mu]g of galacturonic acid equivalents (mg alcohol-insoluble solids)-1 in preripe fruit to 150 to 170 [mu]g mg-1 in postclimacteric fruit. In preripe fruit, chelator-extractable polyuronides were of high molecular weight and were partially excluded from Sepharose CL- 2B-300 gel filtration media. Avocado polyuronides exhibited marked downshifts in molecular weight during ripening. At the postclimacteric stage, nearly all chelator-extractable polyuronides, which constituted from 75 to 90% of total cell wall uronic acid content, eluted near the total volume of the filtration media. Rechromatography of low molecular weight polyuronides on Bio-Gel P-4 disclosed that oligomeric uronic acids are produced in vivo during avocado ripening. The gel filtration behavior and pattern of depolymerization of avocado polyuronides were not influenced by the polyuronide extraction protocol (imidazole versus CDTA) or by chromatographic conditions designed to minimize interpolymeric aggregation. Polyuronides from ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit extracted and chromatographed under conditions identical with those used for avocado polyuronides exhibited markedly less rapid and less extensive downshifts in molecular weight during the transition from mature-green to fully ripe. Even during a 9-d period beyond the fully ripe stage, tomato fruit polyuronides exhibited limited additional depolymerization and did not include oligomeric species. A comparison of the data for the avocado and tomato fruit indicates that downshifts in polyuronide molecular weight are a prominent feature of avocado ripening and may also explain why molecular down-regulation of PG (EC 3.2.1.15) in tomato fruit has resulted in minimal effects on fruit performance until the terminal stages of ripening.     

柿果实采后胞壁多糖代谢及其降解酶活性的变化

以富平尖柿为试验材料,研究了室温下柿果实硬度和细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性变化。结果表明,柿采后后熟期间果肉硬度持续下降,平均日下降3．1％,其中第7天到第16天下降最快,平均日下降6．9％。碳酸钠可溶果胶(SSP)和24％KOH可溶组分含量持续下降,与果肉硬度变化呈极显著正相关(r分别为0．9698和0．8084);而水溶性果胶(WSP)和4％KOH可溶组分含量不断上升,与果肉硬度变化呈极显著负相关(r分别为0．9566和-0．9392),螯合剂可溶果胶(CSP)与24％KOH不溶组分含量变化缓慢。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(Cx)活性均在采后第16天达最高值。相关性分析表明,PG活性上升可能是导致柿SSP含量下降和WSP含量上升的主要原因;而Cx活性则可能引起纤维素以及难溶性的半纤维素(24％KOH可溶组分)向易溶的半纤维素(4％KOH可溶组分)转化,从而导致了柿果肉硬度的下降。     

采后钙处理对梨果实钙的形态和果胶及相关代谢酶类影响的研究

研究了黄花梨经浸钙处理后,果实钙形态转变及果胶含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）和果胶甲酯酶（PME）活力的变化,以及果实硬度的变化。结果表明：浸钙处理的果实总钙含量显著提高,其硬度明显高于对照,且有利于细胞膜透性的保持;梨果实中的NaCl溶性钙最多,其次是水溶性钙,醋酸溶性钙和HCl溶性钙含量较少。在果实贮藏21d时,水溶性钙含量有一个上升的过程,而NaCl溶性钙则有一个下降的过程。浸钙处理后,除醋酸溶性钙外,果实中的水、NaCl和HCl溶性钙含量均有显著的提高。浸钙处理明显抑制了果胶的降解进程与PG的活力,但对PME抑制作用不明显。浸钙处理能提高果实硬度可能与浸钙处理抑制了PG活力有关。     

树冠覆膜对金柑光合作用及果实品质的影响

树冠覆膜技术已在金柑生产中得到广泛应用。该研究以阳朔金柑为材料,树冠覆膜作为处理,不覆膜作为对照,分别测定处理和对照的树冠的温度、湿度和光照强度等环境因子的变化,观测处理和对照的叶面积、叶长、叶宽及叶绿素含量,测定处理和对照的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度等光合作用指标,并分析处理和对照的果实硬度、可溶性固形物、总糖、可滴定酸及维生素C含量等果实品质指标。结果表明:与对照相比,金柑树冠覆膜处理后,树冠的光照强度降低、温度上升、湿度下降、叶面积增大、叶绿素含量提高,净光合速率下降且最大降幅是对照的21.39%,果实的可滴定酸降低,但硬度、可溶性固形物、总糖、固酸比及糖酸比等果实品质指标提高。金柑树冠覆膜处理减少了树冠的光照,降低了净光合速率,但增加了叶面积和叶绿素含量,从而保障了光合同化物的累积,提高了果实的可溶性固形物和总糖。同时,树冠覆膜处理还提高了树冠白天的气温,降低了可滴定酸,增大了固酸比和糖酸比,因此从总体上提高了果实品质。     

Extensive solubilization and depolymerization of cell wall polysaccharides during avocado (Perseaamericana) ripening involves concerted action of polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase

During the ripening of avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) fruit, water-soluble polyuronides increased dramatically, concomitant with marked downshifts in molecular mass. Treatment of cell walls from pre-ripe fruit with purified avocado polygalacturonase (PG, EC 3.2.1.15) promoted the release and molecular mass downshift of polyuronides. The polyuronides released by PG were similar in size distribution to water-soluble polyuronides from fruit at intermediate stages of ripening. Polyuronides released from pre-ripe fruit by PG, although of relatively high molecular mass, were not further degraded upon additional incubation with fresh enzyme. Similarly, water-soluble polyuronides prepared from fruit at intermediate stages of ripening were largely resistant to the action of purified PG in vitro. When polyuronides derived from fruit at intermediate stages of ripening were treated with weak alkali or pectinmethylesterase (PME, EC 3.1.1.11), extensive molecular mass downshifts occurred in response to incubation with PG. These results suggest that PG plays the central role in polyuronide degradation in ripening avocado fruit cell walls and that partial de-esterification is necessary for the increase in the susceptibility of polyuronides to PG. Differences in the patterns of polyuronide depolymerization in avocado fruit compared with the more thoroughly characterized tomato fruit are discussed.     

Effect of Antisense Suppression of Endopolygalacturonase Activity on Polyuronide Molecular Weight in Ripening Tomato Fruit and in Fruit Homogenates

Fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in which endopolygalacturonase (PG) activity had been suppressed to <1% of wild-type levels were slightly firmer than nontransgenic controls later in ripening. Enzymically inactive cell walls were prepared from these ripening fruit using Tris-buffered phenol. When extracted with chelator followed by Na2CO3, the amounts of pectin solubilized from cell walls of nontransgenic control or from transgenic antisense PG fruit were similar. Size-exclusion chromatography analysis showed that, relative to controls, in antisense PG fruit polyuronide depolymerization was delayed in the chelator-soluble fraction throughout ripening and reduced in the Na2CO3-soluble fraction at the overripe stage. Reduced pectin depolymerization rather than altered extractability thus may have contributed to enhanced fruit firmness. Substantially larger effects of suppressed PG activity were detected in tomato fruit homogenates processed to paste. In control paste the majority of the polyuronide was readily soluble in water and was very highly depolymerized. In antisense PG paste the proportion of polyuronide solubilized by water was reduced, and polyuronides retained a high degree of polymerization. The suppression of fruit PG activity thus has a small effect on polyuronide depolymerization in the fruit but a much larger effect in paste derived from these fruit. This indicates that in the cell wall PG-mediated degradation of polyuronide is normally restricted but that in tissue homogenates or in isolated cell walls this restriction is removed and extensive pectin disassembly results unless PG is inactivated.     

Methyl de-esterification as a major factor regulating the extent of pectin depolymerization during fruit ripening: a comparison of the action of avocado (Persea americana) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) polygalacturonases

Pectinmethylesterase (PME, EC 3.2.1.11) and polygalacturonase (PG, EC 3.2.1.15) are known to operate in tandem to degrade methylesterified polyuronides. In this study, PGs purified from tomato and avocado fruit were compared in terms of their capacity to hydrolyze water-soluble polyuronides from avocado before and following enzymic or chemical de-esterification. When assayed using polygalacturonic acid or polyuronides from avocado fruit, the activity of PG from tomato fruit was 3-4 times higher than that from avocado fruit. High molecular mass, low methylesterified (33%) water-soluble polyuronides (WSP) from pre-ripe avocado fruit (day 0) were partially depolymerized upon incubation with purified avocado and tomato PGs. In contrast, middle molecular mass, highly methylesterified (74%) WSP from day 2 fruit were largely resistant to the action of both PGs. PME or weak alkali treatment of highly methylesterified WSP decreased the methylesterification values to 11 and 4.5%, respectively. Treatment of de-esterified WSP with either avocado or tomato PGs caused extensive molecular mass downshifts, paralleling those observed during avocado fruit ripening. Although PME and PG are found in many fruits, the pattern of depolymerization of native polyuronides indicates that the degree of cooperativity between these enzymes in vivo differs dramatically among fruits. The contribution of PME to patterns of polyuronide depolymerization observed during ripening compared with physically compromised fruit tissues is discussed.     

Cell wall modification in 1-methylcyclopropene-treated post-climacteric fresh-cut and intact papaya fruit

Papaya is a climacteric fruit in which ripening is greatly regulated by ethylene often associated with stress responses such as wounding. The changes in cell wall compositions in papaya fruit at an advanced stage of ripening under stress conditions including chilling temperature of 5°C and wounding employed as fresh-cut and how these changes were affected by an ethylene action inhibitor of 1-methylcyclopropopene (1-MCP) were examined in the study. The recovery of ethanol-insoluble solids, total soluble sugars, water-soluble polyuronides, neutral hemicelluloses, and neutral sugars of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose and glucose were not affected by 1-MCP or fresh-cut processing. The fresh-cut processing, however, caused a higher loss of total polyuronides and the neutral sugar galactose while increasing the recovery of chelator-soluble polyuronides. Few significant differences due to 1-MCP application were recorded in the recoveries of alkali-soluble polyuronides, hemicellulosic polyuronides extracted with 4% KOH, and the neutral sugar xylose. Modifications of cell wall polyuronides and hemicelluloses in ripe fresh-cut papaya fruit exhibited mostly similar patterns to those in intact ripe papaya fruit under the chilling temperature of 5°C while minimally affected by 1-MCP.     

Analysis of Transgenic Tomatoes with Expression of Antisense Polygalacturonase Gene

Authors have been transfered antisense polygalacturonase (PG, E, C, 3, 2, 1, 15) gene into two tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. “Lichun” and “Qingfeng”) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and obtained homozygotes with expression of antisense PG gene. Analysis of Northern blot and PG activity showed that antisense PG gene had stably expressed in T0～T2 generations of transgenic tomatoes, and this expression could be inherited and enhanced in the progeny. For example, PG activity of To, T1 and T2 generation fruits in line T2-19 of"Lichun” was dropped to 27%, 20% and 4% respectively. But the remarkable decrement of PG activity did not have obvious inhibitory effect on normal fruit softening. The transgenic plants of T0～T2 generations grew and developed normally. Average yield per plant and average weight per fruit in these transgenic plants were a little more than those in nontransgenic control. The content determination of vitamin C, soluble sugar and soluble solid substances indicated that transgenic fruits kept the original texture and taste. The contents of vitamin C and soluble solid substances of “Lichun” T2-19 and soluble sugar of “Qingfeng” T2-46 were higher than those of the control. Stored in 28～32℃ for 30 days, all of nontransgenic fruits and about 50% of the transgenic ones were infected by pathologcal bacteria, a few of remainders could be perserved for 50 days. These evidences suggested that the resistance of the transgenic fruits to pathological bacteria during preservation has been strengthened. The approach which the authors used to study regulation of tomato fruit ripening will be desirable to improve the storability of certain famous and precious fruits.